View source for Bryher

{{about|the island|the novelist|Bryher (novelist)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox UK place
| country = England
| static_image_name = Cromwell's Castle, Tresco overlooking Bryher - geograph.org.uk - 885110.jpg
| static_image_caption = Bryher seen from Tresco
| coordinates = {{coord|49.954|-6.356|display=inline,title}}
| official_name = Bryher
| population = 84
| population_ref = (2011)
| civil_parish = Bryher
| unitary_england = [[Isles of Scilly]]
| lieutenancy_england = [[Cornwall]]
| metropolitan_borough =
| metropolitan_county =
| region = South West England
| constituency_westminster = [[St Ives (UK Parliament constituency)|St Ives]]
| post_town = ISLES OF SCILLY
| postcode_district = TR23
| postcode_area = TR
| dial_code = 01720
| os_grid_reference = SV876361
| cornish_name = Breyer
}}
'''Bryher''' ({{langx|kw|Breyer||place of hills}})<ref>{{cite web|title=Akademi Kernewek - Henwyn Tyller|url=https://www.akademikernewek.org.uk/place-names}}</ref> is one of the smallest inhabited islands of the [[Isles of Scilly]], with a population of 84 in 2011, spread across {{convert|134|ha|km2}}. Bryher exhibits a procession of prominent hills connected by low-lying necks and sandy bars. Landmarks include Hell Bay, famous for shipwrecks in the 18th and 19th centuries, Shipman Head, which was fortified in the Iron Age and where the tumbled ramparts of an [[Iron Age]] castle remain, and All Saints' Church, originally constructed in 1742. The island has two quays, Church Quay and Bar Quay.
With a rich natural history, Bryher is home to Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) that host diverse flora and fauna, contributing to its allure for visitors interested in boating, walking, and wildlife observation. The island has also played a role in film and television productions, featuring in adaptations like "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" and "When the Whales Came." Bryher was  the setting for works by authors like [[Michael Morpurgo]] and [[Sam Llewellyn]]. The pen name Bryher was adopted by [[Bryher (novelist)|Annie Winifred Ellerman]] in the early 20th century.
==History==
===Toponymy ===
The name of the island was recorded as Braer in 1319, as Brayer in 1336, and as Brear in 1500. It has also been called Brehar and Bryther - the name Bryher is relatively modern. The island's name derives from Cornish place-name element 'bre' ('hill') and the plural suffix 'yer' meaning, 'the hills' or 'place of hills'.
===Archaeology===
{{Main|Bryher Woman}}
An iron-age grave, containing a sword and a mirror, was discovered on Bryher by a farmer in 1999.<ref name="johns">{{cite journal |last1=Johns |first1=Charles |title=An Iron Age sword and mirror cist burial from Bryher, Isles of Scilly |journal=Cornish Archaeology |date=2002–2003 |volume=41-42 |pages=1–79 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3616088/An_Iron_Age_Sword_and_Mirror_Cist_Burial_from_Bryher_Isles_of_Scilly |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> In 2023 analysis of the teeth of the deceased showed her to be a female, leading to her being referred to as [[Bryher Woman]].<ref name="mays">{{cite journal |last1=Mays |first1=S. |last2=Parker |first2=G. |last3=Johns |first3=C. |last4=Stark |first4=S. |last5=Young |first5=A. J. |last6=Reich |first6=D. |last7=Buikstra |first7=J. |last8=Sawyer |first8=K. |last9=Hale |first9=K. |title=Sex identification of a Late Iron Age sword and mirror cist burial from Hillside Farm, Bryher, Isles of Scilly, England |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |date=27 July 2023 |pages=104099 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104099 |display-authors=2|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The Early [[Bronze Age]] saw considerable construction of burial and ceremonial monuments on Bryer, although little evidence of recognisable settlement. There are large numbers of grouped cairns - the cairnfield on Shipman Head contains over 130, mostly flat, low, platform cairns, laid in deliberate patterns. A few of them are chambered: these may not have been used for the permanent interment of corpses. While there is no doubt that human remains played a part in the lives of some cairns, they were not mausoleums, and seems more likely that they served as monuments for events relating to both the living and the dead.<ref name=Sawyer>{{cite book|last=Sawyer|first=Katharine|title=Isles of the Dead?: The setting and function of the Bronze Age chambered cairns and cists of the Isles of Scilly|year=2015|publisher=Archaeopress|location=London|pages=74–82 |isbn=978-178 491113 3}}</ref>
A shard of possible [[Bell Beaker Culture]] pottery has been found on Bonfire Carn, the only Beaker artefact to have been discovered on Scilly [https://researchframeworks.org/sherf/neolithic-and-early-bronze-age/].
The remains of an extensive prehistoric field system can still be seen in the intertidal zone at Green Bay. Isolated walls are visible as lines of spaced boulders and edge set slabs. Whilst it is believed that the separation of Bryher, Tresco and Samson by rising sea levels was mostly achieved by 1,500 BC, the Romans were still referring to the Isles of Scilly as one large island as late as the 4th-century.
==Geography==
[[File:TomCorser Bryher 1.jpg|thumb|A view of Bryher]]
The island is a procession of prominent hills all joined to one another by low-lying necks and sandy bars. It would only need sea levels to rise by a few metres for the southern part of Bryher to transform itself into a group of five or six separate islands. As all these hills – Gweal, Timmy's, Watch, Heathy and Samson – are exposed and windswept. Watch Hill, the island's highest point, has a stone marker on top and small stone shelter that was possibly once used as a look-out by gig crews watching for wrecks.
The island has a length of {{convert|2|km|mi}}, a maximum width of {{convert|1|km|mi}} and an area of {{convert|134|ha}}, including Shipman Head, which rises to {{convert|42|m|ft}} at the northern end of the island.<ref name=Parslow>{{cite book|last=Parslow|first=Rosemary|title=The Isles of Scilly|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|location=London|isbn=978-0-00-220150-6}}</ref> Bryher lies to the west of [[Tresco, Isles of Scilly|Tresco]], and is separated from that island by the Tresco Channel, once the main anchorage for the islands and now an area where sandflats are exposed at low tide. Off the southern end of Bryher is the uninhabited island of [[Samson, Isles of Scilly|Samson]]. It is possible to walk between the three islands at the lowest [[Springs (tide)|spring]] tides.
The settlement at the Pool is the westernmost in England. Without the [[tidal island]] of [[Gugh]] included, [[St Agnes, Isles of Scilly|St Agnes]] is marginally smaller than Bryher; however if Gugh is included with St Agnes, which is the common interpretation, then Bryher is (again, marginally) the smallest of the populated isles of Scilly.
[[File:Ruby Red Devon cattle on Bryher.jpg|thumb|Ruby Red Devon cattle used for [[conservation grazing]]; on Rushy Bay Green, Bryher.]]
The centre of Bryher is mainly low-lying with arable fields, pasture and housing and is where most of the population live. On the west side is the [[brackish]] Great Pool - the only true brackish lagoon on Scilly - which is separated from the sea by a narrow storm beach, and in the south are sandy beaches like Rushy Bay. The island lies within the Isles of Scilly [[Heritage Coast]], is part of the Isles of Scilly [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]] and untenanted land is leased by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] to the [[Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust]] which is using ponies and [[North Devon cattle|red ruby]] cattle to graze the overgrown areas as part of the ''Waves of Heath'' project.<ref>[http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/little-grazing-goes-long-way-islands/story-11420824-detail/story.html A little grazing goes a long way]{{Dead link|date=October 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''Western Morning News'' 1 April 2009, retrieved 15 February 2016</ref>
===Hell Bay===
[[File:HellBay.JPG|thumb|left|180px|Hell Bay, Bryher]]
The infamous Hell Bay, named for its wild waves and swell, is on the north-west coast of Bryher, immediately to the south of Shipman Head. This [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]-facing cove became a notorious place for [[List of shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly|shipwrecks]] in the 18th and 19th centuries, although most ships wrecked on Scilly were wrecked on the many hazards in the Western approaches to the archipelago well before they could reach Hell Bay.
Hell Bay also gives its name to Bryher's only hotel, Hell Bay Hotel, which is the most westerly hotel in England.
==Civil parish and ward==
[[File:Bryher Isles of Scilly UK parish locator map.png|thumb|right|The Isles of Scilly, comprising the civil parish and ward of Bryher, shown in red.]]
Bryher is one of the five [[civil parishes in England|civil parishes]] of the Isles of Scilly, which are also [[Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom|wards]]. The civil parish and ward include several uninhabited islands and rocks, including the [[Norrard Rocks]], [[Gweal]], [[Zantman's Rock]] and the [[Crim Rocks]] (the westernmost place of England).<ref>[[Ordnance Survey]] 1:25,000 map</ref> Bryher returns one councillor to the [[Council of the Isles of Scilly]], the same as the other "off-island" wards. The civil parish is not functional, however, and there is no [[parish councils in England|council]] or [[parish meeting|meeting]].
In the [[2021 United Kingdom local elections]] held on 6 May 2021, [[Uncontested election|no persons were nominated]] to stand for election in the ward, causing another election to be held in accordance with section 39(1)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Representation of the People Act 1983|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1983/2/section/39|url-status=live|website=Legislation.gov.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111061507/http://www.legislation.gov.uk:80/ukpga/1983/2/section/39 |archive-date=11 November 2010 }}</ref> of the [[Representation of the People Act 1983]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The council seat up for election in May that has no candidates|url=https://www.markpack.org.uk/167328/bryher-parish-isles-of-scilly/|url-status=live|website=Dr. Mark Pack's website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415074222/https://www.markpack.org.uk/167328/bryher-parish-isles-of-scilly/ |archive-date=15 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 05 BRY statement of persons nominated_0.pdf|url=https://www.scilly.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2021%2005%20BRY%20statement%20of%20persons%20nominated_0.pdf|url-status=live|website=Council of the ISLES OF SCILLY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410144326/https://www.scilly.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2021%2005%20BRY%20statement%20of%20persons%20nominated_0.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2021 }}</ref>
== Demography ==
{{Historical populations|37=1991|30=117|31=1961|32=66|33=1971|34=57|35=1981|36=66|38=80|26=64|39=2001|40=92|41=2009|42=83|43=2011|44=84|45=2021|46=177|title=Historical population|type=Welton|29=1951|25=1931|14=104|7=1841|8=121|9=1851|10=34 Families|11=1861|12=115|13=1871|15=1881|24=101|16=103|17=1891|18=91|19=1901|20=97|21=1911|22=113|23=1921|source=}} Bryher was recorded as having 177 residents on the [[2021 United Kingdom census]].
==All Saints' Church==
[[All Saints' Church, Bryher|All Saints' Church]] ([[Church of England]]) is in the centre of the island, close to the east coast, opposite [[New Grimsby]] on [[Tresco, Isles of Scilly|Tresco]]. A church was originally built on the site in about 1742 (a small building dedicated to 'God and All Saints' which also served the community on Samson). It was enlarged in 1822 by the surveyor Christopher Strick, with further additions and alterations in 1882. A new chancel was added in 1897 and new roof (6 feet higher than the previous) in 1930. The four modern stained glass windows by Oriel Hicks (Phoenix Stained Glass) were completed in 2007.<ref>{{NHLE |desc=Church of All Saints |num=1141234 |access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>
==Bryher Baptist Church==
[[File:Bryher Baptist Church.jpg|thumb|Former Bryher Baptist Church]][[File:Bryher Baptist Church Notice.jpg|thumb|Notice board from the former Byher Baptist Church]]
The [[Baptists]] arrived in Scilly in the early nineteenth century. The Baptist Itinerant Aid Society established Scilly as their first missionary station, with chapels on all the inhabited islands including Bryher. [[Augustus Smith (politician)|Augustus Smith]], "Lord Proprietor" of the Isles of Scilly, fell out with the Baptists and in 1843 "caused notice to be served at all the chapels", so they were closed. However, a new Baptist chapel was built on Bryher in 1874. It continued to be used for nearly a century, before being converted into a private house in 1972.<ref name="SHERF Research Framework">{{cite book |last1=Johns |first1=Charlie |title=Isles of Scilly Historic Environment Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research agenda 2019 |date=2019 |publisher=Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council |url=http://www.scilly.gov.uk/sites/default/files/planning-apps/SHERF%20Resource%20Assessment%20and%20Research%20Agenda.pdf |access-date=15 October 2019 }}</ref>
==Bryher's Quays==
Bryher has two [[Wharf|quays]]: Church Quay, used as the high-water quay, and Bar Quay, used as the low-water quay. The quays are used by Scilly's inter-island boats, for both passengers and freight.
Church Quay, as its name suggests, is located close to [[All Saints' Church, Bryher|All Saints' Church]], on a small promontory called "The Island", at the north end of Green Bay. There has been a quay on this site since at least the nineteenth century. The quay is shown on the OS Six-inch map published in 1889.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cornwall LXXXII.NW & SW (includes: Bryher; Tresco.) |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/101439710 |website=Map Images |publisher=National Library of Scotland |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
Bar Quay, or Anneka's Quay, located to the north of Church Quay, was originally built in 1990 by volunteers, for the television programme ''[[Challenge Anneka]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-01-12|title=Anneka Rice reopens Bryher quay|url=https://beckettrankine.com/anneka-rice-reopens-bryher-quay/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=Beckett Rankine|language=en-GB}}</ref> It is locally known as "Bar".
The [[Duchy of Cornwall]] is responsible for both quays on Bryher.
===Quay renovation, 2006–2008===
The quays on Bryher (together with quays on St Agnes and St Martins) benefited from a £3.5m Duchy of Cornwall renovation project in 2006–2008 to improve operational safety and reduce maintenance.<ref>{{cite book |title=Infrastructure Plan: Part of the strategic plan for the Isles of Scilly |date=May 2014 |publisher=Council for the Isles of Scilly |page=5 |edition=Final |url=https://www.scilly.gov.uk/sites/default/files/events/Infrastructure%20Plan%20final.pdf |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
For all off-island quays, except Anneka's Quay, a common solution was provided: a new quay wall was built from prefabricated concrete block units, which were anchored to the bedrock using post tensioned bars and connected to the existing structure using precast deck planks.
Anneka's Quay was originally a timber deck structure support on sand filled caissons. The quay was lengthened by approximately 12m by adding two additional concrete filled caissons; the timber deck was replaced by a concrete slab.<ref>{{cite web |title=Off Island Quay Renovations, Isles of Scilly |url=https://cgrgroup.com/project/europe/uk/off-island-quay-renovations-isles-of-scilly-united-kingdom |website=Cullen Grummitt & Roe |publisher=Cullen Grummitt & Roe Group |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
On 2 October 2007, BBC News reported that before the renovation project it had been 50 years since any major work was done on the off-islands quays.<ref>{{cite web |title=Digger starts work at island quay |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/7024237.stm |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>
==Education==
[[File:TrescoBryherSchool.jpg|thumb|Tresco & Bryher Base in [[Tresco, Isles of Scilly|Tresco]]]]
[[Five Islands Academy]] (previously Five Islands School) has its Tresco and Bryher Base, a primary campus in [[Tresco, Isles of Scilly|Tresco]].<ref name=FiveIslands>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiveislands.scilly.sch.uk/contact-us/|title=Contact Us|publisher=[[Five Islands Academy]]|access-date=2018-12-07}}</ref> Primary pupils commute daily to Tresco,<ref name=Hometoschool>{{cite web|url=http://www.scilly.gov.uk/children/schools-colleges/home-school-travel|title=Home to School Travel|publisher=Isles of Scilly Council|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> using boats.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fiveislands.scilly.sch.uk/|title=Home|publisher=[[Five Islands Academy]]|access-date=2024-05-22|quote=Primary children who live on Bryher boat daily to Tresco for schooling.}}</ref> Secondary pupils board at the [[St Mary's, Isles of Scilly|St Mary's]] main campus,<ref name=FiveIslands/> staying there on weekdays and coming back and forth to their home islands on weekends.<ref name=Hometoschool/>
Students at the [[sixth-form college]] level reside and board elsewhere in mainland Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scilly.gov.uk/childrens-services/schools-colleges|title=Schools & Colleges|publisher=Isles of Scilly Council|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> Previously the [[Learning and Skills Council]] paid for costs of accommodation for sixth-formers.<ref name=ScillyEd2002>{{cite web|url=http://www.scilly.gov.uk:80/education/education.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021014143342/http://www.scilly.gov.uk/education/education.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2002|title=Education|publisher=Council of the Isles of Scilly|date=2002-10-14|access-date=2018-12-08|quote=There is no post-16 provision on the Islands, students leaving the Isles of Scilly (VC) Federated School attend at colleges/schools with 6th forms on the mainland.[...]}}</ref>
==Natural history==
There are three [[Sites of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI) on Bryher. The Shipman Head and Shipman Down SSSI was first designated in 1971 and covers over 40 ha of the northern part of the island. Waved maritime [[heath]] grows over shallow [[podzolic]] soils which are underlain by [[Variscan orogeny|Hercynian]] [[granite]]. Rare plants include the Red Data Book (RDB) Orange Bird's-foot (''[[Ornithopus pinnatus]]'') and the nationally scarce Hairy Bird's-foot trefoil (''[[Lotus subbiflorus]]''). [[Lichen]]s include (''[[Lobaria pulmonaria]]'') and (''[[Teloschistes flavicans]]'').<ref name=Shipman>{{cite web|title=Shipman Head and Shipman Down |url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002021.pdf |publisher=Natural England |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224934/http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002021.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2012 }}</ref>
On the west side of the island is Great Pool which is part of the Pool of Bryher and Popplestone Bank SSSI. It is separated from the sea by a [[storm beach]] and small dune system, and is the only natural [[brackish]] lagoon on Scilly with plants such as Saltmarsh Rush (''[[Juncus gerardii]]'') and Beaked Tasselweed (''[[Ruppia maritima]]'').<ref name=Pool>{{cite web|title=Pool of Bryher and Popplestone Bank |url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001961.pdf |publisher=Natural England |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224651/http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001961.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2012 }}</ref>
Covering {{convert|12|ha}} of the southern part of the island is the Rushy Bay and Heathy Hill SSSI which has a number of nationally rare plants. An Isles of Scilly speciality is the Dwarf Pansy (''[[Viola kitaibeliana]]'') which grows nowhere else in Great Britain. It is locally abundant on Bryher and thousands can be found in May in short turf and bare sand.<ref name="Parslow" /> Unfortunately a storm in 2008 reduced the numbers of plants seen; there are also small colonies on [[Tresco, Isles of Scilly|Tresco]] and [[Teän]]. Orange Bird's-foot, Small Adder's-tongue (''[[Ophioglossum azoricum]]'') and Autumn's Lady's-tresses (''[[Spiranthes spiralis]]'') grow on Heathy Hill.<ref name=Rushy>{{cite web|title=Rushy Bay and Heathy Hill |url=http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001981.pdf |publisher=Natural England |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024224916/http://www.sssi.naturalengland.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001981.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2012 }}</ref>
===Breeding birds===
Shipman head has seven species of breeding seabirds:
*Kittiwake (''[[Rissa tridactyla]]'')
*Herring Gull (''[[Larus argentatus]]'')
*Greater Black-backed Gull (''[[Larus marinus|L marinus]]'')
*Lesser Black-backed Gull (''[[Larus fuscus|L fuscus]]'')
*Razorbill (''[[Alca torda]]'')
*European Shag (''[[Gulosus aristotelis]]'')
*European Storm Petrel (''[[Hydrobates pelagicus]]'')
Ringed Plover (''[[Charadrius hiaticula]]'') breed on Shipman Down.<ref name="Shipman" />
==Visiting the island==
Varied accommodation is available on the island. There are guesthouses and self-catering cottages scattered across the island. The campsite is located close to the north end of the island overlooking both coasts. The Hell Bay Hotel is located close to the coast on the west side.
Two quays are used (depending on tides) by boats which take tourists between Bryher and other islands, including [[St Mary's, Isles of Scilly|St Mary's]] and [[Tresco, Isles of Scilly|Tresco]]. On some low tides it is possible to walk between Bryher and Tresco and even [[Samson, Isles of Scilly|Samson]], the uninhabited island to the south. There is also safe anchorage for small yachts in the channel and Green Bay.
Local activities include boating, walking and watching wildlife.
==Culture and Media==
===Use in film and television===
In 1989, the island was used for some of the scenes in the [[BBC]]'s television adaptation of ''[[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]''.
''[[When the Whales Came]]'' was made on location in 1989 and starred [[Helen Mirren]], Helen Pearce, [[Paul Scofield]] and [[David Suchet]].
===In fiction===
[[File:Hell's Bay, Bryher, Scilly Isles.jpg|thumb|600px|right|Great Par, Bryher]]
Bryher features in various books:
''[[The Wreck of the Zanzibar]]'', ''The Sleeping Sword'', ''[[Why the Whales Came]]'' and ''Listen to the Moon'', all by [[Michael Morpurgo]], ''Hell Bay'' by [[Sam Llewellyn]], and ''The Old Success'' by [[Martha Grimes]]
==="Bryher" as a name===
[[Annie Winifred Ellerman]], daughter of the UK's wealthiest man [[Sir John Ellerman, 1st Baronet|Sir John Ellerman]], took the name Bryher as her [[pen name]] in the early 20th century.
==Further reading==
* ''Scilly Island by Island: Bryher, Samson, the Norrard Rocks'' by Friendly Guides (2021) {{ISBN|978-1-904645-64-1}}
==See also==
{{Portal|Cornwall}}
* [[Listed buildings in Bryher, Isles of Scilly]]
* [[List of shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly]]
* [[List of extreme points of the United Kingdom]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Bryher, Isles of Scilly}}
* [http://www.bryher-islesofscilly.co.uk/ Bryher web site]
* [http://www.visitislesofscilly.com/islands/bryher Visit Isles of Scilly: Bryher]
{{Isles of Scilly}}
{{St Ives CP navigation box}}
{{SSSIs Cornwall biological}}
{{SSSIs Cornwall geological}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bryher, Isles Of Scilly}}
[[Category:Bryher| ]]
[[Category:Inhabited islands of the Isles of Scilly]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the Isles of Scilly]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1971]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cornwall]]