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{{short description|Wine packaged in a bag-in-box arrangement}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{tone|date=December 2016}}
[[Image:A 4 Litre Cask of Australian White Wine.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1|A 4-litre cask of Australian [[white wine]]]]
'''Boxed wine''' ('''cask wine''') is a [[wine]] sold in "[[bag-in-box]]" packaging. Traditionally, this consists of a cardboard box containing a wine filled plastic reservoir. The flow of the wine from the box is controlled by a [[valve]].
==History==
The process for packaging "cask wine" (boxed wine) was invented by [[Thomas Angove]], a winemaker from [[Renmark, South Australia|Renmark]], [[South Australia]], and patented <ref>{{Cite web |title=IP Australia: AusPat Disclaimer |url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=1964043419 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au}}</ref> by his company on April 20, 1964.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/eclectic-mix-honoured-on-australia-day-20110126-1a4h9.html |title=Eclectic mix honoured on Australia Day |author1=Crystal Ja |author2=AAP reporters |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=13 September 2009 |access-date=12 March 2012}}</ref>  Polyethylene bladders of one [[imperial unit#Volume|gallon]] (4.5 litres) were placed in [[corrugated box]]es for retail sale. The original design required that the consumer cut the corner off the bladder, pour out the serving of wine, and then reseal it with a special peg.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wine cask |url=http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1000&article_id=10021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425140636/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1000&article_id=10021 |archive-date=2010-04-25 |access-date=27 January 2008 |publisher=[[Powerhouse Museum]]}}</ref> This design was based on a product already on the market, a bag in a box used by mechanics to hold and transport battery acid.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.goodgoonguide.com/who-invented-the-wine-cask/| title=Who Invented The Wine Cask (Goon Box)?| date=2017-08-06| work=Good Goon Guide| access-date=2017-08-26| language=en-US}}</ref>
In 1967, Australian inventor [[Charles Malpas]] and Penfolds Wines patented a plastic, air-tight [[tap (valve)|tap]] welded to a metallised bladder, making storage more convenient.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flow-tap for bag-in-box packaging patented - Wine History |url=https://winehistory.com.au/wiki/Wine_History/Flow-tap_for_bag-in-box_packaging_patented |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=winehistory.com.au}}</ref> Modern wine casks use plastic taps which can be exposed by tearing away a [[perforation|perforated]] panel on the box. For the following decades, 'bag in a box' packaging was primarily preferred by producers of less expensive wines, as they were cheaper to produce and distribute than glass [[flagon]]s, which served a similar market.
In Australia, due to the difference in how wine is taxed compared to other alcoholic beverages,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Office|first=Australian Taxation|title=Wine equalisation tax|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Wine-equalisation-tax/?default|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.ato.gov.au|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Office|first=Australian Taxation|title=Excise rates for alcohol|url=https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/Excise-and-excise-equivalent-goods/Alcohol-excise/Excise-rates-for-alcohol/?default|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.ato.gov.au|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The goon show: How the tax system works to subsidise cheap wine and alcohol consumption|url=https://www.tai.org.au/content/goon-show-how-tax-system-works-subsidise-cheap-wine-and-alcohol-consumption-1|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Australia Institute|date=8 July 2015|language=en}}</ref> boxed wine is often the least expensive form of drinkable alcohol.<ref>{{Cite web|title=r/australia - What are the best options for Cheap Alcohol in australia?|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/australia/comments/3eng3o/what_are_the_best_options_for_cheap_alcohol_in/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=reddit|date=26 July 2015|language=en-US}}</ref> A 4-[[litre]] cask of at least 9.5% alcohol can often be found for around {{AUD|10}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonata Estate Fresh Dry White Cask 4L|url=https://www.danmurphys.com.au/product/DM_772655/sonata-estate-fresh-dry-white-cask-4l|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.danmurphys.com.au}}</ref> These attributes have led to boxed wine being widely available throughout Australia and holding a prominent place in Australian pop culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=We Asked Australia's Best Sommelier to Find the Nicest, Cheapest Goon|url=https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/7bmz8z/we-asked-australias-best-sommelier-to-find-the-nicest-cheapest-goon|access-date=2020-07-15|website=www.vice.com|date=11 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Prestipino|first=David|date=2014-08-21|title=Yeah, we went there: road testing five Australian cask red wines|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/yeah-we-went-there-road-testing-five-australian-cask-red-wines-20140822-106tlg.html|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Bladder pack.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1|"Bag-in-box" packaging is used for boxed wine as well as other drinks]]
During the mid-1970s, the bag-in-box packaging concept expanded to other beverages, including spring waters, orange juices, and wine coolers.
In 2003, California [[Central Coast AVA]] based Black Box Wines introduced mass premium wines in a box.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxed wine and snobbish notions |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2004-01-07-0401060837-story.html |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Baltimore Sun|date=7 January 2004 }}</ref> Within the decade, premium wineries and bottlers began packaging their own high-quality boxed wine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-05 |title=Ultrapremium boxed wine? Yes, that's coming to the North Coast |url=https://www.northbaybusinessjournal.com/article/industrynews/rise-of-california-north-coast-ultrapremium-boxed-wine/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The North Bay Business Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> This, coupled with an increased cultural interest in [[sustainable packaging|environmentally sustainable packaging]], has cultivated growing popularity with affluent wine consumers.<ref name=tcnyt>{{Cite web |last=Colman |first=Tyler |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/opinion/18colman.html |title=Drink Outside the Box |work=The New York Times |date=August 17, 2008}}</ref>
== Attributes ==
Box wines utilize plastic bags instead of traditional glass bottles, significantly reducing production and shipping costs, which makes them a more affordable option for consumers.
Typical bag-in-box containers hold one and a half to four 750&nbsp;ml bottles of wine per box, though they come in a wide variety of volumes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of the wines: Boxed vs. bottled |url=https://www.today.com/food/battle-wines-boxed-vs-bottled-wbna24183992 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=TODAY.com |date=17 April 2008 |language=en}}</ref> Bag-in-box packaging is cheaper and lighter than glass-bottled wine.
The removal of wine from the flexible bag without adding air to fill the vacated space greatly reduces the [[oxidation]] of the wine during dispensing. Compared to [[bottle|bottled wine]], which should be consumed within hours or days of opening, bag-in-box wine will not spoil for approximately 3–4 weeks after breaking the seal, or even longer if the wine is kept [[refrigeration|refrigerated]] after opening. In addition, it is not subject to [[cork taint]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lonvaud-Funel |first=A. |date=1999 |title=Lactic acid bacteria in the quality improvement and depreciation of wine. |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |volume=76 |issue=1–4 |pages=317–331 |publisher=Konings W.N., Kuipers O.P., In ’t Veld J.H.J.H. (eds) Lactic Acid Bacteria: Genetics, Metabolism and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht|doi=10.1023/A:1002088931106 |pmid=10532386 |s2cid=30267659 }}</ref> Wine contained in plastic bladders is not intended for [[Wine Cellar|cellaring]] and should be consumed within the manufacturer's printed [[shelf life]]. Deterioration may be noticeable 12 months after filling.<ref name="OCW-box">{{cite web | author=The Oxford Companion to Wine |author-link=The Oxford Companion to Wine |title=boxes, wine |url= http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=430 |website=winepros.com.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905132404/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=430 |archive-date=2008-09-05}}</ref>
===Environmental friendly===
The Scandinavian state institutions [[Systembolaget]] and [[Vinmonopolet]] analyzed the environmental impact of various wine packaging in 2010. Bag-in-Box packaging was found to leave only 12% to 29% of the [[carbon footprint]] of bottled wine and was found to be superior by every other ecological criterion.<ref>{{Citation|title=Nordic LCA Wine Package Study – Final Report|date=August 2010|url=https://www.tetrapak.com/content/dam/tetrapak/publicweb/se/sv/sustainability/lca-nordic-wine-2010.pdf|publisher=Systembolaget and Vinmonopolet|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref>
Tyler Colman from [[The New York Times]] stated that bag-in-box is more environmentally friendly than bottled wine {{r|tcnyt}} as well as easier to transport and store.
===Health concerns===
The introduction of cask wine in the late 1960s has had significant negative consequences. The Australian wine industry has benefited from favorable tax policies, which have led to a substantial increase in both domestic consumption and international exports. However, these developments have not been without drawbacks, particularly in terms of public health and social issues related to increased alcohol accessibility and consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stockwell |first1=T |last2=Crosbie |first2=D |title=Supply and demand for alcohol in Australia: relationships between industry structures, regulation and the marketplace. |journal=The International Journal on Drug Policy |date=1 July 2001 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1016/s0955-3959(01)00079-2 |pmid=11399417}}</ref>
== Colloquialisms ==
[[File:Australian flagon.jpg|thumb|Australian flagon]]
In [[Australia]], boxed wine is known colloquially as "goon".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-21 |title=The humble goon sack is changing — and so are we |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-22/love-affair-with-the-goon-bag-endures/100706484 |access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref> The cardboard box is referred to as a "goon box" and the bag within is referred to as a "goon bag". A common Australian drinking game is [[Goon of Fortune]], in which a goon bag is suspended from a [[Hills Hoist]] and spun, and whoever it stops on must drink a selected amount of the goon.
The word goon is derived from the word [[flagon]], which is a traditional container for retailing inexpensive wine or vinegar. An occasional Australian pronunciation of the word flagon, perhaps with humorous intent, placed emphasis on the second syllable such that flagon came to be pronounced as "fla-goon", which was then shortened to simply "goon".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macquarie Dictionary |url=https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/resources/aus/word/map/search/word/goon/The%20Riverina/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=www.macquariedictionary.com.au}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Wine}}
* [[Goon of Fortune]]
* [[Bag-in-box#Wine cask|Wine cask]]
* [[Flavored fortified wine]]
* [[Jug wine]], inexpensive table wine
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{packaging|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boxed Wine}}
[[Category:Australian inventions]]
[[Category:Food storage containers]]
[[Category:Wine packaging and storage]]
[[Category:Wine styles]]
[[Category:Wine terminology]]
[[Category:Australian wine]]