View source for Borgring

{{Short description|Viking fortification in Denmark}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Borgring
|image = Zealand 2016-06-12 (28449616492).jpg
|alt =
|caption = Borgring with the outline visible and metal bars showing the location and approximate size of the original outer walls
|map_type = Denmark
|map_caption = Location of the site in Denmark
|map_size = 250px
|location = [[Zealand]], [[Denmark]]
|type = [[Viking ring fortress]]
|area =
|built = c. 980
|abandoned =
|epochs = [[Iron Age]], [[Viking Age]]
|cultures =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition =
|ownership =
|management =
|public_access =
|embedded={{Designation list
| embed                   = yes
| designation1            = WHS
| designation1_partof     = [[Viking ring fortress|Viking-Age Ring Fortresses]]
| designation1_date       = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2023 (45th session)|2023]] <small>(45th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_criteria   = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)}}
| designation1_number     = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1660 1660-001]
}}}}
'''Borgring''' (older spelling '''Borrering''') also known as '''Vallø Borgring''', <ref>[https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Borgring Den Store Danske: Borgring] [in Danish]</ref>
is a Danish [[Viking ring fortress]] located near [[Køge]] on the island of [[Zealand]]. Likely built around 970 or 980, the fortress may have been built to defend trade routes or as a military barracks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Hannah|last2=Goodchild|first2=Helen|last3=Sindbæk|first3=Søren M.|date=2014|title=Making Place for a Viking Fortress. An archaeological and geophysical reassessment of Aggersborg, Denmark|journal=[[Internet Archaeology]]|volume=36|issue=36|doi=10.11141/ia.36.2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dobat|first=Andres Siegfried|date=2009|title=The State and the Strangers: The Role of External Forces in a Process of State Formation in Viking-Age South Scandinavia (c. ad 900-1050)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019120|journal=Viking and Medieval Scandinavia|volume=5|pages=65–104|doi=10.1484/J.VMS.1.100674|issn=1782-7183|jstor=45019120}}</ref> In 2023, along with four other Viking ring fortresses, Borgring was isncribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]] for its unique architecture and testimony to the strategic and military power of the House of Knýtlinga (Jelling dynasty).<ref name = "unesco">{{Citation|title=Viking-Age Ring Fortresses|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|via=whc.unesco.org|language=en|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1660/|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref>
== Description ==
[[File:Vallø Borgring fra luften.png|thumb|Post-edited satellite photo of Borgring before it was partially re-established]]
Borgring is [[Circular rampart|circular]] in shape and spans 145 metres across and thus ranks third among the original, Danish [[Viking ring fortress]]es. It featured a 10–11-meter wide [[Defensive wall|rampart]] and was shielded by a [[palisade]], made by pointed wooden stakes. No fortification moat has been uncovered, but the Ellebækken stream running due west of the fortification might have offered a natural defence as might a small lake to the north/north-east. During the excavation in 2014 the northern and eastern gates were found just where they would be expected to be in a trelleborg-type fortification.
Borgring could join the group of [[Viking ring fortress|trelleborgs]] which include [[Trelleborg (Slagelse)|Trelleborg]] at [[Slagelse]], [[Nonnebakken]] at [[Odense]], [[Fyrkat]] at [[Hobro]] and [[Aggersborg]] next to The [[Limfjord]]. These fortifications have all been dated to ca. 980 a.d., however, conclusive dating of Borgring remains to be done.
During the [[Viking Age]] the fortress would have enjoyed a strategic, geographical advantage overlooking the presumed old high road, perhaps from [[Roskilde]] or [[Ringsted]], and near the two streams in Køge Ådal,
offering easy access to the Bay of Køge,
one of the best [[natural port]]s on Zealand.
== Name ==
Borrering is the older name of the area; 1682: Borre Ring; 1877 & 1992: Borrering. The written sources for this dates back to 1682.
The name has been subject to some modification through the ages leading to a plethora of variations in different contexts.
The name may have been used either to denote the present day location or the bank immediately east of Gl. Lellingegård:
:«the place name with great certitude has moved geographically. Maps from the late 1800s will reveal Borgring or Boring to be the name of a small forest some 300 metres west of the ring fortress.» <ref name="Navnet">[http://nfi.ku.dk/nyheder/navnet-paa-vikingeborgen/ Københavns Universitet, Nordisk Forskningsinstitut, 5. September 2014: Navnet på vikingeborgen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195318/http://nfi.ku.dk/nyheder/navnet-paa-vikingeborgen/ |date=10 September 2014 }} [in Danish]</ref>
In 1682 the name Borrering is also synonymous with ''Borre Rings Aggere'' and ''Borre Rings Agre''. An undated land register (pre-1850 ?) supplies the name ''Borrerings Mark'', and a guide from 1860 offers ''Borgrings Marken''. Military and topographical maps through the ages contain versions such as ''Boring'' (1897) and ''Borgring'' (1911, 1941 and 1983), and a forest map from 1925 uses ''Borgringen''.<ref name="Stednavne">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130617084504/http://nfi.ku.dk/publikationer/phd-afhandlinger/LEC-afh_tekst.pdf/ Stednavne som kilde til yngre jernalders centralpladser, Lisbeth Eilersgaard Christensen, 2010] [in Danish]</ref>
In 1875, the variant ''Borgerring'' was used.
In 1877 Anders Petersen uses the form ''Borrering'' in his book: ''Vallø og Omegn''.<ref>Anders Petersen: ''Vallø og Omegn. En historisk Skildring'', Copenhagen, 1877. (p. 252) [in Danish]</ref>
The 3rd and 4th editions of [[Trap Danmark]] (Statistisk-topografisk Beskrivelse af Kongeriget Danmark) from 1898 and 1921, respectively, use the name ''Borgering''.
The version ''Borring'' appears in an old [[#Legends|legend]], and is used a few times between 1911 and 1946.<ref name="HøjelseKirke">[http://danmarkskirker.natmus.dk/koebenhavns-amt/hoejelse-kirke/ Nationalmuseet, Danmarks Kirker, Højelse Kirke (Vol. III - Københavns Amt, bind 2 (1946) Page: 1237)] [in Danish]</ref><ref name="Højelse">N. P. Nielsen: ''Det gamle Højelse. Historiske Minder fra Byen og Omegnen'', Slagelse, 1919. (p. 23) [in Danish]</ref>
The name ''Borrering'' has been used several times in recent studies, e.g. in 1992 and in 2009,<ref>[http://www.lokalhistorisk-forening.dk/news.php?readmore=17 Skovbo Lokalhistoriske Forening, Gammel Lellinge (19 March 2009)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913171725/http://www.lokalhistorisk-forening.dk/news.php?readmore=17 |date=13 September 2014 }} [in Danish]</ref> 2010<ref name="Stednavne"/> and 2011.<ref>[http://www.kgaa.nu/upload/tidskrifter/4_2011.pdf Stednavne som kilde til centralpladskomplekser i Danmark, Namn och bygd, Årg. 99 (2011), p. 59–86] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913172814/http://www.kgaa.nu/upload/tidskrifter/4_2011.pdf |date=13 September 2014 }} [in Danish]</ref>
The primary name of ''Borrering'' has been recorded by The [[Department of Nordic Research]] (Nordisk Forskningsinstitut) at [[University of Copenhagen]], although the department only records instances found on maps and in land registers while ignoring literature and other institutes. Therefore, the versions of the name used by Sophus Müller, Trap Danmark, during the excavations led by Thorkild Ramskou in 1971–72, in the National Museum registry and Harald Andersen are not mentioned. The department has not registered usage of the recent past.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} This means to suppose that the recordings of The Department of Nordic Research as for now is of limited usability as a source to naming convention and usage concerning ''Borrering'' over the years - including the recent years.<ref>cf. [https://gefin.ku.dk/q.php?p=danmarksstednavne/artikler/artikel/490674 Danmarks Stednavne - Borgring (0221. Højelse s., Ramsø h.)] [in Danish]</ref>
Even more recent names are ''Vallo ring-fortress'',
<ref>[http://archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.dk/2014/09/new-viking-fortress-found-in-denmark.html Archaeology News Network: New Viking fortress found in Denmark]</ref>
also ''Borgringen ved Lellinge'', ''Lellinge Ringborg'',
<ref name="Facebook">[https://www.facebook.com/lellingeringborg Facebook Group about Lellinge Ringborg (in Danish)] [in Danish]</ref>
and more..
<ref name="Navnet"/><ref name="Stednavne"/>
The new name versions have appeared almost supplanting the original name. Especially in 2013–2014 there has been a trend towards new names for the fortress. ''Borgringen ved Lellinge'' has been used a few times in 2013–2014,<ref>[http://polweb.vordingborg.dk/open/Kultur-,%20Idr%C3%A6ts-%20og%20Fritidsudvalget%20(%C3%85ben)/2013/16-12-2013/Referat%20(%C3%85ben)/16-12-2013%20-%20Bilag%2004.02%20%C3%85rsplan%202014.pdf Museum Sydøstdanmark – Arbejdsplan 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913172751/http://polweb.vordingborg.dk/open/Kultur-,%20Idr%C3%A6ts-%20og%20Fritidsudvalget%20(%C3%85ben)/2013/16-12-2013/Referat%20(%C3%85ben)/16-12-2013%20-%20Bilag%2004.02%20%C3%85rsplan%202014.pdf |date=13 September 2014 }} [in Danish]</ref> and the shorter version ''Borgring'' on several occasions.<ref>[http://www.fugleognatur.dk/lokaliteter/lokpic_showlarge.asp?ID=5257 Danmarks fugle og natur: ''Billede/foto af folk i felten fra Borgring'' eller ''Nyopdaget vikingeborg besigtiges'', 07-09-2014] [in Danish]</ref> The Chapter of Vallø stirred waters when, during publication of the preliminary excavation results in September 2014, they wanted to rename the fortress ''Vallø Borgring''.<ref>[http://www.sn.dk/koege/lokalarkiv-raser-over-navn-paa-vikinge-borg/artikel/433524 Lokalarkiv raser over navn på vikinge-borg, Dagbladet, 09.09.2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002536/http://www.sn.dk/koege/lokalarkiv-raser-over-navn-paa-vikinge-borg/artikel/433524 |date=11 September 2014 }} [in Danish]</ref><ref>"Vallø Stift ser turismemuligheder", Dagbladet, 5. September 2014, p. 17 [in Danish]</ref> In response to this and following vocal opposition, a [[Facebook|Facebook group]] was created on 8 September 2014 to promote the name ''Lellinge Ringborg''.<ref name="Facebook"/> This version has been used by the [[Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)|Viking Ship Museum]] in Roskilde.<ref>[http://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/index.php?id=3780 Vikingeskibsmuseet – Billedserie: Udstillingsåbning i Berlin 9. September 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082507/http://www.vikingeskibsmuseet.dk/index.php?id=3780 |date=6 October 2014 }} [in Danish]</ref>
"Borre" as a name or word has several denotations in [[Danish language|Danish]], but for this discussion it seems most relevant to consider "fortified site" or just "fortress". So, in terms of naming, Borrering becomes part of a group of pre-historic fortifications that include [[Borremose]] fortified settlement in [[Himmerland]], Borreknold on [[Falster]] and Borrehoved on [[Bornholm]].<ref name="Navnet"/><ref>{{harvnb|Harald Andersen (1992)|page=23}}</ref>
== Legends ==
It is said about the largest [[church bell]] in [[Højelse Church]] that ''..., upon its inaugural knell, the ancient castle of »Borring« by Lellinge stream sank deep into the earth''.<ref name="HøjelseKirke"/><ref name="Højelse"/>
== Research history ==
=== Preliminaries ===
The place ''Borre Ring '' is first mentioned in a 1682 land register as part of [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V's]] [[Cadastre|cadastral map]].<ref name="Navnet"/><ref name="Stednavne"/>
The fortress is reportedly outlined on an 1805 land map of Lellingegård.<ref name="Navnet"/>
<!--
I have not been able to read a name on this map and don't know the veracity of the connection between what appears in Harald Andersens article and the map shown below. The wikitext is:
A land map of Lellingegård
from 1805 shows Borrering having an elliptic shape.
<ref>
[http://nfi.ku.dk/nyheder/navnet-paa-vikingeborgen/Borrering-505px.jpg Landmap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083557/http://nfi.ku.dk/nyheder/navnet-paa-vikingeborgen/Borrering-505px.jpg |date=6 October 2014 }}
</ref>
-->
The fortress was first mentioned in an archaelogical context by [[Sophus Müller]] in 1875:
:«''Right to the east of the farm [Gl. Lellingegaard] lies a bank called "Borgerring" and by virtue of its location next to the stream [...]''»
although no certain date was offered.
{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
The [[US Air Force]] aerial photo ([[Orthophoto|ortho-photo]]) from ''Basic Cover 1954'' and provided by [[COWI A/S|COWI]] shows the fortress as a somewhat blurry shadow on the field.<ref>[http://miljoegis.mim.dk/cbkort Miljøministeriet (|Ministry of the Environment of Denmark) - maps]</ref>
It was only after echo-photography in November 1970 that it was suggested there might be an actual trelleborg near Lellinge; the circular structure was recognized on a photography by [[warrant officer]] Valdemar Ryhl from [[Air Base Karup]].<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/lellingeringborg#!/lellingeringborg/photos/a.451420411663308.1073741828.450976078374408/451715124967170/?type=1 Nyt Trelleborg – nær ødelagt, Dagbladet(?), 1970(?) – From: Lellinge Ringborg's Facebook group] [in Danish]</ref><ref>[http://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/historie/ECE7030405/professor-borgfundet-er-sensationelt/ Professor: Borgfundet ER sensationelt!, Jyllands-Posten, 17.09.2014] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012004721/http://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/historie/ECE7030405/professor-borgfundet-er-sensationelt/ |date=12 October 2014 }} [in Danish]</ref>
In 1971–72, the Danish National Museum, represented by Thorkild Ramskou, conducted [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] on the site, but the research technology available at the time left the embankment itself undated.<ref>[http://www.kulturarv.dk/fundogfortidsminder/Lokalitet/95462/ Kulturstyrelsen – Fund og Fortidsminder, Borgerring (ved Lellinge)] [in Danish]</ref> Evidences of settlement and [[midden]]s were dated to the [[Roman Iron Age]]. No evidence of later settlements was found at the excavation site. Prior to work there was a general expectation that the excavation would reveal and document that the fortress ring was from the [[Viking Age]] and similar to the other known Viking ring fortresses.<ref>[https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/p180x540/15779_452001694938513_6919748903870114455_n.jpg?oh=30dab5952f99b8c1b2fd271f47d7db38&oe=54CF375E&__gda__=1419318436_375ec7cd5ade0bc40c338ca9ea1ea674 Gåde ved Køge skal løses. Nationalmuseet sætter udgravninger i gang i Lellinge, Berlingske Tidende, 09.09.1971] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912141256/https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xap1/v/t1.0-9/p180x540/15779_452001694938513_6919748903870114455_n.jpg?oh=30dab5952f99b8c1b2fd271f47d7db38&oe=54CF375E&__gda__=1419318436_375ec7cd5ade0bc40c338ca9ea1ea674 |date=12 September 2014 }} [in Danish]</ref> This expectation, however, was not satisfied.
All Danish fortifications used to be registered by the [[National Museum of Denmark|Danish National Museum's]] Department of [[Middle Ages]] even when finds, such as Borrering, were not from that age. The Museum registered the ring fortress as ''Borrering'', and when Harald Andersen submitted an article to the magazine Skalk in 1992
in which he "dragged" the pre-Medieval fortifications out of the darkness, ''Borrering'' was consequently referred to in this version:
:«'''''Borrering''''', ''Højelse parish. Circular embankment/grave about 140 m. across, today used for farming. Find dating from early Roman times.''»
:«''Two major fortresses on [[Bornholm]] [....], both from late Iron Age, are clearly refuges while it is less clear if this is also the case with the two remaining fortresses of this magnitude, viz. '' '''''a circular fortress located just outside [[Køge]], pottery-dated to Roman times''''', ''and [....]''»<ref name="Skalk">{{harvnb|Harald Andersen (1992)}}</ref>
:"'''''Borrering''''', ''Højelse s. Kredsrund vold/grav, ca 140 m i diam., nu helt nedpløjet. Fund fra ældre romertid.''" [in Danish]
:"''To storborge på Bornholm [....] begge dateret til yngre jernalder, er utvivlsomt tilflugtssteder, mens det er mere usikkert, om det samme gælder de to andre anlæg, som endnu er tilbage i denne størrelsesklasse, nemlig'' '''''en kredsrund borg beliggende tæt uden for Køge, skårdateret til romertid''''', ''og [....]''" [in Danish]
On the difficult task of gaining a comprehensive view of pre-historic fortifications Harald Andersen wrote: ''"A student wishing to attain a complete overview of this material, while circumventing the archives, must traverse the entirety of Trap Danmark, where every Danish fortification is dealt with, if sparsely. While certainly not an enviable journey, it remains the only viable way"''. Though the description given of Borrering in Trap Danmark, 5th edition (1960) was so general and speculative that a student of Borrering around 1992 therefore had to use the actual excavation results, now in the National Museum, to learn more about the fortification.<ref>{{harvnb|Harald Andersen (1992)|page=20}}</ref>
=== Discovery ===
Some twenty years later, professor Søren Sindbæk of [[Aarhus University|University of Aarhus]] was working on a major book on [[Aggersborg]], when he recognized a clear pattern to the location of the other [[Viking ring fortress|fortresses]]; it soon became clear that there was a fortress missing in eastern Zealand. The trelleborgs are placed a day's march apart, i.e. about 50 kilometres. This distance was also apparent between the nearest fortress [[Trelleborg (Slagelse)|Trelleborg at Slagelse]] and the now known ''trelleborg'', Borgring, at Lellinge.
In 2014 (maybe just on 18 September) further [[Archaeology|archeological]] research by [[Danish Castle Centre]] and University of Aarhus and with some important help from Helen Goodchild from [[University of York]]<ref>[https://gizmodo.com/archaeologists-just-discovered-a-1-000-year-old-viking-1632006728 ''Archaeologists Just Discovered a 1,000-Year-Old Viking Fortress'' by Kelsey Campbell-Dollaghan], [[Gizmodo]].com, 9/08/14</ref><ref>[http://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/historie/ECE6999405/ny-vikingeborg-er-dukket-op-ved-koege/ Ny vikingeborg er dukket op ved Køge] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905234745/http://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/historie/ECE6999405/ny-vikingeborg-er-dukket-op-ved-koege/ |date=5 September 2014 }}, [[Jyllands-Posten]], 4 September 2014 [in Danish]</ref>
showed that Borgring dates back to the 10th century. Remnants of burnt gates were also found possibly suggesting war activity of the kind found in Trelleborg at Slagelse, where nineteen [[arrow]]s were found inside the fortress.
Up until 2014, the location has only been mentioned a few times in literature,<ref name="Skalk"/><ref>''Landsbyerne Store Salby og Lille Salby. Landsbyerne før og nu. En lokalhistorisk undersøgelse fra Højelse Sogn i Køge Kommune'' (published by Højelse Sognearkiv), Viborg, 2012. (p. 128-129) [in Danish]</ref> leaving one of the largest circular fortresses
in [[Denmark]] in relative obscurity, and just in line with what is known, or not known, about the other trelleborgs.
Despite the geometric plan, the type-marker for a ''trelleborg'', the gates of Borgring are not perfectly aligned north, east, south and west. The minor dislocation (11°) probably reflects concerns that the fortress would emerge asymmetrical in the landscape if the prevailing building principles were rigorously obeyed.
Only minor sections of the fortress have been unearthed,
but
excavations were scheduled to continue in 2015.
== Builder ==
[[Harald Bluetooth]] is presumed to be the master builder of the other Danish trelleborg-type fortresses, and it seems plausible that he may indeed have built the ring fortress at Lellinge, too. The fortress remains to be conclusively dated, however, rendering Harald Bluetooth's involvement likely but not proven.<ref>"Vikingeborg måske Harald Blåtands værk" by Katrine Wied, Dagbladet, 5. September 2014, p. 16-17 [in Danish]</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Aggersborg]]
* [[Borgeby Castle]]
* [[Fyrkat]]
* [[Harald Bluetooth]]
* [[Nonnebakken]]
* [[Trelleborg (Slagelse)]]
* [[Viking ring fortress]]
* [[Vikings]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.danmarksborgcenter.dk/sites/default/files/mediearkiv/pdf/valloe_borgring_pm_6.pdf Press release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905104051/http://www.danmarksborgcenter.dk/sites/default/files/mediearkiv/pdf/valloe_borgring_pm_6.pdf |date=5 September 2014 }} from Danish Castle Centre [in Danish]
* [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/newly-discovered-viking-fortress-could-have-been-launching-point-invading-england-180952648/ ''Newly Discovered Viking Fortress Could Have Been a Launch Point for Invading England''], by [[Rachel Nuwer]], [[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian.com]], 9 September 2014
* [http://www.sn.dk/koege/vikingeborg-fundet-ved-koege/artikel/432477 ''Vikingeborg fundet ved Køge''], Sjællandske Medier, 5. September 2014 [in Danish]
* [http://www.sn.dk/koege/vikingeborg-kan-aendre-datering-af-koege/artikel/432625 ''Vikingeborg kan ændre datering af Køge'' af Katrine Wied, Dagbladet (Sjællandske Medier), 5. September 2014, p. 16-17] [in Danish]
* [http://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/arkaeologer-flere-vikingeborge-vil-dukke-op ''Arkæologer: Flere vikingeborge vil dukke op''], Videnskab.dk, 9. September 2014 [in Danish]
* [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/borgring-the-discovery-of-a-viking-age-ring-fortress/53F7E590702E0511A0B487D6C15E2686/core-reader ''Borgring: the discovery of a Viking Age ring fortress''], by Helen Goodchild, Nanna Holm and Søren M. Sindbæk, Antiquity, Volume 91, Issue 358, August 2017, pp. 1027-1042
*''Science Magazine''. 2017. "[https://www.science.org/content/article/thousand-year-old-viking-fortress-reveals-technologically-advanced-society Thousand-year-old Viking fortress reveals a technologically advanced society]." Includes a Q&A with Søren M. Sindbæk.
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Viking ring fortresses}}
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{{coord|55|28|11|N|12|7|20|E|type:landmark_region:DK|display=title}}
== Literature ==
* {{Citation
|author=Harald Andersen
|title=De glemte borge
|journal=[[Skalk (magazine)|Skalk]]
|date=1992
|issue=1
|pages=19-30
|language=da
|ref={{harvid|Harald Andersen (1992)}}
}}
; Further literature on place name
; Borrering
{{Cite web |url=http://www.danmarksborgcenter.dk/sites/default/files/mediearkiv/pdf/pm_eng_csi_3_9_2014_hg.pdf |title=The Danish Castle Centre and Aarhus University: ''Enigmatic Viking Fortress discovered in Denmark'' |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906204155/http://www.danmarksborgcenter.dk/sites/default/files/mediearkiv/pdf/pm_eng_csi_3_9_2014_hg.pdf |url-status=dead }}
; Vallø Borgring
[http://www.danmarksborgcenter.dk/da/forskning/valloe-borgring Danmarks Borgcenter: Vallø Borgring – Gådefuld vikingeborg fundet ved Køge] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907075010/http://www.danmarksborgcenter.dk/da/forskning/valloe-borgring |date=7 September 2014 }} [in Danish]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Viking ring fortresses]]
[[Category:Forts in Denmark]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Denmark]]