View source for Brothel

{{short description|Place of prostitution}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Whorehouse|the Beavis and Butt-Head episode|Whorehouse (Beavis and Butt-Head episode)}}
[[File:Joachim Beuckelaer - Brothel - Walters 371784.jpg|thumb|[[Joachim Beuckelaer]], ''Brothel'', 1562]]
[[Image:Pascha Köln.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Pascha (brothel)|Pascha brothel]] in [[Cologne]], Germany, is the largest brothel in Europe.<ref name="faz">{{Cite news |last=Frasch |first=Timo |date=June 8, 2006 |title=Die Welt zu Gast bei Freundinnen |language=German |work=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |url=https://www.faz.net/s/RubCD175863466D41BB9A6A93D460B81174/Doc~E5CC9DBCF62BF40E4AE97BB61D42A9FA8~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html |url-status=dead |access-date=August 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101072823/https://www.faz.net/s/RubCD175863466D41BB9A6A93D460B81174/Doc~E5CC9DBCF62BF40E4AE97BB61D42A9FA8~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html |archive-date=November 1, 2007}}</ref> During the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]], the poster had the [[Saudi Arabian flag]] and [[Iranian flag]] blacked out after protests and threats.]]
A '''brothel''', '''bordello''', '''bawdy house''', '''ranch''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reading Times from Reading, Pennsylvania on October 8, 1883 · Page 1 |url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/45429049/ |access-date=2020-01-31 |website=Newspapers.com |date=8 October 1883 |archive-date=2021-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016161420/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/45429049/ |url-status=live }}</ref> '''house of ill repute''', '''house of ill fame''', or '''whorehouse''' is a place where people engage in [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]] with [[prostitute]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of BROTHEL |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brothel |access-date=2017-03-02 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826220620/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brothel |url-status=live }}</ref> However, for legal or cultural reasons, establishments often describe themselves as [[massage parlor]]s, bars, [[strip club]]s, body rub parlours, studios, or by some other description. [[Sex work]] in a brothel is considered safer than [[street prostitution]].{{sfn|Carroll|2015|p=492}}
=={{anchor|Current legal status}} Legal status==
{{see also|Prostitution law}}
On 2 December 1949, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] approved the [[Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others]].<ref>General Assembly resolution 317(IV)</ref> The convention came into effect on 25 July 1951 and by December 2013, had been ratified by 82 states.<ref name="ratifications">{{Cite web |title=United Nations Treaty Collection |url=http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VII-11-a&chapter=7&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907020434/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VII-11-a&chapter=7&lang=en |archive-date=7 September 2015 |access-date=29 September 2016}}</ref> The convention seeks to combat prostitution, which it regards as "incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person." Parties to the convention agreed to abolish regulation of individual prostitutes, and to ban brothels and [[Procuring (prostitution)|procuring]]. Some countries not parties to the convention also ban prostitution or the operation of brothels. Various United Nations commissions, however, have differing positions on the issue. For example, in 2012, a [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) convened by [[Ban Ki-moon]] and backed by [[United Nations Development Programme]] and UNAIDS, recommended decriminalization of brothels and procuring.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/4128420.html Decriminalisation integral to the fight against HIV] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409071255/http://www.abc.net.au/unleashed/4128420.html |date=2014-04-09}}, Michael Kirby & Michael Wong, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 13 July 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.hivlawcommission.org/resources/report/FinalReport-Risks,Rights&Health-EN.pdf Risks, Rights & Health] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030555/http://www.hivlawcommission.org/resources/report/FinalReport-Risks%2CRights%26Health-EN.pdf |date=2015-09-24}}, GLOBAL COMMISSION ON HIV AND THE LAW, UNDP, HIV/AIDS Group, , July 2012, page 43 ("Recommendation"): "Repeal laws that prohibit consenting adults to buy or sell sex, as well as laws that otherwise prohibit commercial sex, such as laws against "immoral" earnings, "living off the earnings" of prostitution and brothel-keeping."</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=AIDS used as reason to legalize prostitutes |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/2/aids-used-as-reason-to-legalize-prostitutes/ |newspaper=The Washington Times |access-date=2017-03-02 |archive-date=2017-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011819/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/aug/2/aids-used-as-reason-to-legalize-prostitutes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Red-light district of Amsterdam by day. 2012.JPG|thumb|left|[[De Wallen]], Amsterdam's [[red-light district]], offers activities such as legal [[Prostitution in the Netherlands|prostitution]] and a number of [[Coffeeshop (Netherlands)|coffee shops]] that sell [[marijuana]]. It is one of the main tourist attractions.]]
In the [[European Union]], there is no uniform policy and no consensus on the issue; and laws vary widely from country to country. Germany and the Netherlands have the most liberal policies; in Sweden (and in Norway and Iceland outside the EU) the buying, but not selling, of sex, is illegal; in most former Communist countries the laws target the prostitutes; while in countries such as the UK (except Northern Ireland), Italy, and Spain the act of prostitution is not itself illegal, but soliciting, pimping and brothels are, making it difficult to engage in prostitution without breaking any law. The [[European Women's Lobby]] condemns prostitution as "an intolerable form of male violence" and supports the "Swedish model".<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Women's Lobby Européen des femmes: Prostitution in Europe: 60 Years of Reluctance |url=http://www.womenslobby.eu/spip.php?article472&lang=en |access-date=2013-09-03 |publisher=Womenslobby.eu |archive-date=2013-01-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130106202706/http://www.womenslobby.eu/spip.php?article472&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted in a non-binding resolution, (adopted by 343 votes to 139; with 105 abstentions), in favor of the "Swedish Model" of criminalizing the buying, but not the selling, of sex.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-26 |title=Punish the client, not the prostitute {{!}} News {{!}} European Parliament |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/content/20140221IPR36644/html/Punish-the-client-not-the-prostitute |access-date=2017-03-02 |website=News {{!}} European Parliament |archive-date=2015-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013150701/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/content/20140221IPR36644/html/Punish-the-client-not-the-prostitute |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Prostitution laws of the world2.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Brothels are legal only in countries and areas shown in green or cyan
{{legend|#00ffff|Decriminalization - No criminal penalties for prostitution}}
{{legend|#008000|Legalization - prostitution legal and regulated}}{{legend|#30669a|Abolitionism - prostitution is legal, but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal; prostitution is not regulated}}
{{legend|#ff8000|Neo-abolitionism - illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement, legal to sell sex}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Prohibitionism - prostitution illegal}}
{{legend|#575757|Legality varies with local laws}}]]
[[File:Trier Hafenmelodie1.jpg|thumb|Brothel Hafenmelodie [[Trier]] (Germany)]]
Prostitution and the operation of brothels is illegal in many countries, though known illegal brothels may be tolerated or laws not strictly enforced. Such situations exist in many parts of the world, but the region most often associated with these policies is [[Prostitution in Asia|Asia]]. When brothels are illegal they may nevertheless operate in the guise of a legitimate business, such as massage parlors, saunas or spas.
In a few countries, prostitution and operating a brothel is legal and regulated. The degree of regulation varies widely by country. Most of these countries allow brothels, at least in theory, as they are considered to be less problematic than [[street prostitution]]. In parts of Australia, brothels are legal and regulated. Regulation includes planning controls and licensing and registration requirements, and there may be other restrictions. However, the existence of licensed brothels does not stop illegal brothels from operating. According to a report in the Australian ''[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Telegraph]]'', illegal brothels in [[Sydney]] in 2009 outnumbered licensed operations by four to one;<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-05-18 |title=NSW papers urged to cut brothel ads, ABC news |language=bg |work=ABC News |publisher=Abc.net.au |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/18/2573799.htm |access-date=2011-12-10 |archive-date=2011-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501095442/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/05/18/2573799.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Entertainment Agency by RideWorks |url=http://rideworks.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213152453/https://rideworks.com/ |archive-date=2017-02-13 |access-date=2017-03-02 |website=rideworks.com}}</ref> while in [[Queensland]] only 10% of prostitution happens in licensed brothels, with the rest being either independent sex workers (which is legal) or illegal operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-16 |title=Queensland sex industry still largely illegitimate, Brisbane Times |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/queensland-sex-industry-still-largely-illegitimate-20090816-embf.html |access-date=2011-12-10 |publisher=Brisbanetimes.com.au |archive-date=2010-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230234056/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/queensland-sex-industry-still-largely-illegitimate-20090816-embf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The introduction of legal brothels in Queensland was to help improve the safety of sex workers, punters (customers of prostitution), and the community at large and reduce crime. This may have been successful in many ways in Queensland, with The Viper Room being one of the most well known, clean, safe and most highly regarded brothels in Brisbane and Queensland.<ref name="Prostitution Act 1999">{{Cite news |date=2017-06-30 |title=Prostitution Act 1999 |work=Queensland Legislation—Queensland Government |publisher=Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel |location=Brisbane, Queensland, Australia |url=https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-06-30/act-1999-073 |access-date=2018-11-06 |archive-date=2018-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104440/https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-06-30/act-1999-073 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Netherlands has one of the most liberal prostitution policies in the world, and attracts sex tourists from many other countries.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uruguay and marijuana: a guide to the world's most libertarian countries |work=Telegraph.co.uk |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/uruguay/10216201/A-guide-to-the-worlds-most-libertarian-countries.html |access-date=2017-03-02 |archive-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302195809/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/uruguay/10216201/A-guide-to-the-worlds-most-libertarian-countries.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amsterdam]] is well known for its red-light district and is a destination for [[sex tourism]]. Germany also has very liberal prostitution laws.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koster |first=Katherine |date=2015-08-26 |title=Legal in Theory: Germany's Sex Trade Laws and Why They Have Nothing to Do With Amnesty Sex Work Proposal |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/katherine-koster/legal-in-theory-germanys-_b_8037820.html |access-date=2017-03-02 |website=The Huffington Post |archive-date=2017-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104193453/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/katherine-koster/legal-in-theory-germanys-_b_8037820.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest brothel in Europe is the [[Pascha (brothel)|Pascha]] in [[Cologne]]. Although the [[Dumas Brothel|Dumas Hotel]] in Butte, Montana operated legally from 1890 until 1982, brothels are currently [[Prostitution in the United States|illegal throughout the United States]], except in [[Prostitution in Nevada|10 rural counties in Nevada]]. Prostitution outside of the 19 licensed brothels operating in 6 of those 10 counties is illegal throughout the state.<ref name="DSW Nevada">{{Cite web|title=Nevada Prostitution Laws: Where is prostitution legal in Nevada?|date=20 April 2020 |url=https://decriminalizesex.work/Nevada-prostitution-laws/|publisher=Decriminalize Sex Work|access-date=September 5, 2023}}</ref> All forms of prostitution are illegal in [[Clark County, Nevada|Clark County]], which contains the [[Las Vegas–Paradise, NV MSA|Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area]].<ref name="DSW">{{Cite web|title=Prostitution Laws by State: Where is prostitution legal?|url=https://decriminalizesex.work/advocacy/prostitution-laws-by-state/|publisher=Decriminalize Sex Work|access-date=September 5, 2023}}</ref>
==History==
{{see also|History of prostitution}}
[[File:(Albi) Au Salon de la rue des Moulins - Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 1894 MTL.inv181.jpg|thumb|[[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], ''Salon at the Rue des Moulins'', 1894]]
The earliest recorded mention of prostitution as an occupation appears in Sumerian records from {{Circa|2400 [[Common Era|BCE]]}} and describes a temple-bordello operated by [[Sumerian religion|Sumerian priests]] in the city of [[Uruk]]. The 'kakum' or temple was dedicated to the goddess [[Ishtar]] and housed three classes of women. The first group performed only in the temple sex-rites; the second group had the run of the grounds and catered to its visitors as well, and the third and lowest class lived on the temple grounds but were free to seek out customers in the streets. In later years, [[sacred prostitution]] and similar classifications of women existed in Greece, Rome, India, China, and Japan.{{sfn|Murphy|1983| }}
===Europe===
State brothels/bordellos with regulated prices existed in ancient [[Athens]], created by the legendary lawmaker [[Solon]]. These brothels catered to a predominantly male clientele, with women of all ages and young men providing sexual services (see [[Prostitution in ancient Greece]]). In ancient Rome female slaves were forced to provide sexual services for soldiers, with brothels being located close to barracks and city walls. Brothels existed everywhere. The custom was to display lit candles to signal that they were open.
Before the appearance of effective [[contraception]], [[infanticide]] was common in brothels. Unlike usual infanticide—where girls were more likely to be killed at birth— a brothel site at Ashkelon in Israel revealed that nearly all of the babies were boys.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14401305 ''Roman dead baby 'brothel' mystery deepens''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824155154/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14401305 |date=2018-08-24 }}, BBC</ref>
[[File:1537 Braunschweiger Monogrammist Bordellszene anagoria.JPG|thumb|left|Brothel scene; [[Brunswick Monogrammist]], 1537; [[Gemäldegalerie, Berlin]]]]
Cities first began setting up municipal brothels between 1350 and 1450 CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Timeline--Prostitution |url=http://prostitution.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000117 |access-date=23 November 2011 |website=Should prostitution be legal? |publisher=ProCon.org |archive-date=8 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108034613/http://prostitution.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Municipalities often owned, operated, and regulated the legal brothels. Governments would designate certain streets where a keeper could open a brothel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heckel |first=N.M. |title=Sex, Society, and Medieval Women |url=http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/medsex/text.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102214718/http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/medsex/text.htm |archive-date=November 2, 2011 |access-date=23 November 2011 |publisher=River Campus Libraries}}</ref> These sections of town were the precursors to so-called "red light districts". Not only did the towns restrict where a keeper could open a brothel, but they also put constraints on when the brothel could be open. For example, most brothels were forbidden to be open on Sundays and religious holidays. Some scholars believe these restrictions were enforced to make the prostitutes go to church but others argue that it was to keep parishioners in church and out of the brothels. Either way, it was a day providing no revenue for the keeper.
Although brothels were set up as a sexual outlet for men, not all men were allowed to enter them. Clerics, married men, and Jews were prohibited.{{sfn|Bennett|1989|pp=100–134}} Often, foreigners such as sailors and traders were the main source of revenue. Local men who frequented the brothels were mainly single; laws restricting the patrons were not always enforced. Government officials or police would periodically search the brothels to reduce the number of prohibited customers. However, since the government was so closely related to the church, common punishments were minor. These restrictions were put in place to protect the wives of married men from infections.
[[File:William Hogarth - A Rake's Progress - Tavern Scene.jpg|right|thumb|The Brothel Scene from ''[[A Rake's Progress]]'' by [[William Hogarth]], 1735]]
Multiple restrictions were placed on the residents of brothels. One limitation prohibited prostitutes from borrowing money from their brothel keeper. Prostitutes paid high prices to the brothel keeper for the basic necessities of room and board, clothes, and toiletries. Room and board pricing was often set by the local government but the price for everything else could add up to a common woman's entire earnings. Prostitutes were sometimes prohibited from having a special lover. Some regulations put on prostitutes were made to protect their clients. A woman was kicked out if she was found to have a sexually transmitted disease. The prostitutes were not allowed to pull men into the brothel by their clothing, harass them in the street, or detain them over unpaid debts.{{sfn|Karras|1996|pp=32–47}} Clothing worn by prostitutes was regulated and had to be distinguishable from that of respectable women. In some places, a prostitute had to have a yellow stripe on her clothing while in others red was the differentiating color. Other towns required harlots to don special headdresses or restricted the wardrobe of proper women. The restrictions placed on prostitutes were put in place not only to protect them but also nearby citizens.
Because of a [[syphilis]] epidemic throughout Europe, many brothels were shut down during the end of the Middle Ages.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 January 2006|title=A Brief History of Brothels|publisher=The Independent Newspaper|url=https://saumyagiri.co.in/history-of-brothels.html |access-date=23 July 2017}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This epidemic had been brought on by Spanish and French military pillages after the return of Christopher Columbus from the newly discovered Americas. The church and citizens alike feared that men who frequented brothels would bring the disease home and infect morally upright people.
From the 12th century, brothels in London were located in a district known as the [[Liberty of the Clink]]. This area was traditionally under the authority of the [[Bishop of Winchester]], not the civil authorities. From 1161, the bishop was granted the power to license prostitutes and brothels in the district. This gave rise to the slang term ''Winchester Goose'' for a prostitute. Women who worked in these brothels were denied Christian burial and buried in the unconsecrated graveyard known as [[Cross Bones]].
[[File:Arnaldo Dell'Ira (1903-1943) Sala d'aspetto per la casa di M.me B.,1939.jpg|right|thumb|Interior of a luxurious brothel: "Waiting room in the house of M.me B.", project by Italian architect [[Arnaldo dell'Ira]], Rome, 1939.]]
[[File:Interior of a brothel in Naples, Italy 1945 (1) - Five prostitutes waiting for customers.jpg|right|thumb|Interior of a brothel in [[Naples]], Italy, 1945]]
By the 16th century, the area was also home to many theatres, (including the [[Globe Theatre]], associated with [[William Shakespeare]]), but brothels continued to thrive. A famous London brothel of the time was [[Holland's Leaguer (brothel)|''Holland's Leaguer'']]. Patrons supposedly included [[James I of England]] and his favourite, [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham]]. It was located in a street that still bears its name{{sfn|Walford|1878|pp=29-44}} and also inspired the 1631 play, ''[[Holland's Leaguer (play)|Holland's Leaguer]]''. [[Charles I of England]] licensed a number of brothels including the [[Silver Cross Tavern]] in London, which retains its license to the modern day because it was never revoked.
The authorities of Medieval Paris followed the same path as those in London and attempted to confine prostitution to a particular district. [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] (1226–1270) designated nine streets in the [[Beaubourg]] [[Historical quarters of Paris|Quartier]] where it would be permitted. In the early part of the 19th century, state-controlled legal brothels (then known as "''maisons de tolérance''" or "''maisons closes''") started to appear in several French cities. By law, they had to be run by a woman (typically a former prostitute) and their external appearance had to be discreet. The ''maisons'' were required to light a red lantern when they were open (from which is derived the term [[red-light district]]) and the prostitutes were only permitted to leave the ''maisons'' on certain days and only if accompanied by its head. By 1810, Paris alone had 180 officially approved brothels.
[[File:Punainen talo Kotka 1.jpg|thumb|Mojdom 1, also known as the "Red House", is a brick house built in the 1920s in [[Kotka|Kotka, Finland]], which served as an illegal brothel in addition to hotel operations. Today, the house is only in residential use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yle.fi/a/3-9500241|title=Punaisen talon tarina – näin opettajista, sairaanhoitajista ja kotiäideistä valmennettiin Suomen kuuluisimpia seksityöläisiä|last=Krautsuk|first=Satu|work=[[Yle]]|date=11 March 2017|access-date=12 October 2023|language=fi}}</ref>]]
In most European countries, brothels were made illegal after World War II. France outlawed brothels in 1946, after a campaign by [[Marthe Richard]]. The backlash against them was in part due to their wartime collaboration with the Germans during the [[German occupation of France during World War II|occupation of France]]. Twenty-two Paris brothels had been commandeered by the Germans for their exclusive use; some had made a great deal of money by catering for German officers and soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Matthew |date=1 May 2009 |title=French brothels 'flourished during the Nazi occupation' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/5256504/French-brothels-flourished-during-the-Nazi-occupation.html |access-date=27 May 2020 |publisher=Daily Telegraph |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804145200/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/5256504/French-brothels-flourished-during-the-Nazi-occupation.html |url-status=live }}</ref> One brothel in the [[Montmartre]] District of the French capital was part of an escape network for [[prisoner of war|POW]]s and downed airmen.{{sfn|Regan|1992|p=37}}
Italy made brothels illegal in 1959. The 2010s decade has seen the introduction of [[sex doll]]s and [[sexbot]]s on the premises of some brothels.{{sfn|Levy|2007|pp=833-858}}
===East Asia===
{{nihongo||遊廓|'''Yūkaku'''}} were legal [[red-light district]]s in [[Japan]]ese history, where both brothels and [[prostitutes]], known collectively as yūjo(遊女), the higher ranks of which were known as [[oiran]] recognised by the Japanese government operated.<ref>[遊郭]『大百科事典. 第25巻』 (平凡社, 1939)</ref> Though prostitution was, officially, legal to engage in and pay for only in these areas, there were a number of places where prostitutes and brothels operated illegally.<ref name="平田109">平田（1997）109頁。</ref> Yoshiwara was home to some 1,750 women in the 18th century, with records of some 3,000 women from all over Japan at one time. Many were typically indentured to their brothel; if indentured by their parents, a larger advance payment would often be received. Though contracts of indenture often did not last more than five to ten years, the debt sometimes accrued by these women could keep them working there for much longer.<ref>Embree, John F. ''Suye Mura: a Japanese Village'', Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies University of Michigan, 1995.</ref> Many women also died of sexually transmitted diseases, or following failed abortions, before completing their contracts.<ref>Sone Hiromi. "Prostitution and Public Authority in Early Modern Japan," in ''Women and Class in Japanese History'', edited by Hitomi Tonomura, Anne Walthall, and Haruko Wakita. 169-85. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies the University of Michigan, 1999.</ref>
[[File:KITLV - 110667 - Kusakabe, Kimbei - Prostitution at Ahiduoka in Japan - circa 1890 (cropped).tif|thumb|upright=1.5|Prostitutes sitting behind {{nihongo||張り見世|harimise}} in [[Shizuoka (city)|Shizuoka]] in Japan, {{circa|1890}}, taken by [[Kusakabe Kimbei]]]]
In [[Korea|Korean]] history, there were brothels where prostitutes worked as prostitution. There are also [[kisaeng]] performing arts venues that provide performances.
===India===
The governments of many Indian [[princely state]]s had regulated [[prostitution in India]] prior to the 1860s. The [[British Raj]] enacted the [[Prostitution in colonial India#Cantonment Act of 1864|Cantonment Act of 1864]] to regulate [[prostitution in colonial India]] as a matter of accepting a necessary evil so that the British soldiers could seek sexual gratification when away from their homes.<ref name="tambe2005">{{Cite journal |last=Tambe |first=Ashwini |date=19 February 2005 |title=The Elusive Ingenue:A transnational Feminist Analysis of European Prostitution in Colonial Bombay |journal=Gender and Society |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=160–79 |doi=10.1177/0891243204272781 |s2cid=144250345}}</ref> The Cantonment Acts regulated and structured prostitution in the British [[military bases]] which provided for about twelve to fifteen Indian women kept in brothels called ''chaklas'' for each regiment of thousand British soldiers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-11-23 |title=Horrors of India's brothels documented |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24530198 |access-date=2020-04-02 |archive-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215193808/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24530198 |url-status=live }}</ref> They were licensed by military officials and were allowed to consort with soldiers only.<ref name="bhandari2010">{{Cite journal |last=Bhandari |first=Sudhanshu |date=June 19, 2010 |title=Prostitution in Colonial India |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2142.html |journal=Mainstream Weekly |volume=XLVIII |access-date=October 13, 2012 |number=26 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030010416/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2142.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Brothels in India came into life in the early 1920s,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-22 |title=5 Interesting Effects of Poor Market Conditions on Indian Escort Industry—LifeSide |url=https://www.escortgirlgurgaon.com/blog/5-interesting-effects-of-poor-market-conditions-on-indian-escort-industry/#Indian-brothels-history |access-date=2017-07-27 |website=www.escortgirlgurgaon.com |archive-date=2017-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212195026/https://www.escortgirlgurgaon.com/blog/5-interesting-effects-of-poor-market-conditions-on-indian-escort-industry/#Indian-brothels-history |url-status=live }}</ref> when dance styles in states like [[Maharashtra]], such as ''Lavani'', and dance-drama performance artists, ''called Tamasha'' artists, starting working as prostitutes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Rege |first=Sharmila |date=2002 |title=Conceptualising Popular Culture: 'Lavani' and 'Powada' in Maharashtra |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=1038–1047 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4411876}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-04-28 |title=The linked caste slavery of the Kolhatis and the Bedias {{!}} Savari |url=https://www.dalitweb.org/?p=2556%2C%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dalitweb.org%2F%3Fp%3D2556 |access-date=2020-04-02 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727051715/https://www.dalitweb.org/?p=2556%2C%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dalitweb.org%2F%3Fp%3D2556 |url-status=live }}</ref> Such professions were strongly connected to caste and income levels.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
===United States===
[[File:House at 2528 Postoffice Street, Galveston (painted).jpg|thumb|Last example of a brothel from the wide-open time of Galveston]]
From 1911 to 1913, the [[United States Department of Justice]] counted the numbers of prostitutes in brothels to use the data against the much-feared "[[White slavery (prostitution)|White Slave Traffic]]".{{sfn|Woolston|1969|p=38}} This effort collected information from 318 cities of 26 Eastern states. It estimated about 100,000 women to be working in brothels, yet some estimated the total number of prostitutes to be as high as 500,000.{{sfn|Woolston|1969|p=39}}
During the late nineteenth century, brothels in the United States were no secret. George Kneeland articulated his growing concern about the organized sex business in America well, saying that prostitution had grown into a "highly commercialized and profitable business that penetrated the deepest recesses of the political, cultural and economic life of the city."{{sfn|Kneeland|Davis|1913| }} Brothels were commonly referred to as "disorderly houses", and their residents were called by many names, some [[Euphemism|euphemistic]]—e.g., ''abandoned woman'', ''bawd good-time daisy'', ''fallen angel'', ''fille de joie'', ''jeweled bird'', ''lady of the evening'', ''shady lady'', ''soiled dove'', ''wanton woman'', and ''woman of the town''—and some less kind—e.g., ''hooker'', ''[[slut]]'', and ''[[whore]]''.{{sfn|McKell|2009|p=5}} As the 19th century went on, prostitution as a profession became more common, rather than just occasionally necessitated soliciting. As a result of these changes, the way prostitution was practiced changed.{{sfn|Walkoitz|1982| }} Many prostitutes still practiced their trade independently, but the new class of professional prostitutes created a demand for a location to do their regular business, and the brothel served this purpose.{{sfn|Rosen|1983| }}
Visitors could easily find disorderly houses by opening up the local or statewide directories, such as the 1895 ''Travelers' Guide of Colorado''.{{sfn|McKell|2009|p=4}} This 66-page manual helped the interested client decide which brothel was right for him. These manuals did not attract by using euphemistic language, and though bold by standards of the time, were not crude. Some examples read: "Twenty young ladies engaged nightly to entertain guest", and "Strangers cordially welcome". In some areas, brothels simply could not be ignored. A nineteenth-century authority describes the city of New Orleans as such: "The extent of licentiousness and prostitution here is truly appalling and doubtless without a parallel in the whole civilized world. The indulgence and practice are so general and common that men seldom seek to cover up their acts or go in disguise."{{sfn|Fernando|1963|p=254}}
The average house held five to twenty working girls; some higher-end brothels also employed staff servants, musicians, and a bouncer. The typical brothel contained several bedrooms, all furnished. Some upscale brothels were much larger; such is the case with that owned by Mary Ann Hall of [[Arlington, Virginia]].{{sfn|Webb|2004|p=26}} It is described as "a rather grand house with twenty-five rooms and was enclosed by a brick wall. The interior was elegantly furnished. The principal rooms on the first floor contained large oil paintings, Brussels carpets, red plush 'parlor furniture', étagères (a shelf for small ornaments), and numerous items of silver plate."{{sfn|Milner Associates|loc=Appendix II}} An archeological dig of the area outside of Mary Ann Hall's estate revealed refuse of a quality superior to that in surrounding working-class areas. This included many champagne bottles and corks, wire cages from such bottles, perfume bottles, high-quality porcelain with gilt edging, along with remnants of exotic foods—coconut shells and berry seeds, bones from beef, fish, and pork indicating that elegant meals were being eaten at this high-class brothel.{{sfn|Milner Associates|pp=111–197}} These "five and ten-dollar parlor houses" attracted wealthy men, who used the facilities much as a gentlemen's social club,{{sfn|Rosen|1983|p= 86}} where they made business and political connections, met with associates and had exquisite dinners with wine, champagne, and women. Brothels were not only for the wealthy. "One-dollar houses" were visited by those of the working class. A 1910 Kansas vice report compares the two: "A few brothels were equipped with expensive furniture and furnishings including the finest of upholstered chairs, well-done paintings, and costly rugs, while others were hovels of repulsive squalor."{{sfn|Johnson|1911|p=98}}
Women joined brothels from all walks of life. The average prostitute was approximately 21,{{sfn|McKell|2009|p=6}} but many were as young as 13 or as old as 50. Typically thought of as an escape for young, poor, troubled women, brothels sometimes attracted those less expected. Trained musicians and singers sometimes were lured into it by their interest in easy money and fun times.{{sfn|McKell|2009|p=19}} Some others turned to brothels to get out of boring, abusive, or otherwise unfulfilling marriages. Although they might be from varied classes, ethnicities, and ages, most women who began or joined brothels had a shared goal: quick money.{{sfn|McKell|2009|p=6}} Many found themselves always indebted to their mistresses. Lack of credit made a prostitute unable to buy items necessary for her trade (powder, cosmetics, perfumes, and evening wear), and she was forced to buy them through her madam.{{sfn|McKell|2009|p=8}}
Some madams, often former prostitutes themselves, rose to become independently wealthy. One was [[Mary Ann Hall]] of Arlington, Virginia. Clearly attractive and a good businesswoman, Mary Ann purchased a lot and built a brick house. That would be the location of an upscale brothel for another 40 years, sitting right at the foot of Capitol Hill. Her brothel was very lucrative, and Mary Ann was able to buy multiple enslaved people and a summer home. She was responsible for the behavior of her prostitutes, which could prove challenging since drug abuse was common. A large focus for madams was keeping their business transactions discreet and staying on the good side of the law, which they did by contributing money to charitable organizations, schools, and churches.
Despite those efforts, much of the profit still went to legal fines and fees, since prostitution was largely illegal. Timely payment of these fines could guarantee a madam that her business could continue without fear of being shut down, usually. Brothels were expected to pay significantly higher rent than other tenants.{{sfn|Webb|2004|pp=24–33}} Another upscale bordello was the Big Brick in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], built and operated by [[Grace Peixotto]], the daughter of the Rev. Solomon Cohen Peixotto, and the madam of the most infamous brothel in the history of the city.{{sfn|Jones|2006|pp=19–23}}
A madam stayed involved in her business. Running a house with so many in it required skill. A brothel required the purchase of regular food and food preparation. A madam had to monitor the cleanliness of the brothel, including the sheets, which had to be changed several times in an evening, and a stock of wines and liquors for clientele. She was the boss of the brothel and so a madam fired and hired servants, maids, and prostitutes. New faces in the brothel were desired by patrons and so madams had to find new women to recruit. Sometimes, that meant taking in a less-than-desired woman but one with youth and good looks. The "new" prostitute received training, cosmetics, and clothes from the madam. A prostitute from Kansas City is recorded as saying that she is no match for the "proper" behavior and dress required for the famous Ice Palace in Chicago.{{sfn|Rosen|1983|p=87}}
Disorderly houses or any other dwelling used for purposes of selling sex or other lewd acts in the early 20th century were illegal with a few exceptions: the states of Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Mexico, and South Carolina. Penalties could range from $1,000 and time in jail to much smaller fines.{{sfn|Rosen|1983| }}
===Military brothels===
Until recently, in several armies around the world, mobile brothels were attached to the army as auxiliary units, especially attached to combat units on long-term deployments abroad. Because it is a controversial subject, military brothels and the women who provided sex services in them were often designated with creative [[euphemism]]s. Examples of such jargon are {{lang|fr|la boîte à bonbons}} (''"the sweet box"''), replacing the term "{{lang|fr|[[bordel militaire de campagne]]}}". France used mobile brothels during the [[First World War]], the [[Second World War]] and the [[First Indochina War]] to supply sex services to French soldiers who were facing combat in areas where brothels were unusual, such as at the [[front line]] or in isolated garrisons.<ref>World Association of International Studies [http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/index.php?p=2351 article] retrieved on March 10, 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612081843/http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/index.php?p=2351 |date=June 12, 2007 }}</ref>{{sfn|Windrow|2004| }} Brothels were outlawed in France in 1946; but the [[French Foreign Legion]] continued to use mobile brothels until the late 1990s.
During the [[Second World War]], women drawn from throughout the Far East were forced into [[sexual slavery]] by the occupation armies of [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] in brothels known as [[Ianjo]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Japan's 'Comfort Women': It's time for the truth |date=March 8, 2007 |url=http://japanfocus.org/products/details/2373 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109083324/http://japanfocus.org/products/details/2373 |publisher=[[The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus]] |access-date=2008-12-15 |archive-date=January 9, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> These women were referred to as "[[comfort women]]" (kanji=慰安婦; hiragana=いあんふ; Korean=위안부). During the Second World War in Europe, [[German military brothels in World War II|Nazi Germany created military brothels]] where an estimated 34,140 enslaved women from Nazi-occupied Europe, particularly Poland, were forced to work as prostitutes in brothels.{{sfn|Herbermann|2000|p=33–34}}
After the Japanese surrender following the Second World War, the Japanese government formed the [[Recreation and Amusement Association]] and recruited 55,000 of its "patriotic women" to "sacrifice themselves" to the [[G.I. (military)|G.I.]] occupation, to protect the chastity of pure Japanese womenfolk.<ref name="ny19951027">{{Cite news |last=Kristof |first=Nicholas |date=1995-10-27 |title=Fearing G.I. Occupiers, Japan Urged Women into Brothels |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/27/world/fearing-gi-occupiers-japan-urgesd-women-into-brothels.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |access-date=2013-05-18 |archive-date=2013-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703043517/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/27/world/fearing-gi-occupiers-japan-urgesd-women-into-brothels.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |url-status=live }}</ref>
In South Korea, women who worked as prostitutes for UN forces were called [[Western princess]]es. Between the 1950s and 1960s, 60% of [[Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military|South Korean prostitutes worked near the US military bases]].{{sfnm|1a1=Clough|1a2=Halley|1y=2007|1p=163|2a1=Cho|2y=2008|2p=104}} Since the mid-1990s, [[Filipina]] women have worked as prostitutes for U.S. servicemen in South Korea.<ref name="joong20021019">{{Cite news |date=2002-10-19 |title=[EDITORIALS]Deliver them from 'hell' |publisher=[[Joongang Daily]] |url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=1910008 |url-status=usurped |access-date=2013-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613134822/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=1910008 |archive-date=2013-06-13}}</ref><ref name="Hankyoreh20091201">{{Cite news |date=2009-12-01 |title=Filipinas forced into prostitution on the rise in S.Korea |publisher=[[Hankyoreh]] |url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/390782.html |access-date=2013-05-18 |archive-date=2013-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508053338/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/390782.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SS20090926">{{Cite news |last=Rabiroff |first=Jon |date=September 26, 2009 |title=Philippine Embassy has 'watch list' of suspect bars in South Korea |publisher=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/philippine-embassy-has-watch-list-of-suspect-bars-in-south-korea-1.95038 |access-date=2013-05-18 |archive-date=2013-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430021512/http://www.stripes.com/news/philippine-embassy-has-watch-list-of-suspect-bars-in-south-korea-1.95038 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, the [[Philippine government]] stopped approving contracts that promoters use to bring Filipinas to South Korea to work near U.S. military bases.<ref name="SS20100618">{{Cite news |last=Rabiroff |first=Jon |date=June 18, 2010 |title=Report on human trafficking cites South Korean juicy bars |publisher=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/report-on-human-trafficking-cites-south-korean-juicy-bars-1.107610 |access-date=2013-05-18 |archive-date=2013-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429181611/http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/report-on-human-trafficking-cites-south-korean-juicy-bars-1.107610 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Au camp d'Arbalou l'Arbi Le B.M.C. Bordel Militaire de Campagne -1922 Edit Legraverand, phot, Meknès.jpg|A [[bordel militaire de campagne]] in Morocco in the 1920s
Bundesarchiv Bild 101II-MW-1019-07, Frankreich, Brest, Soldatenbordell.jpg|German soldiers entering a ''Soldatenbordell'' in [[Brest, France]] (1940). The building is a former synagogue.
Chinese girl from one of the Japanese Army's 'comfort battalions'.jpg|A young Burmese woman from one of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]'s "comfort battalions" is interviewed by a British Royal Air Force officer in [[Yangon|Rangoon]] after being liberated in August 1945.
Yasuura House.jpg|U.S. servicemen entering [[Recreation and Amusement Association]] during the [[occupation of Japan]]
Registration of comfort women.jpg|The registration of [[Western princess]]es in South Korea on September 13, 1961
</gallery>
==Sex doll brothel==
A number of brothels offering only [[sex doll]]s exist in Japan. There is also one in Barcelona, and one named [[Bordoll]] opened in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2018 |title=Inside Germany's first sex doll brothel |url=http://metro.co.uk/2018/01/13/inside-germanys-first-sex-doll-brothel-7226156/ |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419120921/http://metro.co.uk/2018/01/13/inside-germanys-first-sex-doll-brothel-7226156/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Another was set to open on 8 September 2018 in Toronto, Canada though it was deemed to be contrary to a [[by-law]] in the city, forcing its shutdown.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=Toronto councillor says new sex doll brothel breaks city bylaws |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.4801669/toronto-councillor-says-new-sex-doll-brothel-breaks-city-bylaws-1.4802092 |publisher=CBC News |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831034714/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.4801669/toronto-councillor-says-new-sex-doll-brothel-breaks-city-bylaws-1.4802092 |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia has recently seen its first sex doll available for use in a brothel as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sex Toy Carmen |url=https://www.pryanarose.com.au/sex-toy-carmen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205145740/https://www.pryanarose.com.au/sex-toy-carmen/ |archive-date=2018-12-05 |access-date=2018-12-05 |website=Pryana Rose Brisbane Brothel}}</ref> In February 2018, another opened in Aarhus, Denmark.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=Dukkebordel er åbnet i Aarhus: - Kunderne er helt almindelige mænd |url=https://stiften.dk/aarhus/Dukkebordel-er-aabnet-i-Aarhus-Kunderne-er-helt-almindelige-maend/artikel/502415 |access-date=7 April 2019 |website=stiften.dk |language=da |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407101239/https://stiften.dk/aarhus/Dukkebordel-er-aabnet-i-Aarhus-Kunderne-er-helt-almindelige-maend/artikel/502415 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, [[Xdolls|xDolls]] in [[Paris]] raised controversy in that the French government deemed it did not violate the prohibition of brothels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/sex-doll-xdolls-brothel-stays-open-despite-protests/|title=Paris sex doll 'brothel' to stay open despite protests|website=CNET}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Prostitution}}
*[[Artemis (brothel)|Artemis]]
*[[Barbary Coast, San Francisco]]
*[[Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others]]
*[[Lupanar (Pompeii)]]
*[[Maxim Wien]]
*[[Pimp]]
*[[Prostitution]]
*[[Sex on Premises Venue]]
*[[Sex worker]]
*[[Soapland]]
*[[Spintria]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
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* {{Cite book |last=Carroll |first=Janell L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cy9-BAAAQBAJ |title=Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity |date=2 January 2015 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-44603-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cho |first=Grace M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VagzEDjnZpcC&pg=PA103 |title=Haunting the Korean Diaspora: Shame, Secrecy, and the Forgotten War |date=2008 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=9780816652747}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Clough |first1=Patricia Ticineto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEIIYoYEyD8C&pg=PA164 |title=The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social |last2=Halley |first2=Jean |date=2007 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0822389606}}
*{{Cite book |last=Fernando |first=Henrique |title=Prostitution in Europe and the New World |date=1963 |publisher=London, MacGibbon & Kee}}
* {{Cite book |last=Herbermann |first=Nanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JM3AdnmE18C&pg=PA34 |title=The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in Ravensbrück Concentration Camp for Women |date=2000 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0814329207}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Mark R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXNDCgAAQBAJ&q=9781596291348&pg=PT3 |title=Wicked Charleston: Prostitutes, Politics and Prohibition |date=2006 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=9781614230335}}
* {{Cite book |last=Karras |first=Ruth Mazo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nh0gYZ1B_A8C |title=Common Women : Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England: Prostitution and Sexuality in Medieval England |date=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198022794}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kneeland |first1=George Jackson |url=https://archive.org/details/commercializedp02davigoog |title=Commercialized Prostitution in New York City |last2=Davis |first2=Katharine Bement |date=1913 |publisher=Century Company}}
* {{Cite book |last=Levy |first=David |title=Handbook of Digital Games and Entertainment Technologies |date=2007 |publisher=Springer, Singapore |isbn=978-981-4560-49-8 |chapter=Love and Sex with Robots |chapter-url=http://www.bookmetrix.com/detail/chapter/11eaee6c-5e4d-4beb-b384-b10d08d6ef0d}}
*{{Cite book |last=McKell |first=Jan |title=Red Light Women of the Rocky Mountains |date=2009 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque}}
*{{Cite book |last=Milner Associates |title=Inventory of Mary Ann Hall's estate, 'Archeological Data Recovery'}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Emmett |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TobAAAAYAAJ |title=Great Bordellos of the World: An Illustrated History |date=1983 |publisher=Quartet Books |isbn=9780704323957}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Ruth |url=https://archive.org/details/lostsisterhoodpr00rose |title=The Lost Sisterhood: Prostitution in America, 1900–1918 |date=1983 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0801826658}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walford |first=Edward |title=Old and New London: Volume 6 |date=1878 |publisher=Cassell, Petter & Galpin |location=London |chapter=Southwark: Winchester House and Barclay's Brewery |chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp29-44}}
* {{Cite book |last=Walkoitz |first=Judith K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wbfmH9L9qoC |title=Prostitution and Victorian Society |date=October 29, 1982 |isbn=978-0521270649 |location=Cambridge University Press}}
*{{Cite news |last=Webb |first=Willard J. |date=October 2004 |title=Mary Ann Hall: Arlington's illustrious madam |volume=12 |work=The Arlington Historical Magazine |issue=4 |location=Arlington, VA}}
* {{Cite book |last=Windrow |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haaacvBb0YgC |title=The Last Valley: Dien Bien Phu and the French Defeat in Vietnam |date=2004 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |isbn=9780306813863 |author-link=Martin Windrow}}
*{{Cite book |last=Woolston |first=Howard B. |title=Prostitution in the United States: Prior to the Entrance of the United States into the World War |date=1969 |publisher=Patterson Smith |location=Montclair, New Jersey}}
==Further reading==
* Burford, E. J. ''The Bishop's Brothels''. London: Robert Hale, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0-7090-5113-8}}.
* Ka-tzetnik 135633 (Karol Cetinsky). ''House of Dolls''. Moshe M. Kohn (trans.). New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955. A novel about the Holocaust, including a description of a brothel staffed by concentration camp inmates.
==External links==
{{Commons category|Brothels|Brothel}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-12-02/inside-a-brothel/2791456 "Inside a brothel"]—interview by [[Richard Fidler]] with three brothel owners, June 2006 on [[ABC Local Radio]] (audio download available)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180807195258/http://www.france24.com/en/20141212-france-military-brothels-hidden-history-first-world-war-prostitution France's military brothels: Hidden history of the First World War]
{{Prostitution}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Brothels| ]]
[[Category:Sex industry]]