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{{Short description|An electron accelerator facility built at CERN}}
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'''CTF3''' ('''CLIC Test Facility 3''') was an [[electron]] [[Particle accelerator|accelerator]] facility built at [[CERN]] with the aim of demonstrating the key concepts of the [[Compact Linear Collider]] accelerator.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/559331/files/ps-2002-008.pdf|title=CTF3 Design Report|website=CERN Document Server|access-date=2018-07-30}}</ref> The facility consisted in two electron [[beamline]]s to mimic the functionalities of the [[Compact Linear Collider|CLIC]] Drive Beam and Main Beam. The facility stopped its operation in December 2016,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberto |first=Corsini |date=May 2017 |title=Final Results From the Clic Test Facility (CTF3) |journal=Proceedings of the 8th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf |language=en |volume=IPAC2017 |doi=10.18429/jacow-ipac2017-tuzb1}}</ref> and one of its [[beamline]]s has been converted into the new [[CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research]] (CLEAR) facility.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Official CLEAR website |url=http://clear.web.cern.ch}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Gamba |first1=D. |last2=Corsini |first2=R. |last3=Curt |first3=S. |last4=Doebert |first4=S. |last5=Farabolini |first5=W. |last6=Mcmonagle |first6=G. |last7=Skowronski |first7=P.K. |last8=Tecker |first8=F. |last9=Zeeshan |first9=S. |year=2018 |title=The CLEAR user facility at CERN |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |language=en |volume=909 |pages=480–483 |bibcode=2018NIMPA.909..480G |doi=10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.080 |doi-access=free|hdl=10852/63044 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
The facility used the former assets of the [[LEP Pre-Injector]] (LPI) accelerator complex. LPI was primarily used to inject electrons and positrons into the CERN accelerator complex, to be ultimately delivered to [[Large Electron–Positron Collider]] (LEP). Following the LEP shut down in 2000, LPI ceased to provide beams to experiments (LPI provided beams directly to some experiments independent of LEP) in April 2001. Then work begun to convert LPI facility to be used for the CTF3. The conversion happened in stages, with the first stage (so-called preliminary phase) starting accelerator commissioning in September 2001.<ref>[https://cds.cern.ch/record/559331 CERN Document Server | G. Geschonke and A. Ghigo (editors): ''CTF3 Design Report'' (2002)] Retrieved on 31 July 2018</ref> In the following years, LPI morphed into CTF3.
This page provides a general description of the facility with references to its main experimental program. More detailed informations can be found in the facility Design Report.<ref name=":0" />
== Description of the facility ==
[[File:CTF3 Layout.png|alt=CTF3 layout|thumb|508x508px|Layout of the CLIC Test Facility at CERN (CTF3) showing its main parts. The beam path is identified by solid red lines. Accelerating structures, both longitudinal and transverse, are identified by green blocks on the beam path, while blue blocks represent Power Extraction and Transport Structures (PETS).]]
The facility implemented and demonstrated the feasibility of a scaled version of the [[Compact Linear Collider|CLIC]] Drive Beam: a 1.2&nbsp;μs-long electron beam (bunched at 1.5&nbsp;GHz, and with 4 A mean current) was generated and accelerated up to ~135&nbsp;MeV in a ~80 m-long [[Linear particle accelerator|LINAC]] by using fully loaded accelerating structures powered by ~40 MW, 3&nbsp;GHz RF pulses.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heinrich|first1=Braun, Hans|last2=Peter|first2=Urschütz|last3=Steffen|first3=Döbert|last4=Roberto|first4=Corsini|last5=A|first5=Tecker, Frank|last6=Erk|first6=Jensen|date=2006-11-20|title=Efficient long-pulse fully-loaded CTF3 linac operation|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/999488|language=en}}</ref> The beam was then going through a simplified version of the Drive Beam Recombination Complex (DBRC): a system composed of a delay loop and a combiner ring allowed to recombine different part of the incoming beam to finally produce a 140&nbsp;ns-long train of bunches at 12&nbsp;GHz and with mean current as high as 28 A.
A second electron beam of lower intensity (a few bunches of about 100 pC/bunch), called Probe Beam, was generated and accelerated up to 200 MeV in the so-called "Concept d’Accélerateur Linéaire pour Faisceau d’Electrons Sonde" (CALIFES) injector.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Navarro Quirante|first1=Jose Luis|last2=Corsini|first2=Roberto|last3=Grudiev|first3=Alexej|last4=Lefèvre|first4=Thibaut|last5=Mazzoni|first5=Stefano|last6=Pan|first6=Rui|last7=Tecker|first7=Frank|last8=Farabolini|first8=Wilfrid|last9=Peauger|first9=Franck|date=1 December 2014|title=CALIFES: A Multi-Purpose Electron Beam for Accelerator Technology Tests|url=http://inspirehep.net/record/1363325|pages=MOPP030|last10=Gamba|first10=Davide|last11=Khan|first11=Muhammad Asif|last12=Yaqub|first12=Kashif|last13=Ögren|first13=Jim|last14=Ruber|first14=Roger|last15=Vitoratou|first15=Niki}}</ref> The main purpose of the Probe Beam was to emulate the main, colliding beam of CLIC.
== Experimental program ==
The two electron beams produced at CTF3 were used to demonstrate the two-beam acceleration concept in the Two-Beam-Module installed into the CLEX experimental area: the Drive Beam was decelerated in special Power Extraction and Transfer Structures (PETS), and the power produced used to accelerate the Probe Beam with gradients as high as ~145&nbsp;MeV/m.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ruber|first1=R.|last2=Ziemann|first2=V.|last3=Ekelöf|first3=T.|last4=Palaia|first4=A.|last5=Farabolini|first5=W.|last6=Corsini|first6=R.|title=The CTF3 Two-beam Test Stand|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|language=en|volume=729|pages=546–553|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2013.07.055|bibcode=2013NIMPA.729..546R|year=2013}}</ref>
The facility served as test bed for other [[Compact Linear Collider|CLIC]] related R&D, for example:
* Beam Loading effect on RF [[Electrical breakdown|breakdown]] rate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tecker|first1=Frank|last2=Corsini|first2=Roberto|last3=Dayyani Kelisani|first3=Mohsen|last4=Döbert|first4=Steffen|last5=Grudiev|first5=Alexej|last6=Kononenko|first6=Oleksiy|last7=Lebet|first7=Serge|last8=Navarro Quirante|first8=Jose Luis|last9=Riddone|first9=Germana|date=June 2013|title=Experimental Study of the Effect of Beam Loading on RF Breakdown Rate in CLIC High-gradient Accelerating Structures|url=http://inspirehep.net/record/1337158|pages=TUPME054}}</ref>
* Drive Beam deceleration efficiency studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Döbert|first1=Steffen|last2=Adli|first2=Erik|last3=Lillestøl|first3=Reidar|last4=Olvegård|first4=Maja|last5=Syratchev|first5=Igor|last6=Carrillo|first6=David|last7=Toral|first7=Fernando|last8=Faus-Golfe|first8=Angeles|last9=García-Garrigós|first9=Juan|date=April 2011|title=Commissioning Status of the Decelerator Test Beam Line in CTF3|url=http://inspirehep.net/record/1363717|pages=MOP018}}</ref>
* Drive Beam phase stabilisation by using a novel [[Feed forward (control)|feed-forward]] system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jack|first1=Roberts|last2=Alexandra|first2=Andersson|last3=Philip|first3=Burrows|last4=Glenn|first4=Christian|last5=Roberto|first5=Corsini|last6=Andrea|first6=Ghigo|last7=Fabio|first7=Marcellini|last8=Colin|first8=Perry|last9=Piotr|first9=Skowroński|date=June 2016|title=Demonstration of CLIC Level Phase Stability using a High Bandwidth, Low Latency Drive Beam Phase Feedforward System at the CLIC Test Facility CTF3|journal=Proceedings of the 7th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf|language=en|volume=IPAC2016|doi=10.18429/jacow-ipac2016-wepor006}}</ref>
== CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research ==
[[File:CLEAR facility overview.jpg|thumb|View of the CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) [[beamline]] seen from the end of the line [[beam dump]].|152x152px]]
In December 2016, while CTF3 was ending its operation, it was decided to transform the Probe Beam in a new general purpose R&D facility under the name of CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research, or CLEAR.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The facility was launched in August 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-13 |title=CLEAR prospects for accelerator research |url=https://cerncourier.com/a/clear-prospects-for-accelerator-research/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=CERN Courier |language=en-GB}}</ref> and will operate at least until 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=CLEAR highlights and goals |url=https://cerncourier.com/a/clear-highlights-and-goals/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=CERN Courier |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Thanks to its ease of operation and versatility, the Probe Beam was used also for activities not directly connected to [[Compact Linear Collider|CLIC]]. This triggered the interest of various communities, and a workshop was organised to discuss possible re-use of such a [[beamline]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indico.cern.ch/event/533052/|title=CALIFES Workshop 2016 (10-12 October 2016) · Indico|website=Indico|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
CLEAR keeps providing testing capabilities for [[X band|X-band]] accelerator technology, including [[Compact Linear Collider|CLIC]], but it also allows to explore novel concepts as [[plasma acceleration]], [[Terahertz radiation|THz radiation]] production. Furthermore, it provides electron irradiation capabilities to space and medical communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indico.cern.ch/event/681488/|title=The CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research – CLEAR (30 November 2017) · Indico|website=Indico|access-date=2018-01-04}}</ref>
==References==
<references />{{CERN}}
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[[Category:Particle physics facilities]]
[[Category:CERN accelerators]]
[[Category:CERN facilities]]
[[Category:CERN]]