View source for Cărpiniș

{{other uses|Cărpiniș (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Romanian subdivision
|type                   = commune
|county                 = Timiș
|population_total       = auto
|image_map              = Carpinis jud Timis.svg
|map_caption            = Location in Timiș County
|coordinates            = {{coord|45.7872|N|20.9044|E|source:kolossus-dewiki|display=it}}
|name                   = Cărpiniș
|leader_name            = Dumitru Marcel Popa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final |title=Results of the 2020 local elections |publisher=Central Electoral Bureau |access-date=16 June 2021 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|leader_term            = 2020&ndash;2024
|leader_party           = PSD
|image_skyline           = Biserica din Carpinis, Jud. Timis.jpg
|image_caption           = The Orthodox church in Cărpiniș
|area_footnotes          = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ghidulprimariilor.ro/ro/businesses/view/city_hall/PRIM%C4%82RIA-C%C4%82RPINI%C5%9E/117696 |title=Primăria Cărpiniș |work=Ghidul Primăriilor}}</ref>
|area_total_km2          = 4.15
|elevation_m             =
|postal_code             = 307090–307092
|website                 = {{URL|http://primariacarpinis.ro/}}
}}
'''Cărpiniș''' ({{langx|de|Weißbuchenau}} or ''Gertianosch''; {{langx|hu|Gyertyámos}}; {{langx|sr|Грћанош|Grćanoš}}; formerly '''Gertiamoș''') is a [[Commune in Romania|commune]] in [[Timiș County]], [[Romania]]. It is composed of two villages, Cărpiniș (commune seat) and Iecea Mică. It also included [[Iecea Mare]] until that village was split off to form a separate commune in 2004.
== Geography ==
The commune is located in the west of [[Timiș County]], {{Convert|28.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Timișoara]] and {{Convert|15.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Jimbolia]] – the nearest town – and covers an area of {{Convert|4.15|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, of which {{Convert|3.31|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} is Cărpiniș and {{Convert|0.84|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} is Iecea Mică.<ref name="prezentare" /> In terms of relief, the commune lies within some natural valleys that are part of an old swamp that over time has been drained. On a relatively small area, the relief includes a fertile plain area that is part of the southeast of the Tisa Plain. The relatively smooth surface of the plain imprinted wandering courses with numerous arms and swampy areas on the flowing and retreating waters.
=== Climate ===
Cărpiniș's climate is classified as [[temperate climate|temperate]] and [[continental climate|continental]], characteristic of the southeastern part of the [[Pannonian Basin]], with some sub-Mediterranean and oceanic influences. The average temperatures range from {{Convert|-0.6|C|F}} during winter to {{Convert|21.8|C|F}} during summer.<ref name="prezentare" /> Being predominantly under the influence of maritime air masses from the northwest, Cărpiniș receives a higher amount of precipitation than those registered in the [[Wallachian Plain]]. The annual average rainfall, {{Convert|580|mm|in|abbr=on}}, close to the national average, is achieved mainly due to the rich rainfall in May, June, July (34.4% of the annual total) and those in November and December, when a secondary maximum is recorded, a reflection of the sub-Mediterranean climatic influences.<ref name="prezentare" /> However, the precipitation regime has an irregular character, wet years alternating with dry years.
=== Flora and fauna ===
On the expanse of the commune, the forests are missing, but there are plants characteristic of the [[steppe]]:<ref name="prezentare" />
* flowering, herbaceous plants;
* trees and shrubs: [[elm]]s, [[locust]]s, [[mulberries]], [[sumac]]s, [[blackthorn]]s;
* grassy vegetation: [[amaranth]], [[wild spinach]], [[Crataegus|thorn apple]], [[danewort]], [[cock's-foot]], [[white clover]], [[black medick]];
* crop weeds: [[Cynodon dactylon|dog's tooth grass]], [[pricklegrass]], [[field thistle]], [[Foxtail (diaspore)|foxtail]], [[Echinochloa crus-galli|cockspur]], [[wild thyme]], [[hoary alyssum]], [[hawkweed oxtongue]], [[mouse-ear hawkweed]].
As fauna, representative of this area are rodents, many of them harmful to crops ([[suslik]]s, [[hamster]]s, [[vole]]s, [[mole rat]]s, [[hare]]s), animals of prey ([[polecat]]s, [[fox]]es, [[badger]]s), large mammals ([[deer]]s) and ground-nesting birds ([[lark]]s, [[bunting (bird)|buntings]], [[bustard]]s, [[quail]]s, [[partridge]]s). The pounds around Cărpiniș are populated by reptiles such as [[pond frog]]s, [[toad]]s, [[tree frog]]s and [[salamander]]s and various species of fish: [[common carp]], [[Prussian carp]], [[common bleak]], [[northern pike]], [[catfish]]. Insects are represented by [[cricket]]s, [[grasshopper]]s, [[mole cricket]]s, [[locust]]s, [[ground beetle]]s, [[Armadillidium vulgare|potato bug]]s.<ref name="prezentare" />
== History ==
[[File:Banat Josephinische Landaufnahme pg068.jpg|thumb|left|Cărpiniș (''Gertianosch'') in the ''[[Josephinian Land Survey|Josephinische Landesaufnahme]]'' of 1769–1772]]
Cărpiniș first appears in [[written history]] as ''Gyertyamus'' in 1377.<ref name="cj-timis">{{cite web |url=https://www.cjtimis.ro/judetul-timis/primariile-din-judetul-timis/comuna-carpinis/ |title=Fișa Primăriei comunei Cărpiniș |work=Consiliul Județean Timiș}}</ref> The village is destroyed in 1552 by the Ottoman troops led by [[Kara Ahmed Pasha]]; in the next two centuries, it appears as uninhabited place in local chronicles and on medieval maps. However, during the Ottoman occupation, there was a hamlet inhabited by [[Serbs]] and [[Romanians]] called ''Mali Tovin'' ([[Serbian Cyrillic]]: Мали Товин; {{langx|ro|Micul Dovin}}).<ref name="cj-timis" /> The hearth of the old village was not on its current location, being somewhere 1.5&nbsp;km to the west.<ref name="prezentare">{{cite web |url=http://primariacarpinis.ro/index.php?rewriteparam=prezentare_locala |title=Prezentare locală |work=Primăria comunei Cărpiniș}}</ref> Fallen under Austrian rule in 1718, the village was re-established with a number of 73 houses, the Romanian inhabitants engaging in [[animal husbandry]] and [[wood processing]], given that there were [[hornbeam]] forests in the area, hence the name of the village (in [[Romanian language|Romanian]] ''cărpiniș'' means "groves or thickets of hornbeams").<ref name="prezentare" /> The pastures and part of the forests were owned by Dobrin Mali, land that belonged to a count from [[Cenei|Bobda]].<ref name="prezentare" /> According to Slovene philologist [[Franz Miklosich]], the village was called ''Grdonovo'', then ''Grdonova'' and later ''Gertzonosch''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10810517?page=4 |title=Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum: emendatum auctum |last=Miklosich |first=Franz |publisher=Guilelmus Braumueller |location=Vienna |date=1862}}</ref> In 1766, according to an ordinance of the Austrian state administration, the commune was abolished and relocated on its current location.<ref name="prezentare" /> This ordinance was due to the fact that Empress [[Maria Theresa]] organized the two great colonizations in this area in 1740–1780; they were coordinated by the administration councilor Johann Wilhelm von Hildebrand. Between 1776 and 1778, 56 German (Swabian) families were colonized here.<ref name="prezentare" /> The authorities relocated Romanians and Serbs from Cărpiniș to [[Recaș|Bazoș]], in order to make room for the settlers, who also came from the neighboring villages of [[Iecea Mare]] and [[Lenauheim]], but also from [[Luxembourg]] and [[Schwarzwald]].<ref name="cj-timis" /> It then became one of the largest rural settlements in Banat, with an active and wealthy German community.
Iecea Mică is first mentioned in 1467 as ''Ewcze'',<ref>{{cite book |title=Erdély, Bánság és Partium történeti és közigazgatási helységnévtára |last=Szabó |first=M. Attila |publisher=Pro-Print Kiadó |location=Miercurea Ciuc |date=2003}}</ref> although it is much older. In 1987, archaeologists of the [[Museum of Banat]] in [[Timișoara]] discovered here a large [[Roman Dacia|Daco-Roman]] settlement dating back to the 3rd–4th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://arheologie.ulbsibiu.ro/publicatii/bibliotheca/banat%20repertoriu%20mare/repertoriubanat.pdf |title=Descoperiri arheologice din Banatul românesc |editor-last=Luca |editor-first=Sabin Adrian |publisher=Altip |date=2006 |location=Alba Iulia |page=63 |isbn=973-7724-84-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Banatul între secolele IV-IX |volume=I |last=Mare |first=Mircea |publisher=Excelsior Art |location=Timișoara |date=2004 |isbn=973-5921-35-9}}</ref> The present-day village was founded in 1769–1770, by colonizing with Germans, within the second wave of colonizations of Banat, the so-called "Theresian colonization" ({{langx|de|Theresianische Ansiedlung}}). The person in charge of founding the new colony was councilor Neumann from [[Timișoara]]. He facilitated the settlement of 150 German families here, farmers and craftsmen from [[Palatinate (region)|Pfalz]], [[Alsace]], [[Lorraine]] and [[Württemberg]].<ref name="cj-timis" /> The settlers built 100 houses and a school. The colony was named ''Kleinjetscha''. The Roman Catholic church was built in 1813. In 1865, a large fire burned half the village.<ref name="cj-timis" />
== Demographics ==
<div style="float:left">{{Pie chart
|thumb=left
|caption=Ethnic composition (2011)<ref name="etnie" />
|label1=[[Romanians]]|value1=82.38|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Romani people|Roma]]|value2=5.41|color2=#80ffff
|label3=[[Hungarians]]|value3=3.31|color3=#80ff80
|label4=Unknown|value4=7.68|color4=#9f9f9f
|label5=Others|value5=1.22|color5=#555555}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb=left
|style=clear:none;
|caption=Religious composition (2011)<ref name="religie" />
|label1=[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|value1=65.94|color1=#8080ff
|label2=[[Pentecostal]]s|value2=11.77|color2=#3fc03f
|label3=[[Roman Catholic]]s|value3=7.91|color3=#ffff80
|label4=[[Greek Catholic]]s|value4=3.19|color4=#ff80ff
|label5=[[Baptist]]s|value5=1.47|color5=#80ffff
|label6=[[Reformed church|Reformed]]|value6=1.09|color6=#80ff80
|label7=Unknown|value7=7.73|color7=#c0c0c0
|label8=Others|value8=0.9|color8=#9f9f9f}}
</div>
Cărpiniș had a population of 4,477 inhabitants at the 2011 census, down 8% from the 2002 census. Most inhabitants are [[Romanians]] (82.38%), larger minorities being represented by [[Romani people|Roma]] (5.41%) and [[Hungarians]] (3.31%). For 7.68% of the population, ethnicity is unknown.<ref name="etnie">{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |title=Tab8. Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |work=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=2016-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118131243/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> By religion, most inhabitants are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] (65.94%), but there are also minorities of [[Pentecostal]]s (11.77%), [[Roman Catholic]]s (7.91%), [[Greek Catholic]]s (3.19%), [[Baptist]]s (1.47%) and [[Reformed church|Reformed]] (1.09%). For 7.73% of the population, religious affiliation is unknown.<ref name="religie">{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_13.xls |title=Tab13. Populația stabilă după religie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |work=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=2020-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807221634/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_13.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="toccolours"
|-
! align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff;" | Census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/tmetn02.pdf |title=Temes megye településeinek etnikai (anyanyelvi/nemzetiségi) adatai 1880-2002 |last=Varga |first=E. Árpád |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=2007-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610213704/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/tmetn02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
! align="center" colspan="4" style="background:#ccccff;" | Ethnic composition
|-
! Year !! Population !! [[Romanians]] !! [[Hungarians]] !! [[Germans]] !! [[Romani people|Roma]]
|-
| 1880 || 4,900 || 34 || 57 || 4,767 || –
|-
| 1890 || 4,695 || 20 || 64 || 4,556 || –
|-
| 1900 || 4,286 || 28 || 81 || 4,111 || –
|-
| 1910 || 4,138 || 78 || 213 || 3,773 || –
|-
| 1920 || 3,928 || 30 || – || 3,839 || –
|-
| 1930 || 4,075 || 128 || 320 || 3,533 || 64
|-
| 1941 || 4,319 || 202 || 362 || 3,573 || –
|-
| 1956 || 4,537 || – || – || – || –
|-
| 1966 || 5,062 || 2,791 || 411 || 1,631 || 200
|-
| 1977 || 5,560 || 3,608 || 407 || 1,300 || 220
|-
| 1992 || 4,792 || 4,027 || 306 || 217 || 226
|-
| 2002 || 4,851 || 4,188 || 259 || 87 || 301
|-
| 2011 || 4,477 || 3,688 || 148 || 44 || 242
|}
== References ==
{{Commons category|Cărpiniș, Timiș}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Timiș County}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carpinis}}
[[Category:Communes in Timiș County]]
[[Category:Localities in Romanian Banat]]