View source for C16orf71

{{Short description|Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens}}
'''Uncharacterized protein Chromosome 16 Open Reading Frame 71''' is a [[protein]] in humans, encoded by the C16orf71 [[gene]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=C16orf71|title=C16orf71 Gene |website=www.genecards.org|access-date=2017-02-19}}</ref> The gene is expressed in [[Epithelium|epithelial]] tissue of the [[respiratory system]], [[adipose tissue]], and the [[Testicle|testes]].<ref name=":3" /> Predicted associated biological processes of the gene include regulation of the [[cell cycle]], [[Cell growth|cell proliferation]], [[apoptosis]], and [[Cellular differentiation|cell differentiation]] in those tissue types.<ref name=":8" /> 1357 bp of the gene are [[Sense (molecular biology)|antisense]] to spliced genes [[ZNF300|ZNF500]] and ANKS3, indicating the possibility of regulated alternate expression.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ieb/research/acembly/av.cgi?db=human&term=C16orf71&submit=Go|title=AceView: Gene:C16orf71, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView.|first1=Danielle|last1=Thierry-Mieg|first2=Jean|last2=Thierry-Mieg|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref>
== Gene ==
=== Locus ===
The gene is located on the short arm of [[Chromosome 16 (human)|chromosome 16]] at 16p13.1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=HGNC:25081|title=C16orf71 Symbol Report {{!}} HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|website=www.genenames.org|access-date=2017-02-19|archive-date=2017-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424090312/http://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=HGNC:25081|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its genomic sequence begins on the plus strand at 4,734,242 bp and ends at 4,749,396 bp.<ref name=":0" />[[File:C16orf71 Gene Neighborhood.gif|thumb|485x485px|A diagram of C16orf71 and nearby genes on human chromosome 16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/146562|title=C16orf71 chromosome 16 open reading frame 71 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref> |center]]
== mRNA ==
=== Alternative Splicing ===
Three different protein encoding transcript variants, or [[Protein isoform|isoforms]], have been identified for C16orf71.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=homo+sapiens+c16orf71|title=C16orf71 chromosome 16 open reading frame 71 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref> One non-protein coding transcript variant was identified for the gene.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Transcript/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000166246;r=16:4734272-4749396;t=ENST00000586256|title=Transcript: C16orf71-003 (ENST00000586256.1) - Summary - Homo sapiens - Ensembl genome browser 88|website=www.ensembl.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-02}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Length (bp)
!Protein (aa)
!Mass (kDa)
!Biotype
|-
|Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 (primary assembly)<ref name=":1" />
|2716
|520
|55.7
|Protein coding
|-
|Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_017022976.1|title=PREDICTED: Homo sapiens chromosome 16 open reading frame 71 (C16orf71) - Nucleotide - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>
|2324
|136
|14.6
|Protein coding
|-
|Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X3<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_005255144.3|title=PREDICTED: Homo sapiens chromosome 16 open reading frame 71 (C16orf71) - Nucleotide - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>
|2435
|156
|16.8
|Protein coding
|-
|Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 isoform X1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_017022975.1|title=PREDICTED: Homo sapiens chromosome 16 open reading frame 71 (C16orf71) - Nucleotide - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>
|2562
|537
|57.5
|Protein coding
|-
|Uncharacterized protein C16orf71 Transcript-003<ref name=":7" />
|3705
|No protein
|–
|Retained intron
|}
== Protein  ==
[[File:Map of c16orf71 and its interacting proteins.jpg|thumb|A map indicating the predicted interacting proteins of C16orf71.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=http://string-db.org/cgi/network.pl?taskId=hF14TqV075cr|title=C16orf71 protein (Homo sapiens) - STRING network view|website=string-db.org|access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref>|148x148px]][[File:Subcellular Localization of C16orf71.jpg|thumb|Evidence of localization at nuclear speckles of the nucleus, indicated by the green spots where [[Fluorescence in situ hybridization|in situ hybridization]] occurred with the [[antibody]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000166246-C16orf71/cell#human|title=Cell atlas - C16orf71 - The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2017-04-27}}</ref>|147x147px]]
=== General properties ===
The primary encoded protein consists of 520 [[amino acid]] residues, 11 total exons, and is 15.14 kb long, with a molecular weight of approximately 55.68 kDa.<ref name=":0" /> The predicted [[isoelectric point]] was reported to be 4.81, indicating it is relatively unstable.<ref name=":4" /> The gene was reported to be well expressed, at 1.1 times the average gene level.<ref name=":12" />
=== Composition ===
[[Alanine]] was the most abundant amino acid, contributing to 11.54% of the molecular weight of the protein.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://seqtool.sdsc.edu|title=SDSC Biology Workbench|website=seqtool.sdsc.edu|access-date=2017-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030811031200/http://seqtool.sdsc.edu/|archive-date=2003-08-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Serine]] was the second most abundant, contributing 10.19% to the overall molecular weight.<ref name=":4" /> The average Alanine frequency in vertebrate proteins is approximately 7.4% and the average Serine frequency is approximately 8.1%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/webmodules/aminoacid.htm|title=AMINO ACID FREQUENCY|website=www.tiem.utk.edu|access-date=2017-04-30|archive-date=2017-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429111556/http://www.tiem.utk.edu/~gross/bioed/webmodules/aminoacid.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Domains ===
C16orf71 has one identified [[domain of unknown function]], DUF4701, that is conserved in all mammals and some species of reptiles and birds.<ref name=":0" /> DUF4701 spans from amino acid residue 21 to 520 in the protein.<ref name=":0" />
=== Post-translational modifications ===
C16orf71 is predicted to undergo multiple post-translational modifications such as [[phosphorylation]], [[N-linked glycosylation|N-glycosylation]], and [[Amide|amidation]].
=== Protein Interactions ===
==== Experimentally proven interactions ====
Experimentation with C16orf71 has revealed interactions with four other proteins, [[ARHGAP1]], ZNFX1, [[PLVAP]], and [[Membrane-bound transcription factor site-1 protease|MBTPS1]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aungier|first1=S. P. M.|last2=Roche|first2=J. F.|last3=Duffy|first3=P.|last4=Scully|first4=S.|last5=Crowe|first5=M. A.|date=2015-03-01|title=The relationship between activity clusters detected by an automatic activity monitor and endocrine changes during the periestrous period in lactating dairy cows|url=http://www.journalofdairyscience.org/article/S0022-0302(14)00871-6/fulltext|journal=Journal of Dairy Science|language=English|volume=98|issue=3|pages=1666–1684|doi=10.3168/jds.2013-7405|issn=0022-0302|pmid=25529424|doi-access=free}}</ref> ARHGAP1, ZNFX1, and MBTPS1 are associated with regulation in [[Cell signaling|signaling]] and [[metabolism]] while PLVAP is associated with the formation of small [[lipid raft]]s in the [[Cell membrane|plasma membrane]] of vertebrate [[Endothelium|endothelial]] and [[Adipose tissue|adipose]] cells.<ref name=":8" />
==== Predicted interactions ====
The majority of the predicted interactions involved with the protein related to regulation of mitotic processes, cellular differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and signaling.<ref name=":8" /> Additional related processes  included the formation and differentiation of [[B cell]]s, [[T cell]]s, [[Endothelium|endothelial]] cells, [[endoderm]], and [[endocrine gland]]s.<ref name=":8" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Interactor<ref name=":8" />
!Function<ref name=":8" />
|-
|[[CREB1]] (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1)
|Induction of growth, differentiation, migration, adhesion, and cell survival in epidermal cells
Mediation of growth, differentiation, survival, and migration in early developmental stages
Mediation of metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration in mature adult tissue
|-
|[[Tyrosine kinase 2|TYK2]] (tyrosine kinase 2)
|Cellular differentiation, migration, and proliferation in immune cells
|-
|[[TNIP2]] (TNPAIP3 interacting protein 2)
|Negative regulation of apoptosis for endothelial cells
|-
|[[OBSL1]] (obscurin-like 1)
|Mitotic regulation, cytoskeleton and microtubule organization and assembly
|-
|[[DUSP3]] (dual specificity phosphatase 3)
|Negative regulation of multiple enzymatic cascades and signaling pathways
Positive regulation of the mitotic cell cycle
|-
|[[Fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1|FGFRL1]] (fibroblast growth factor receptor-like 1)
|Fibroblast growth activity
|-
|[[Glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase|GNPAT]] (glyceronephosphate O-acyltransferase)
|Involved in multiple metabolic and biosynthesis processes for cellular lipids, ether lipids,
glycerophospholipids, phosphatidic acid, and phospholipids
|-
|[[Aurora A kinase|AURKA]] (aurora kinase A)
|Regulation for G<sub>2</sub>/M transition, nuclear division, mitotic spindle organization, the centrosome
cycle, cytokinesis, and spindle stabilization
|-
|[[Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase|NAMPT]] (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase)
|Adipose tissue development, regulation of nicotinamide metabolism, signal transduction,
cell-cell signaling, and vitamin metabolism.
|}
=== Subcellular localization ===
C16orf71 was observed in nuclear speckles of the [[Cell nucleus|nucleus]] through experimental protocols involving [[Fluorescence in situ hybridization|fluorescent in situ hybridization]] with antibodies.<ref name=":3" /> [[Nuclear speckles]], also known as [[interchromatin granule]] clusters, are enriched in pre-mRNA splicing factors.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Spector|first1=David L.|last2=Lamond|first2=Angus I.|date=2011-02-01|title=Nuclear Speckles|journal=Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=a000646|doi=10.1101/cshperspect.a000646|issn=1943-0264|pmc=3039535|pmid=20926517}}</ref> These highly dynamic structures are located in interchromatin regions of the [[nucleoplasm]] in mammalian cells and have been observed to cycle throughout various nuclear regions and active [[Transcription (biology)|transcription]] sites.<ref name=":6" />
== Structure ==
[[File:Secondary Structure Prediction of C16orf71.png|thumb|172x172px|Predicted secondary structure for C16orf71 by I-TASSER.]]
The [[Biomolecular structure|secondary structure]] of C16orf71 is predicted to consist primarily of coils, with small regions of [[Alpha helix|alpha helices]] and two segments of [[beta sheet]]s throughout the span of the protein.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/|title=I-TASSER server for protein structure and function prediction|website=zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>
Protein sequences of the gene's mammalian orthologs were analyzed to reveal similar results, while distant reptilian and avian ortholog sequences predicted more regions of beta sheets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/~phyre/|title=Redirecting to Phyre2|website=www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2017-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430200305/http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/~phyre/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbc.su.se/~maccallr/nucpred/|title=NucPred - Home|website=www.sbc.su.se|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505041527/http://www.sbc.su.se/~maccallr/nucpred/|archive-date=2017-05-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:C16orf71 Predicted Secondary Structure.jpg|center|thumb|639x639px|Plot indicating the predicted secondary structure of the protein generated by I-TASSER.<ref name=":5" />]]
== Expression ==
[[File:Expression of C16orf71 in obese omental adipose tissue.png|thumb|140x140px|Expression levels of C16orf71 from microarray analysis in obese omental adipose tissue.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS3688:222089_s_at|title=GDS3688 / 222089_s_at|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref>]]
=== Tissue expression pattern ===
Human [[Gene expression|expression]] for the gene has been observed primarily in respiratory [[Epithelium|epithelial]] tissue, specifically the [[trachea]], [[larynx]], [[nasopharynx]], and [[bronchus]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000166246-C16orf71/tissue|title=Tissue expression of C16orf71 - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref> C16orf71 is also moderately expressed in [[adipose tissue]] and [[Testicle|testes]].<ref name=":3" />
==== DNA microarray experimental data ====
[[DNA microarray|DNA microarray analysis]] from various experiments provided information on the expression levels of C16orf71 in unique, varying conditions.
The gene appears to have higher levels of expression in the omental adipose tissue of obese subjects compared to non-obese subjects.<ref name=":9" />
[[File:Expression level of C16orf71 in deletions of HIFs.png|thumb|140x140px|Expression levels of C16orf71 in the occurrence of HIF-1 alpha/HIF-2 alpha depletion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS2761:GI_21040258-S|title=GDS2761 / GI_21040258-S|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref>]]
[[File:Expression Levels of C16orf71 in Teratozoospermia .png|thumb|139x139px|Expression levels of C16orf71 in sperm with teratozoospermia.<ref name=":10" />]]C16orf71 was also observed to have decreased expression when there was a depletion of [[HIF1A|HIF-1 alpha]], HIF-2 beta, or both. HIF, or [[hypoxia-inducible factors]], are responsible for the mediation of [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] effects within the body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS2761:GI_21040258-S|title=GDS2761 / GI_21040258-S|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> In addition, HIFs promote clotting and restoration of various epithelial tissues and are vital in the development of mammalian embryos, sperm, and ova.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Semenza|first=Gregg|date=February 2012|title=Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Physiology and Medicine|journal=Cell|volume=148|issue=3|pages=399–408|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.021|pmid=22304911|pmc=3437543}}</ref>
Data from an experiment also indicated noticeably lower expression of the gene in sperm affected with [[Teratospermia|teratozoospermia]], a condition where sperm have abnormal morphology affecting the fertility in males, compared to normal sperm.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS2696:GI_21040258-S|title=GDS2696 / GI_21040258-S|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref>
C16orf71 was observed to be present in all stages of development, with similar levels of expression throughout.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucest/|title=Home - EST - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>
==== Toxicogenomics experimental data ====
Three chemicals, [[bisphenol A]], [[butyraldehyde]], and [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s, have been experimentally tested with C16orf71 for evidence of interaction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ctd.mdibl.org/detail.go;jsessionid=EA79DEFE5F02834AC42F28491177DE69?type=gene&acc=146562&view=ixn|title=C16ORF71 - Chemical Interactions {{!}} CTD|website=ctd.mdibl.org|language=en|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref>
[[Bisphenol A]] is suspected to cause impairment in male reproduction.<ref name=":13" /> An experiment utilizing [[seminiferous tubule]] culture was conducted to observe the effects on meiosis and potential germ-line abnormalities.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=Sazan|last2=Steinmetz|first2=Gérard|last3=Montillet|first3=Guillaume|last4=Perrard|first4=Marie-Hélène|last5=Loundou|first5=Anderson|last6=Durand|first6=Philippe|last7=Guichaoua|first7=Marie-Roberte|last8=Prat|first8=Odette|date=2014-09-02|title=Exposure to Low-Dose Bisphenol A Impairs Meiosis in the Rat Seminiferous Tubule Culture Model: A Physiotoxicogenomic Approach|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=9|pages=e106245|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0106245|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4152015|pmid=25181051|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j6245A|doi-access=free}}</ref> Gene expression analysis revealed decrease expression for C16orf71 when exposed to the chemical.<ref name=":13" />
[[Butyraldehyde]] has been observed to affect inflammatory responses in bronchial airway tissue on a genetic level.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Song|first1=Mi-Kyung|last2=Lee|first2=Hyo-Sun|last3=Ryu|first3=Jae-Chun|title=Integrated analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles highlights aldehyde-induced inflammatory responses in cells relevant for lung toxicity|journal=Toxicology|volume=334|pages=111–121|doi=10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.007|pmid=26079696|year=2015}}</ref> Microarray analysis was used to determine levels of expression in human [[Pulmonary alveolus|alveolar]] epithelial cells after exposure to the compound.<ref name=":14" /> Results indicated decreased expression for C16orf71 when exposed to the chemical.<ref name=":14" />
[[Polychlorinated biphenyl]] was used in an experiment to determine its effects on external male genital development.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Tait|first1=Sabrina|last2=La Rocca|first2=Cinzia|last3=Mantovani|first3=Alberto|date=2011-07-01|title=Exposure of human fetal penile cells to different PCB mixtures: transcriptome analysis points to diverse modes of interference on external genitalia programming|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–14|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.001|pmid=21334430}}</ref> Human fetal [[Corpus cavernosum penis|corpora cavernosa]] cells were used as the model tissue.<ref name=":15" /> [[Toxicogenomics|Toxicogenomic]] analysis indicated the chemical affected all genes involved with [[Genitourinary system|genitourinary]] development and revealed lowered expression levels for C16orf71.<ref name=":15" />
=== Regulation of expression ===
1357 bp of the gene are [[Sense (molecular biology)|antisense]] to spliced genes [[ZNF300|ZNF500]] and ANKS3, indicating possibility of regulated alternate expression.<ref name=":12" /> A [[ZNF300|ZNF500]] transcription factor binding domain was found on the minus strand within the promoter region of the gene.<ref name=":11" /> [[ZNF300|ZNF500]] is predicted to play a role in gene regulation, transcription, and cellular differentiation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ZNF500|title=ZNF500 Gene|website=www.genecards.org|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref>
The beginning of the [[promoter region]] was predicted to be 117 bp upstream from the 5' UTR of C16orf71 and is 1371 bp long.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://www.genomatix.de/|title=Genomatix - NGS Data Analysis & Personalized Medicine|website=www.genomatix.de|access-date=2017-04-23|archive-date=2021-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010908/https://www.genomatix.de/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The region was analyzed for predicted transcription factors and regulatory elements. Predicted [[transcription factor]]s in the promoter region related to the regulation of the [[cell cycle]], [[Cell growth|proliferation]], [[apoptosis]], and [[Cellular differentiation|differentiation]] of sperm and epithelial tissue components.<ref name=":8" />
==== Predicted transcription factors ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Transcription factor<ref name=":11" />
!Associated functions<ref name=":11" />
|-
|[[ASCL1|Ascl1]] (Mammaliam achaete scute homolog 1)
|B-cell differentiation, maturation, and development
Negative regulation of transcription and apoptosis
Positive regulation of cell cycle and cellular differentiation
Response to hypoxia and epidermal growth factor
Regulation of epithelial cell differentiation
|-
|[[ZNF300|ZNF500]] (Zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 3)
|Cartilage development
Negative regulation of gene expression and cellular senescence
T-cell and stem cell differentiation
Positive regulation of transcription
|-
|[[Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4|SMAD4]] transcription factor involved in TGF-beta signaling
|Regulation of apoptosis, T-cell and endothelial cell activation
Endoderm formation and development
Negative regulation of cell growth and death
Response to hypoxia
Thyroid gland development
Tissue morphogenesis
|-
|Cysteine-serine-rich nuclear protein 1
|TGF-beta induced apoptosis
Regulation of early development and differentiation
Extracellular matrix formation
|}
== Homology ==
=== Paralogs ===
No human [[paralog]]s for the gene were found.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi|title=BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool|website=blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>
=== Orthologs ===
[[Homology (biology)|Orthologs]] have been identified in most mammals for which complete genome data is available.<ref name=":2" /> C16orf71 and its domain of unknown function, DUF4701, was present in mammals.<ref name=":2" /> The most distant orthologs identified were reptilian.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat|title=Human BLAT Search|website=genome.ucsc.edu|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>
=== Molecular evolution ===
The ''m'' value, or number of corrected amino acid changes per 100 residues, for the gene C16orf71 was plotted against the divergence of species in millions of years. When compared to the data of [[hemoglobin]], [[fibrinopeptide]]s, and [[Cytochrome c|cytochrome C]], it was determined that the gene has the closest progression to fibrinopeptides, suggesting a relatively rapid pace of [[evolution]]. ''M'' values for C16orf71 were derived from percentage of identity of species mRNA sequences compared to the human sequence using the formula derived from the [[Molecular clock|Molecular Clock Hypothesis]].
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Human proteins]]
[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 16]]