View source for Bugula

{{Short description|Genus of moss animals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Diaphorodoris papillata Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960.jpg
| image_caption = The nudibranch ''Diaphorodoris papillata'' <small>Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960</small> feeding on ''Bugula neritina'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
| taxon =  Bugula
| authority = ([[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1815)
}}
'''''Bugula''''' is a genus of common colonial arborescent [[bryozoa]], often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15&nbsp;cm in height.<ref name=Exoticsguide>{{cite web|title=Bugula neritina|url=http://www.exoticsguide.org/bugula_neritina|website=exoticsguide.org|accessdate=14 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="WoRMS">Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02</ref>
==Distribution==
The native distribution of ''Bugula neritina'' is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels.<ref name=Exoticsguide /> It is considered an invasive species in some countries.
==''Bugula neritina''==
{{main|Bugula neritina}}
'''''Bugula neritina''''' attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, [[bryostatin]]s, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell's anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by [[Jack Rudloe]].<ref>Harford, B [https://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/89/8943cover.html The Bryostatins’ Tale] Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 89, No 43 PP. 10 - 17 Oct 24, 2011 accessed Dec 19, 2017</ref> In 2001 pharmaceutical company [[GPC Biotech]] licensed Bryostatin 1 from [[Arizona State University]] for commercial development as a treatment for [[cancer]]. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marinebiotech.org/bryostatin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509175548/http://www.marinebiotech.org/bryostatin.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 May 2007|title=Bryostatin 1|date=19 June 2006|accessdate=2009-08-20}}</ref> More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of [[Alzheimers]] with few side effects.<ref>Nelsen et al., JT [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5438479/ Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials] J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017</ref>
==Other uses==
Dried ''Bugula'' are commonly used as decorations:
<blockquote>"'''Air fern'''", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan ''Bugula'' that have been artificially coloured.<ref name="IBA page">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba/pages/bryozoa.html |title=The Bryozoa |accessdate=2007-02-17 |publisher=International Bryozoology Association |author=Frank K. McKinney |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213140934/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba/pages/bryozoa.html |archivedate=2006-12-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>
However, ''[[Sertularia argentea]]'' are also sold as "[[air fern]]s."<ref name="Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland">
Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). [http://www.habitas.org.uk/marinelife/species.asp?item=D6760 ''Sertularia argentea'' Linnaeus, 1758.] <nowiki>[In]</nowiki> Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.</ref>
==Species==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Bugula alba]]'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''[[Bugula apsteini]]'' Hasenbank, 1932
* ''[[Bugula aspinosa]]'' Liu, 1984
* ''[[Bugula biota]]'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''[[Bugula capensis]]'' Waters, 1887
* ''[[Bugula ceylonensis]]'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''[[Bugula crosslandi]]'' Hastings, 1939
* ''[[Bugula decipiens]]'' Hayward, 1981
* ''[[Bugula expansa]]'' Hastings, 1939
* ''[[Bugula fastigiata]]'' Kluge, 1929
* ''[[Bugula gautieri]]'' Ryland, 1962
* ''[[Bugula gnoma]]'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''[[Bugula hessei]]'' Hasenbank, 1932
* ''[[Bugula hummelincki]]'' Fransen, 1986
* ''[[Bugula ingens]]'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''[[Bugula intermedia]]'' Liu, 1984
* ''[[Bugula longissima]]''  Busk, 1884
* ''[[Bugula lophodendron]]'' Ortmann, 1890
* ''[[Bugula migottoi]]'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''[[Bugula miniatella]]'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''[[Bugula minima]]'' Waters, 1909
* ''[[Bugula neritina]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''[[Bugula neritinoides]]'' Hastings, 1939
* ''[[Bugula orientalis]]'' Liu, 1984
* ''[[Bugula paternostrae]]'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''[[Bugula philippsae]]'' Harmer, 1926
* ''[[Bugula prismatica]]'' (Gray, 1843)
* ''[[Bugula protensa]]'' Hayward, 1981
* ''[[Bugula providensis]]'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''[[Bugula robusta]]'' MacGillivray, 1869
* ''[[Bugula robustoides]]'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''[[Bugula rochae]]'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''[[Bugula scaphoides]]'' Kirkpatrick, 1890
* ''[[Bugula scaphula]]'' Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001
* ''[[Bugula simpliciformis]]'' Osburn, 1932
* ''[[Bugula solorensis]]'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''[[Bugula subglobosa]]'' Harmer, 1926
* ''[[Bugula tschukotkensis]]'' Kluge, 1952
* ''[[Bugula umbelliformis]]'' Yanagi & Okada, 1918
* ''[[Bugula vectifera]]'' Harmer, 1926
{{div col end}}
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Bugula angustiloba'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of ''[[Bugulina angustiloba]]'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula aperta'' (Hincks, 1886): synonym of ''[[Crisularia aperta]]'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula aquilirostris'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of ''[[Bugulina aquilirostris]]'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula avicularia'' (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of ''[[Bugulina avicularia]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Bugula bengalensis'' Rao & Ganapati, 1974: synonym of ''[[Crisularia bengalensis]]'' (Rao & Ganapati, 1974)
* ''Bugula bicornis'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''[[Camptoplites bicornis]]'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula borealis'' (Packard, 1863): synonym of ''[[Bugulina borealis]]'' (Packard, 1863)
* ''Bugula bowiei'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of ''[[Crisularia bowiei]]'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula calathus'' Norman, 1868: synonym of ''[[Bugulina calathus]]'' (Norman, 1868)
* ''Bugula californica'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''[[Bugulina californica]]'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula carvalhoi'' Marcus, 1949: synonym of ''[[Bugulina carvalhoi]]'' (Marcus, 1949)
* ''Bugula cucullata'' Busk, 1867: synonym of ''[[Crisularia cucullata]]'' (Busk, 1867)
* ''Bugula cucullifera'' Osburn, 1912: synonym of ''[[Crisularia cucullifera]]'' (Osburn, 1912)
* ''Bugula cuspidata'' Hastings, 1943: synonym of ''[[Crisularia cuspidata]]'' (Hastings, 1943)
* ''Bugula dentata'' (Lamouroux, 1816): synonym of ''[[Virididentula dentata]]'' (Lamouroux, 1816)
* ''Bugula dispar'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''[[Crisularia dispar]]'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula ditrupae'' Busk, 1858: synonym of ''[[Bugulina ditrupae]]'' (Busk, 1858)
* ''Bugula eburnea'' Calvet, 1906: synonym of ''[[Bugulina eburnea]]'' (Calvet, 1906)
* ''Bugula elongata'' Nordgaard, 1906: synonym of ''[[Dendrobeania decorata]]'' (Verrill, 1879)
* ''Bugula flabellata'' (Thompson, in Gray, 1848): synonym of ''[[Bugulina flabellata]]'' (Thompson, in Gray, 1848)
* ''Bugula foliolata'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of ''[[Bugulina foliolata]]'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula fulva'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of ''[[Bugulina fulva]]'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula germanae'' (Calvet, 1902): synonym of ''Bugula serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of ''[[Crisularia serrata]]'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula gracilis'' Busk, 1858: synonym of ''[[Crisularia gracilis]] (''Busk, 1858)
* ''Bugula grayi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of ''[[Crisularia grayi]]'' (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula guara'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of ''[[Crisularia guara]]'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula harmsworthi'' Waters, 1900: synonym of ''[[Crisularia harmsworthi]]'' (Waters, 1900)
* ''Bugula hyadesi'' Jullien, 1888: synonym of ''[[Crisularia hyadesi]]'' (Jullien, 1888)
* ''Bugula japonica'': synonym of ''[[Dendrobeania japonica]]'' (Ortmann, 1890)
* ''Bugula johnstonae'' (Gray, 1843): synonym of ''[[Halophila johnstonae]]'' Gray, 1843
* ''Bugula leontodon'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''[[Himantozoum leontodon]]'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula longicauda'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''[[Halophila longicauda]]'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula longirostrata'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''[[Bugulina longirostrata]]'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula marcusi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula margaritifera'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''Himantozoum margaritifera'' (Busk, 1884): synonym of ''[[Himantozoum margaritiferum]]'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula microoecia'' Osburn, 1914: synonym of ''[[Crisularia microoecia]]'' (Osburn, 1914)
* ''Bugula mirabilis'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''[[Himantozoum mirabilis]]'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula mollis'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''[[Crisularia mollis]]'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula multiserialis'' (d'Orbigny, 1841): synonym of ''[[Bugulina multiserialis]]'' (d'Orbigny, 1841)
* ''Bugula nana'' Androsova, 1977: synonym of ''[[Crisularia nana]]'' (Androsova, 1977)
* ''Bugula pacifica'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''[[Crisularia pacifica]]'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula pedata'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''[[Bugulina pedata]]'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula plumosa'' (Pallas, 1766): synonym of ''[[Crisularia plumosa]]'' (Pallas, 1766)
* ''Bugula prenanti'' Castric-Fey, 1971: synonym of ''[[Crisularia prenanti]]'' (Castric-Fey, 1971)
* ''Bugula pugeti'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''[[Bugulina pugeti]]'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula purpurotincta'' Norman, 1868: synonym of ''[[Crisularia purpurotincta]]'' (Norman, 1868)
* ''Bugula reticulata'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''[[Camptoplites reticulatus]]'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula rylandi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of ''[[Crisularia rylandi]]'' (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of ''[[Crisularia serrata]]'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula simplex'' Hincks, 1886: synonym of ''[[Bugulina simplex]]'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula sinuosa'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''[[Himantozoum sinuosum]]'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula spicata'' (Hincks, 1886): synonym of ''[[Bugulina spicata]]'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula stolonifera'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of ''[[Bugulina stolonifera]]'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula tricuspis'' Kluge, 1955: synonym of ''[[Bugulina tricuspis]]'' (Kluge, 1955)
* ''Bugula turbinata'' Alder, 1857: synonym of ''[[Bugulina turbinata]]'' (Alder, 1857)
* ''Bugula turrita'' (Desor, 1848): synonym of ''[[Crisularia turrita]]'' (Desor, 1848)
* ''Bugula versicolor'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''[[Semidendrobeania versicolor]]'' (Busk, 1884)
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.'' Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp.&nbsp;325–333
* [http://www.readcube.com/articles/10.1111%2Fzsc.12103?r3_referer=wol&tracking_action=preview_click&show_checkout=1&purchase_referrer=onlinelibrary.wiley.com&purchase_site_license=LICENSE_DENIED Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). ''Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea).'' Zoologica Scripta]
==External links==
*[http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/bugula_neriti.htm Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce]
*[http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/hbs/invertguide/species/bugula_neritina.htm Introduced Marine Species of Hawai'i]
*[http://www.exoticsguide.org/bugula_neritina Exotics Guide - Bugula neritina]
{{Wikispecies-inline}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2943909}}
[[Category:Bryozoan genera]]
[[Category:Cheilostomatida]]