View source for Buscheto

{{Short description|Italian architect}}
{{Infobox architect
| image                 = Pisa - Cattedrale da Battistero 02.jpg
| image_size            =
| alt                   =
| death_date            = September 21{{sfn|Ascani|1993|loc="died on 21 September 1110 or one of the years immediately following"}}
| caption               = [[Pisa Cathedral]]
| resting_place         = Pisa Cathedral
| other_names           = Busketus, Buschetto, Boschetto, Bruschettus
| occupation            =
| years_active          = 1063-1110
| nocat_wdimage         =
| practice              = <!-- Associated architectural firm[s] -->
| significant_buildings = Pisa Cathedral
| significant_projects  =
}}
'''Buscheto''' or '''Busketus''' (sometimes also '''Buschetto''' or '''Boschetto''', early Latin writers also used '''Bruschettus''',{{sfn|Scott|1899|loc=Note 159}} active in [[Pisa]] between 1063 and 1110<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanpaolesi |title=A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture |date=1975| chapter=Buscheto or Busketus |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095537784|publisher = Oxford Reference}}</ref>) was an [[Italians|Italian]] [[architect]].
He designed the plans for Pisa's Cathedral Square ([[Piazza dei Miracoli]]) and thus created the distinct [[Pisan Romanesque]] design style used throughout the square.{{sfn|Barsali|1972}} Buscheto had unitary vision fusing together architectural ideas of classical Rome, [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]], [[Arab architecture|Arab]],  and [[Lombard Romanesque]] architectures, placing him amongst the  best architects of the 11th and 12th centuries.{{sfn|Barsali|1972}}
Very little is known about Buscheto;{{sfn|Barsali|1972}} claims that he was a Greek from [[Dulichium]] are based on a misreading of the [[epitaph]]. [[Leopoldo Cicognara]] had assumed Buscheto's Italian origin based on his name, yet [[Leader Scott]] points out that this can be a nickname.{{sfn|Scott|1899|p=209}} Approaches utilized by the architect cannot be explained by local traditions{{sfn|Barsali|1972}} (Pisa likely did not even have its own school of architecture before Buscheto{{sfn|Scott|1899|p=209}}). Buscheto's style suggests first-hand familiarity with [[Early Christian art and architecture|Early Christian]], [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]], and [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] architecture.{{sfn|Grove|2012|p=472}}
Just two contemporary documents definitely identify Buscheto, as they identify him as one of the administrators (''Operai'') of the Pisa cathedral;{{sfn|Grove|2012|p=472}} one is dated December 2nd, 1104, another - April 2nd, 1110. Researchers think that he designed the cathedral and started its construction in 1063 while still being a young man, and continued work on the project into the 1100s.{{sfn|Barsali|1972}}
== Epitaphs ==
[[File:Duomo di Pisa, targa 2.JPG|thumb|[[Epitaph]] at the [[Pisa Cathedral]]]]
An original epitaph on the cathedral reads, "Non habet exemplum niveo de marmore templum. / Quod fit Busketi prorsus ab ingenio" ("there is nothing like a white marble temple / built solely by Buscheto's genius"). During the expansion of the cathedral by architect [[Rainaldo]] the tomb was transferred to the new facade (first [[blind arch]] on the left, the original epitaph is above the [[strigilated sarcophagus]] with remains{{sfn|Ascani|1993}}) and a new inscription added below, "Quod vix mille boum possent iuga iuncta movere / Et quod vix potuit per mare ferre ratis / Busketi nisu quod erat mirabile visu / Dena puellarum turba levabat onus" ("a thousand oxen could barely move it / and a ship hardly could carry it across the sea / wonderful to see with Buscheto's skill / a group of girls lifting the weight").{{sfn|Barsali|1972}} The newer epitaph shows admiration of Buscheto'e engineering skills and refers to the size and weight of monolithic columns of the cathedral. Epitaph goes on favorably comparing Buscheto to [[Daedalus]], a great architect, and [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], a symbol of ingenuity.{{sfn|Ascani|1993}}
A similar [[Epigraphy|epigraph]] in [[Rome]], now lost, was celebrating some "Buzeta" in very similar words: "Ingenio Buzeta tuo bis quinque puellae / appositis manibus hanc erexere columnam" ("Buzeta's wit, twice the five maidens / erect this pillar by hands"), this suggests identification of Buzeta as Buscheto and might explain his exposure to the Roman architecture.{{sfn|Barsali|1972}}
Reference to "white marble", the material mostly used during the expansion of the cathedral, suggests that at least some of the work on this expansion was executed by Buscheto himself prior to the completion of the Duomo by Rainaldo. {{sfn|Grove|2012|p=472}}
== Other identifications ==
A name of Buscheto also appears in the documents of the cathedral of Pistoia. It is not clear that the two records, dated 1076 and 1078 are referring to the same architect. Other attempts at identification are even more tentative and are based on documents presumed to exist, but no longer traceable.{{sfn|Barsali|1972}}
Newly rediscovered documents of ''Archivio Capitolare di Pisa'', written between 1104 and 1110, contain references to some Buschettus. Two of the documents, dated 13 February and 23 July 1104,{{sfn|Ascani|1993}} describe him as ''filius quondam Iohannis'' (son of Johannes). While at the time a certain Judge Johannes belonged to the Pisan elite, the documents do not mention any details about Buschettus's father.{{sfn | Duda | Jóźwiak | Wiewióra | 2020 | p=121}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Sources ==
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFBarsali1972}}
* {{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Leader |title=The Cathedral Builders: The Story of a Great Masonic Guild |date=1899 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/42072/42072-h/42072-h.htm}}
* {{DBI|title=Buscheto (Busketus, Buschetto, Boschetto)|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/buscheto_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29|last=Barsali |first=Isa Belli|year=1972|volume=15 }}
* {{cite journal | last1=Duda | first1=Michalina | last2=Jóźwiak | first2=Sławomir | last3=Wiewióra | first3=Marcin | title= Byzantine Architects, Builders, and Stonemasons in Latin Europe in the 10th to 12th Centuries | journal=[[Mediaevistik]] | volume=33 | issue=1 | date=2020-01-01 | issn=0934-7453 | doi=10.3726/med.2020.01.05 | pages=113–130 | doi-access=free }}
* {{treccani|buscheto|Buscheto}}
* {{cite book |last1=Ascani |first1=V. |title=Enciclopedia dell' Arte Medievale |date=1993 |publisher=[[Treccani]] |chapter-url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/buscheto_(Enciclopedia-dell'-Arte-Medievale)/ |chapter=Buscheto (o Buschetto)|pages=17–20}}
* {{cite book | last=Grove | title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture | publisher=Oxford University Press | issue=v. 1 | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-19-539536-5 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA472 | access-date=2023-12-08 |chapter=Buschetto | pages = 472–473}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Buscheto}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:People from Pisa]]
[[Category:11th-century births]]
[[Category:12th-century deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century Italian architects]]
[[Category:12th-century Italian architects]]
[[Category:Romanesque architects]]
[[Category:Pisan Romanesque style]]