View source for Bridge Gulch massacre

{{Short description|1852 murder of Wintu people in California}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Campaignbox Indian wars and conflicts of California}}
The '''Bridge Gulch massacre''', also known as the '''Hayfork massacre''' or '''Natural Bridge massacre''', occurred in the United States during the [[California gold rush]] on April 23, 1852, when more than 150 [[Wintu|Wintu people]] were killed by about 70 [[American people|American]] men led by William H. Dixon, the sheriff of [[Trinity County, California|Trinity County]] in northern [[California]].
==History==
The massacre was in response to the killing of Colonel John Anderson allegedly by the [[Wintu]]. The Americans tracked the Wintu to a part of Hayfork Creek south of the [[Hayfork Creek|Hayfork Valley]] known as Bridge Gulch (in [[Wintu language|Wintu]] '''qookši čopči'''', meaning skinned hide) where they had made camp.<ref name="Hoover">Hoover, Mildred Brooke and Douglas E. Kyle, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2WrAAAAIAAJ&dq=Hayfork+massacre&pg=PA504 Historic Spots in California: Fourth Edition], Stanford University Press, 1990 - 617 pages, 19512813, accessdate January 3, 2013</ref><ref>"Harrington"</ref> They waited until early morning before attacking, to ensure that nobody could escape. When daylight broke they attacked the Wintu, who were just beginning to awaken. More than 150 Wintu people were killed, with only about five scattered children surviving the attack.<ref name="Norton">{{cite book | last = Norton | first = Jack | title = Genocide in Northwestern California: When Our Worlds Cried | url = https://archive.org/details/genocideinnorthw00nort | url-access = registration | publisher = Indian Historian Press | location = San Francisco | year = 1979 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/genocideinnorthw00nort/page/51 51–54] }}</ref>
Descendants of those massacred have stated that about 500 or 600 Wintu were massacred, and the few survivors escaped by hiding in nearby caves.<ref name="Harrington">{{cite web |url= https://edan.si.edu/slideshow/viewer/?damspath=/Public_Sets/NMNH/NMNH-RC-Anthropology/NMNH-RC-Anth-Archives/NMNH-RC-Anth-Archives-NAA/NAA-Harrington/NAA-Harrington-Microfilm/NAA-Harrington_mf2_r34|title = J.P. Harrington Papers 1907-1959 (Yana/Achomawi/Wintu/Chimariko) |last = Harrington | first= John Peabody | date= 1931 |website= collections.si.edu |publisher= Smithsonian Institution |quote=There was a massacre of Indians there, 5 or 6 hundred were killed there, some ran in caves there. Wash Hyustes (phon.) was one of the white men in that massacre. Some of her relations and Billy's were in that massascre, and informant does not like to talk about it.}}</ref> Those Wintu killed in the massacre were not responsible for the death of John Anderson, who was killed by Wintu from a different band.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trinitycounty.com/stnf-nb.htm|title=Natural Bridge of the Shasta-Trinity National Forest|access-date=January 3, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205031042/http://www.trinitycounty.com/stnf-nb.htm|archive-date=February 5, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 10, 2013 |title=Trinity County California |url=http://visittrinity.com/explore-history/natural-bridge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016100128/http://visittrinity.com/explore-history/natural-bridge/ |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |access-date=October 17, 2024 |website=visittrinity.com}}</ref>
Native Americans in California experienced several decades of genocide as the white settlers started to arrive from the east and the Midwest. Miners, ranchers and other settlers flooded into the region to occupy lands belonging to Native Americans. As more and more white settlers arrived, Native Americans were forced from their homelands and the most valuable lands, and conflicts erupted. In addition to the loss of land and resources, and the conflicts over new settlements, Native Americans suffered from introduced diseases and were subject to violence and murder at the hands of the newcomers, sometimes aided or led by U.S. military troops. Legal loopholes or the absence of a strong, local judicial system also prevented the white killers being brought to justice. Tall tales and rumors circulated by words of mouth or by the press also contributed to mass participation in the killings and galvanized people's tacit consent to those killings.
While mid-19th century California law did not explicitly permit the killing of Native Americans, it also prevented any non-white (i.e., Native American) witnesses providing evidence against white defendants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnston-Dodds|first=Kimberly|date=2003|title=Early California Laws and Policies Related to California Indians|url=https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/IB.pdf|journal=California Research Bureau}}</ref> According to Californian state law, the punishment for stealing livestock was 25 lashes and a 200 dollar fine (Lindsay, 202). Many White settlers apparently found such a measure too lenient and not enough to deter the Indians from stealing their livestock. They often raided Indian villages and executed the men and women on the spot. More gruesome still, they often put down the children and infants as well. This is clearly a violation of state law and outright murder. Unfortunately, because of the legal loopholes and widespread support for those killings, these men were never prosecuted by law.
The white settlers often found it convenient to portray Indians as subhuman and inferior to white people. In this way, it became justifiable in their conscience to kill their fellow human beings of "the other" race. Indians were perceived as "savages" and seen as living in "misery" (Lindsay, 194). As a result, killing Indians was another way to "stop their misery." These notions may partially explain the indiscriminate killing of Native men and women in California after disputes in land settlements erupted. The white settlers saw themselves as a superior race; as a result, they saw themselves as having a "manifest destiny" to hold all the land to the Pacific Ocean.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} They sincerely believed that they could make better use of the land by farming. This land would be "wasted" left in the hands of the Indians. Accounts and rumors describing Indians as "bloodthirsty killers" also helped to demonize the Indians in the minds of the white people.
==Site==
The natural bridge is {{convert|150|ft|m}} long and about {{convert|30|ft|m}} high,<ref name="Hoover" />  on Dobbins Gulch Road.  Trails are administered by the U.S. Forest Service at the Natural Bridge Picnic Area off of Wildwood Road (County Road 302) in Trinity County.<ref name = "USFS">[http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gDfxMDT8MwRydLA1cj72BTJw8jAwjQL8h2VAQAzHJMsQ!!?ss=110514&ttype=recarea&recid=6548&actid=50&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&position=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&navid=110000000000000&pnavid=&cid=null&pname=Hayfork+Area+-+Natural+Bridge+Interpretive+Trail Natural Bridge Interpretive Trail], accessdate January 3, 2013</ref>
==See also==
*[[Indigenous peoples of California]]
*{{C|Native American history of California|Native American history of California—related topics}}
{{coord|40|29|31.28|N|123|6|14.36|W|region:US|display=title}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}
[[Category:Wintun]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1852]]
[[Category:Massacres of Native Americans]]
[[Category:History of Trinity County, California]]
[[Category:Native American history of California]]
[[Category:1852 in California]]
[[Category:April 1852 events]]
[[Category:California genocide]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the United States]]