View source for Bosnians

{{Short description|Citizens and nationals of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{distinguish|Bosniaks}}
{{about|the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina||Bosnians (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Bosnians
| native_name      = Bosanci / Босанци
| native_name_lang = sh
| image            = [[File:Map of the Bosnian Diaspora in the World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| population       = c. '''4 million'''
| region1          = {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
| pop1             = 3,531,159
| region2          = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop2             = 538,000
| ref2             = <ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/statistischer-bericht-migrationshintergrund-erst-2010220227005.htmll|title = Statistischer Bericht - Mikrozensus - Bevölkerung nach Migrationshintergrund - Erstergebnisse 2022|date = 20 April 2023|access-date = 17 July 2023}}</ref>
| region3          = {{flag|United States}}
| pop3             = 102,942
| ref3             = <ref>{{cite web|title= U.S. Census | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=bosnian&tid=ACSDT5Y2020.B05006 |date=Mar 24, 2022}}</ref>
| region4          = {{flag|Italy}}
| pop4             = 67,969
| ref4             = <ref>[http://www.dossierimmigrazione.it/pagina.php?cid=5_18 Dossier Statistico Immigrazione] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020912/http://www.dossierimmigrazione.it/pagina.php?cid=5_18 |data=7 novembre 2017 }}, Caritas 2017</ref>
| region7          = {{flag|Sweden}}
| pop7             = 58,181
| ref7             = <ref name="Statistiska Centralbyrån">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/FodelselandArK/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=b45901f0-24cc-44c3-bdd1-1f8f6f99df2c|title=Foreign-born persons by country of birth and year|publisher=Statistiska Centralbyrån|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>
| region8          = {{flag|Norway}}
| pop8             = 50,000
| ref8             = <ref>[http://www.reintegration.net/norway/index.htm Migrants in Europe - Survey: Norway] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724031634/http://www.reintegration.net/norway/index.htm |date=July 24, 2011 }}</ref>
| region9         = {{flag|France}}
| pop9            = 40,000
| ref9            = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/bosnie-herzegovine/relations-bilaterales/|title=Relations bilatérales de la Bosnie-Herzégovine et France|website=France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères|access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214062347/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/bosnie-herzegovine/relations-bilaterales/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/bosnie-herzegovine/presentation-de-la-bosnie-herzegovine/|title=Présentation de la Bosnie-Herzégovine|website=France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref>
| region10          = {{flag|Australia}}
| pop10             = 39,440
| ref10             = <ref name="ABS Country of Birth">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POLTD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Person%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Birthplace& |title = 20680-Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex - Australia|format = Microsoft Excel download |publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | work = 2006 Census| access-date = 22 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="ABS Ancestry">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true& | title = 20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex - Australia| format = Microsoft Excel download |publisher = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] | work = 2006 Census| access-date = 22 August 2010}}</ref>
| region11         = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop11            = 26,740
| ref11            = <ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web|title=Ethnic origin population|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1|access-date=4 July 2018}}</ref>
| region12         = {{flag|Denmark}}
| pop12            = 22,404
| ref12            = <ref>{{cite web|title=Statistics Denmark:FOLK2: Population 1. January by sex, age, ancestry, country of origin and citizenship|url=http://www.statbank.dk/FOLK2|publisher=Statistics Denmark|access-date=1 October 2013}}</ref>
| langs            = [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| rels             = '''Majority:''' <br>[[Sunni Islam]], [[Christianity]]: ([[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]])<br>'''Minority:''' <br>[[Judaism]], [[Agnosticism]], [[Atheism]]
| related          =
}}
'''Bosnians''' ([[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]: {{lang|sh-Latn|Bosanci}} / {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Босанци}}; {{small|sg. masc.}} {{lang|sh-Latn|Bosanac}} / {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Босанац}}, {{small|fem.}} {{lang|sh-Latn|Bosanka}} / {{lang|sh-Cyrl|Босанка}}) are people native to the country of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], especially the region of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]]. As a common [[demonym]], the term ''Bosnians'' refers to all inhabitants/citizens of the country, regardless of any ethnic, cultural or religious affiliation. It can also be used as a designation for anyone who is descended from the region of Bosnia. Also, a Bosnian can be anyone who holds [[Bosnia and Herzegovina passport|citizenship of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and thus is largely synonymous with the all-encompassing national demonym ''Bosnians and Herzegovinians''.
As a common [[demonym]], the term ''Bosnians'' should not be confused with the [[ethnonym]] ''Bosniaks'', designating [[ethnic Bosniaks]]. The native ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina include [[Bosniaks]], [[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Croats]] and [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Serbs]].
==Terminology==
{{main|Name of Bosnia}}
In modern [[English language|English]], term ''Bosnians'' is the most commonly used [[exonym]] for the general population of Bosnia. In older English literature, inhabitants of Bosnia were sometimes also referred to as ''Bosniacs'' or ''Bosniaks''. All of those terms (''Bosnians'', ''Bosniacs'', ''Bosniaks'') were used interchangeably, as common [[demonyms]] for the entire population of Bosnia, including all ethnic and religious groups. When pointing to different religious affiliations within the general population of Bosnia, English authors were using common terms like ''Christian Bosniacs'',{{sfn|Evans|1876|p=109, 141}} or ''Mohammedan Bosniacs'',{{sfn|Sandwith|1865|p=33}} and also ''Christian Bosniaks'',{{sfn|Voules|1877|p=221}} or ''Mohammedan Bosniaks''.{{sfn|Knight|1854|p=54}}
Since the end of the 20th century, when the majority of [[ethnic Muslims]] in former [[Yugoslavia]] re-affirmed ''Bosniak'' as their ethnic designation, consequent use of that particular term in English language has gradually adapted to the new situation. Today, term ''Bosniaks'' (including the spelling variant ''Bosniacs'') is primarily used in English language as a designation for [[ethnic Muslims]], while the term ''Bosnians'' has kept its general meaning, designating all inhabitants of Bosnia.
There was a case to have the right for people to identify themselves as ''Bosnians'' in the [[European Court of Human Rights]] that won.<ref name="bbcnews_2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59130945 |title=Bosnian leader stokes fears of Balkan breakup |last=Delauney |first=Guy |date=November 3, 2021 |website=BBC News |access-date=November 3, 2021 }}</ref>
==History==
[[File:Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg|thumb|right|270px|Territorial expansion of the Bosnian state in the Middle Ages]]
{{further|History of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
===Medieval Bosnians===
{{see also|Bosnia (early medieval polity)|Banate of Bosnia|Kingdom of Bosnia|Bošnjani}}
The earliest known record of the name ''Bosnia'' as a [[polity]] dates from the middle of the 10th century CE, in the [[Greek language|Greek]] form ''Βόσονα'', designating the region.{{sfn|Moravcsik|1967|p=160-161}} By that time, the [[Migration Period]] of the [[Early Middle Ages]] was already over. During that turbulent period, from the beginning of the 6th and up to middle of the 7th century, [[Early Slavs]] invaded the [[Byzantine Empire]] and settled throughout [[Southeastern Europe]].{{sfn|Fine|1991|loc=Ch. 2: The Slavic Invasions: The Slavs Settle in the Balkans, ca. 550-ca. 630}} In many regions, they encountered various groups of the previously [[Romanization (cultural)|romanized]] population of the former Roman provinces of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]], [[Praevalitana]], [[Pannonia Secunda]], [[Pannonia Savia]] and others. The remaining romanized population retreated -mainly to mountainous regions - while South Slavic tribes settled in plains and valleys, gradually coalescing into early principalities. As these expanded, they came to include other surrounding territories, and later evolved into more centralized states.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=}}
During the twelfth century, local rulers developed the [[Banate of Bosnia]], centered in the valley of the [[river Bosna]].{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=}} There are several theories among linguists and other scholars regarding the origins of the names "Bosnia" and "Bosna" (for the region and the river respectively), and also regarding the relation between those two terms. It is speculated that the name "Bosnia" could come from an older regional term, itself originally derived from the name of the Bosna river, which flows through the heart of the land. From that root, the local [[demonym]] derived in the [[endonym]] form of ''[[Bošnjani]]'', designating the inhabitants of Bosnia.
During the 13th and 14th century, the Banate of Bosnia gradually expanded, incorporating regions of [[Soli (region)|Soli]], [[Usora (region)|Usora]], [[Donji Kraji]] and [[Zahumlje]]. Inhabitants of all those regions also kept their regional individuality. By 1377, the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] had formed under the [[Kotromanić dynasty]]. It included several territories of medieval Serbia and Croatia. As a consequence, many [[Eastern Orthodox]] Christians and [[Roman Catholics]] became subjects of Bosnian rulers, along with adherents of a native [[Bosnian Church]] whose origins and nature are a subject of continued debate among scholars.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=}} [[Bošnjani]] became so-called - as political subjects of Bosnian rulers- from the time of [[Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia|Stephen II]] ({{reign | 1322-1353}}).<ref name="Ćošković-2000">{{cite journal | url = http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=76456&lang=en | language = hr | author = Pejo Ćošković | title = Pogledi o povijesti Bosne i crkvi bosanskoj | journal = Journal - Institute of Croatian History | volume = 32-33 | number = 1 |date=July 2000 | issn = 0353-295X | publisher = [[Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb]], FF press | quote = U tijesnoj vezi s tim je postanak i funkcioniranje naziva ''Bošnjani'' kojim su u domaćoj izvornoj građi nazivani politički podanici bosanskih vladara od vremena Stjepana II. Kotromanića. | access-date = 15 February 2013}}</ref> Those belonging to the so-called Bosnian Church simply called themselves ''Krstjani'' ("Christians"). Many scholars classify these Bosnian ''Krstjani'' as [[Manichaean]] dualists related to the [[Bogomils]] of Bulgaria, while others question this theory, citing lack of historical evidence. Both Catholic and Orthodox church authorities considered the Bosnian Church [[heretical]] and launched vigorous proselytizing campaigns to stem its influence. As a result of these divisions, no coherent religious identity developed in medieval Bosnia, in contrast to the situations in Croatia and Serbia.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=}}
===Ottoman era===
{{refimprove section|date=June 2014}}
As the centuries passed, the Bosnian kingdom slowly began to decline. It had become fractured by increased political and religious disunity. By then, the [[Ottoman Turks]] had already gained a foothold in the [[Balkans]]. First defeating the Serbs at the [[Battle of Kosovo]] and expanding westward, the Turks eventually conquered all of Bosnia and portions of neighboring [[Croatia]]. Territory that partly belonged to the [[medieval Croatian Kingdom]] and partly to the [[Bosnian Kingdom]] remained under Ottoman rule for centuries, so long that it was referred to as ''[[Turkish Croatia]]'' (later as ''[[Bosanska Krajina]]'').
These developments altered Bosnian history, as many residents adopted Islam, adding to the complex Bosnian ethno-religious identity. The [[Bosnian Church]] disappeared, although the circumstances of its decline has been debated as much as defining its nature and origins. Some historians contend that the Bosnian ''Krstjani'' converted ''en masse'' to Islam, seeking refuge from Catholic and Orthodox persecution. Others argue that the Bosnian Church had already ceased to operate many decades before the Turkish conquest. Whatever the case, a native and distinct Muslim community developed among the Bosnians under Ottoman rule, quickly becoming dominant. By the early 1600s, approximately two-thirds of the Bosnian population was Muslim.{{CN|date=August 2022}}
===Austro-Hungarian era===
[[File:Bosnien Volkstrachten.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Bosnians at the time of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.]]
[[File:“A Native Of Bosnia” from the book “Living Races of Mankind" 1902.jpg|thumb|“A Native Of Bosnia” from the book “Living Races of Mankind" ,1902.]]
During the [[Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] from 1878 to 1918, [[Benjamin von Kállay|Benjamin Kallay]], Joint Imperial Minister of Finance and Vienna-based administrator of Bosnia, promoted ''Bošnjaštvo'', a policy that aimed to inspire in Bosnia's people 'a feeling that they belong to a great and powerful nation'.<ref>{{cite book |title=Industrialization of Bosnia-Hercegovina: 1878-1918 |last=Sugar |first=Peter F. |year=1963 |publisher=University of Washington Press |page=201}}</ref> The policy advocated the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian [[nation]] and viewed Bosnians as "speaking the [[Bosnian language]] and divided into three religions with equal rights."<ref>{{cite book |title=Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983-2007 |last=Ramet |first=Sabrina P. |year=2008 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |chapter=Nationalism and the 'Idiocy' of the Countryside: The Case of Serbia |pages=74–76 |isbn=978-3-03735-912-9}}</ref><ref name=velikonja>{{cite book |title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina |last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |year=1992 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-58544-226-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli }}</ref> The policy tried to isolate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its [[irredentist]] neighbors (the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] in [[Serbia]], [[Catholics]] in [[Croatia]], and the [[Muslims]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]). The empire tried to discourage the concept of Croat or Serb nationhood, which had spread to Bosnia and Herzegovina's Catholic and Orthodox communities from neighboring Croatia and Serbia in the mid-19th century.<ref name=velikonja/> Croats and Serbs who opposed the imperial policy and identified with nationalist ideas, ignored claims of Bosnian nationhood and instead counted Bosnian Muslims as part of their own nations, a concept that was rejected by most Bosnian Muslims.<ref>''Central and South-Eastern Europe'', 2004, Volume 4, p 110</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics |last=Banac |first=Ivo | author-link = Ivo Banac |year=1988 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2}}</ref> Following the death of Kallay, the policy was abandoned. By the latter half of the 1910s, nationalism was an integral factor of Bosnian politics, with national political parties corresponding to the three groups dominating elections for the [[Diet of Bosnia]].<ref name=velikonja/>
===Yugoslav era===
During the period when [[Yugoslavia]] was established as a nation, the political establishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina was dominated by Serb and Croat policies; neither of the two terms, ''Bosnian'' or ''Bosniak,'' was recognized to identify the people as a constituent nation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klemenčič|first=Matjaž|title=The Former Yugoslavia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-294-0|page=113}}</ref><ref name=Banac>{{cite book |last=Banac |first=Ivo |title=The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-8014-9493-1 |pages=287–288 }}</ref> Consequently, Bosnian Muslims, or anyone who claimed a Bosnian/Bosniak ethnicity, were classified in Yugoslav population statistics as under the category 'regional affiliation.' This classification was used in the last Yugoslav census taken in 1991 in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The census classifications in former Yugoslavia were often subject to political manipulation because the counting of populations was critical to power of each group. In the constitutional amendments of 1947, Bosnian Muslims requested the option of 'Bosnian.'  But, in the 1948 census, they were given only the choices to identify as 'ethnically undeclared Muslim', 'Serb-Muslim' or 'Croat-Muslim' (the vast majority chose the first option).<ref name=Banac/> In the 1953 census, the category "Yugoslav, ethnically undeclared" was introduced; the overwhelming majority of those who identified by this category were Bosnian Muslim.<ref name=Banac/>
In the 1961 census, the Bosniaks or Bosnian Muslims were categorized as an ethnic group defined as one of 'Muslim-Ethnic affiliation,' but not as a Yugoslav "constitutive nation" alongside Serbs and Croats. In 1964, the Fourth Congress of the Bosnian Party assured the Bosniaks' of the right to [[self-determination]].  In 1968 at a meeting of the Bosnian Central Committee, Bosniaks were accepted as a distinct nation, though the leadership decided not to use the Bosniak or Bosnian name.<ref name=Banac/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-qjT00IDIQC&q=Muslims+by+nationality&pg=PA65|title= Ambivalent Peace: External Peacebuilding, Threatened Identity and Reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Report No. 78|author=Kostic, Roland| publisher=Uppsala University |location=Uppsala, Sweden |date=2007| pages=65|isbn= 9789150619508}}</ref> Hence, as a compromise, the option of "[[Muslims (South-Slavic ethnic group)|Muslims by nationality]]" was introduced as a category in the 1971 census. This was the official category for use by Bosniaks until the final Yugoslav census in 1991.<ref name=Banac/>
===Modern era===
In the 1990s the name [[Bosniaks]] was introduced to replace the term "Muslim by nationality".<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Toperich |editor1-first=Sasha |editor2-last=Ünver Noi |editor2-first=Aylin |title=Turkey and Transatlantic Relations |date=2018 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=9781947661066 |page=Footnotes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4rdZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT163}}</ref> This resulted in Bosniak and Muslim sometimes being used interchangeably in political contexts.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Muehlenbeck |editor1-first=Philip Emil |title=Religion and the Cold War: A Global Perspective |date=2012 |publisher=Vanderbilt University Press |isbn=9780826518521 |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&pg=PA183}}</ref> In the centuries of the Ottoman Empire, distinctions among citizens (for taxation purposes, military service etc.) was made based primarily on the individual's religious identity, which was closely tied to ethnicity.
The decision of a citizen to identify as Bosnian seems to depend on whether they relate their identity more with the Bosnian state or territory as opposed to their religious affiliation, particularly in the case of Bosniaks.<ref name="Keil">{{cite book |last1=Keil |first1=Soeren |editor1-last=Requejo |editor1-first=Ferran |editor2-last=Nagel |editor2-first=Klaus-Jürgen |title=Politics of Religion and Nationalism: Federalism, Consociationalism and Seccession |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317566052 |pages=91–92 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGvfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT117 |chapter=Religious pluralism and multinational federalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}</ref> The number of people who identified as Bosnians under the latest (2013) population census is not exactly known, however it is not above 2.73%, as this is the number of people who identified as "Others" and "Bosnians" are listed under this "Others" category.
==Religion==
[[File:Bosanska Krupa Churches.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Mosque, Catholic church and Serbian Orthodox Church in [[Bosanska Krupa]]]]
According to the latest population census (2013) of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were relatively few people who identified as "Bosnians", thereby it is difficult to establish the religious connection between this group of people and some of the religions present in that country.
According to Tone Bringa, an author and anthropologist, she says of Bosnia and Bosnians:
<blockquote>"Neither [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]], nor [[Croat]], nor [[Serb]] identities can be fully understood with reference only to [[Islam]] or [[Christianity]] respectively but have to be considered in a specific Bosnian context that has resulted in a shared history and locality among Bosnians of Islamic as well as Christian backgrounds."<ref name=shatzmiller>{{cite book|last=Shatzmiller|first=Maya|title=Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and Foreign Policy in Multi-Ethnic States|year=2002|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|isbn=978-0-7735-2413-2|page=32}}</ref></blockquote>According to Bringa, in Bosnia there is a singular, "trans-ethnic culture" that encompassed each ethnicity and makes different faiths, including Christianity and Islam, "[[synergy|synergistically]] [[interdependent]]".<ref name=shatzmiller/>
Still, large numbers of Bosnians are [[Secularism|secular]], a trend strengthened in the post-World War II in Bosnia and Herzegovina as they were [[History of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992)|part of]] the [[Communism|Communist political system]] that rejected traditional organized religion.{{-}}
==Identification==
{{further|Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
[[File:Ivana Kobilca - Bošnjak z goslimi.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.6|A Bosnian playing [[gusle]], painting by [[Ivana Kobilca]], ca. 1900.]]
According to the latest official population census made in Bosnia and Herzegovina, most of the population identified with [[Bosniak]], [[Croat]] or [[Serb]] ethnicity. Some people identified with "Bosnian" nationality, however, these are listed under the category "Others" (along with all the other options such as [[Muslims (ethnicity)|ethnic Muslims]], [[Bosnian Jews|Jews]], [[Roma in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Romas]] etc.). According to the latest population census (2013), there were around 2.7%  "Others".
The ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'', used in this article as a source for numbers, does not mention a sole "Bosnian" nationality. Instead, it mentions "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)", thereby emphasizing the regional significance and equity between the terms.
Ethnic minorities in this territory, such as [[Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Jews]], [[Roma in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Roma]], [[Albanians]], [[Montenegrins of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Montenegrins]] and others, may consider "Bosnian" as an adjective modifying their ethnicity (e.g. "Bosnian Roma") to indicate place of residence. Other times, they use (with equal rights) the term "Herzegovinians".
In addition, a sizable population in Bosnia and Herzegovina believe that the term "Bosnians" defines a people who constitute a distinct collective [[cultural identity]] or ethnic group. According to the latest (2013) census, however, this population does not rise above 1.05%.{{sfn|Ethnicity/National Affiliation, Religion and Mother Tongue|2019|p=27}} Of them, 56.65% are Islamic/Muslim, 30.93% are irreligious, 5.15% are Eastern Orthodox and 5.09% are Catholic.{{sfn|Ethnicity/National Affiliation, Religion and Mother Tongue|2019|pp=918, 920}}
In a 2007 survey conducted by the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), 57% of those surveyed primarily identified by an ethnic designation, while 43% opted for "being a citizen of Bosnia-Herzegovina". In addition, 75% of the surveyors answered positively to the question "As well as thinking of yourself as a [Bosniak, Croat, Serb], do you also think of yourself as being a citizen of the whole of Bosnia-Herzegovina?". In the same survey, 43% said that they identify as a citizen of Bosnia-Herzegovina as the primary identity, 14% identified with a specific ethnic or religious group, and 41% chose the dual identity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.ba/?PID=7&RID=413|title=UNDP Published a Major Research on Return, Identity, Politics and Social Trust|publisher=United Nations Development Programme for Bosnia and Herzegovina|date=2007-07-07|access-date=2007-07-27|archive-date=2007-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727042559/http://www.undp.ba/?PID=7&RID=413|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.ba/download.aspx?id=882|title=Pulse of the citizenry|publisher=United Nations Development Programme for Bosnia and Herzegovina|date=2007-07-07|access-date=2007-07-27|pages=19–20}}</ref>
According to a study conducted by the [[University of Montenegro]], [[University of Montenegro Faculty for Sport and Physical Education|Faculty for Sport and Physical Education]] in [[Nikšić]], Montenegro and the [[University of Novi Sad]] in [[Serbia]], Bosnian people are the tallest in the world.<ref name="Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine">{{cite journal|last1=Popovic|first1=Stevo|last2=Bjelica|first2=Dusko|last3=Tanase|first3=Gabriela Doina|last4=Milašinović|first4=Rajko|title=Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults|journal=Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine|date=2015|volume=4|issue=1|pages=29–36|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=sr&user=2fci9ZcAAAAJ&citation_for_view=2fci9ZcAAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC|access-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="pdf-Montenegrin Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Popovic|first1=S.|last2=Bjelica|first2=D.|last3=Tanase|first3=G.D.|last4=Milašinović|first4=R.|title=(PDF) Body Height and Its Estimation Utilizing Arm Span Measurements in Bosnian and Herzegovinian Adults|journal=Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and Medicine|date=2015|volume=4|issue=1|pages=29–36|url=http://www.mjssm.me/clanci/MJSSM_March_2015_Popovic_29-36.pdf|access-date=25 May 2017|format=.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-tallest-average-heights.html|title=The World's Tallest Countries|website=Worldatlas.com|access-date=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="Tallest-Gazette">{{cite web|last1=Briscoe|first1=Jake|title=Top 10 Tallest Countries in 2017 - Highest Average Heights by Nation - The Gazette Review|url=http://gazettereview.com/2016/06/top-10-tallest-countries-highest-average-heights/|website=The Gazette Review|access-date=25 May 2017|date=17 June 2016}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
{{colbegin}}
*[[Herzegovinians]]
*[[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Jews of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[List of Bosnian and Herzegovinian people]]
*[[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Bosnian Croat War]]
*[[Bosnian–Serbian War (1326–1329)]]
*[[Bosnian War]]
*[[Bosnian Cyrillic]]
*[[Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Lilium bosniacum]]
*[[List of Bosnia and Herzegovina patriotic songs]]
*[[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[SR Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Bosnian Americans]]
{{colend}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Literature==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Donia|first1=Robert J.|last2=Fine|first2=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link2=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=Bosnia and Hercegovina: A Tradition Betrayed|year=1994|location=London|publisher=Hurst and Company|isbn=9781850652113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJvbRP5KSq4C}}
* {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2019 |title=Ethnicity/National Affiliation, Religion and Mother Tongue |url=https://popis.gov.ba/popis2013/doc/Knjiga2/K2_H_E.pdf |location=Sarajevo |publisher=Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina |ref={{harvid|Ethnicity/National Affiliation, Religion and Mother Tongue|2019}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Arthur J.|author-link=Arthur J. Evans|title=Through Bosnia and the Herzegovina|year=1876|edition=1st|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company|url=https://archive.org/details/agv6012.0001.001.umich.edu}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century|date=1991|orig-year=1983|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472081497|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fine|first=John Van Antwerp Jr.|author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|year=1994|orig-year=1987|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472082604|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Knight|editor-first=Charles|editor-link=Charles Knight (publisher)|title=The English Cyclopaedia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge|year=1854|volume=2|location=London|publisher=Bradbury and Evans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdZEAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Moravcsik|editor-first=Gyula|editor-link=Gyula Moravcsik|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio|year=1967|orig-year=1949|edition=2nd revised|location=Washington D.C.|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|isbn=9780884020219|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sandwith|first=Humphry|author-link=Humphry Sandwith|title=Notes on the South Slavonic Countries in Austria and Turkey in Europe|year=1865|location=Edinburgh and London|publisher=William Blackwood and Sons|url=https://archive.org/details/notesonsouthslav00mack}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Voules|editor-first=Horace|title=Truth: A Weekly Yournal|year=1877|volume=1|location=London|publisher=Henry Labouchère|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtpAAQAAMAAJ}}
{{refend}}
{{Bosnia and Herzegovina topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina people]]
[[Category:South Slavs]]