View source for Cahuilla

{{short description|Native American people, living in the inland areas of southern California}}
{{other uses}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2019}}{{infobox ethnic group|
|group=Cahuilla<br />''ʔívil̃uqaletem''
|image= Edward S. Curtis Collection People 056.jpg
|caption=Desert Cahuilla woman by [[Edd S. Curtis]], 1926
|population= 2010: 4,238 alone and in combination<ref name="2010 Census">{{cite web |title=Census 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20(1).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209093630/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2010/cph-t/t-6tables/TABLE%20%281%29.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-12-09 |website=census.gov }}</ref>
|popplace={{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]] {{flagicon|California}} ([[California]])
|rels=Christianity ([[Roman Catholic]], [[Moravian Church|Moravian]], Protestant), and traditional tribal religion
|langs=[[English language|English]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Ivilyuat|Cahuilla language]]
|related=[[Cupeño]], [[Luiseño people|Luiseño]], [[Serrano (people)|Serrano]], and [[Tongva people|Tongva]]
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|person= ʔívil̃uqalet|people= ʔívil̃uqaletem|language= [[Cahuilla language|ʔívil̃uʔat]]|country=ʔívil̃uqaletem Meytémak}}
The '''Cahuilla''', also known as '''ʔívil̃uqaletem''' or '''Ivilyuqaletem''', are a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people of the various tribes of the Cahuilla Nation, living in the inland areas of southern [[California]].<ref name=sdsu>[http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddict.shtml#c "California Indians and Their Reservations.] ''SDSU Library and Information Access.''  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040720/http://infodome.sdsu.edu/research/guides/calindians/calinddict.shtml#c |date=February 5, 2009 }}</ref> Their original territory encompassed about {{convert|2,400|sqmi|km2}}. The traditional Cahuilla territory was near the geographic center of [[Southern California]]. It was bounded to the north by the [[San Bernardino Mountains]],<ref name=sdsu/> to the south by [[Borrego Springs, California|Borrego Springs]] and the [[Chocolate Mountains]], to the east by the [[Colorado Desert]], and to the west by the [[San Jacinto Mountains|San Jacinto Plain]] and the eastern slopes of the [[Palomar Mountain Range|Palomar Mountains]].<ref>Bean, 1978</ref>
==Language and name==
The [[Cahuilla language]] is in the [[Uto-Aztecan]] family. A 1990 census revealed 35 speakers in an ethnic population of 800. It is critically endangered, since most speakers are middle-aged or older. In their language, their [[Endonym|autonym]] is '''ʔívil̃uqaletem''', and the name of their language is '''ʔívil̃uʔat''' ([[Ivilyuat]]), but they also call themselves '''táxliswet''', meaning "person".<ref name=dictionary>{{Cite book|last1=Sieler|last2=Hioki|first1=Hansjakob|first2=Kojiro|title=Cahuilla Dictionary|year=1979|publisher=Malki Museum Press|location=Morango Indian Reservation, Banning, CA}}</ref> ''Cahuilla'' is an [[exonym]] applied to the group after mission secularization in the [[Ranchos of California]]. The word "Cahuilla" is probably from the Ivilyuat word ''kawi'a'', meaning "master."<ref name=sdsu/>
==Prehistory==
[[File:Cahuilla kumeyaay map.svg|thumb|Historic distribution of Cahuilla]]
Oral legends suggest that when the Cahuilla first moved into the [[Coachella Valley]], a large body of water that geographers call [[Lake Cahuilla]] existed. Fed by the [[Colorado River]], it dried up sometime before 1700, after one of the repeated shifts in the river's course. In 1905 a break in a levee created the much smaller [[Salton Sea]] in the same location.
The Cahuilla lived off the land by using [[native plant]]s. A notable tree whose fruits they harvested is the [[Washingtonia filifera|California fan palm]]. The Cahuilla also used palm leaves for [[basketry]] of many shapes, sizes, and purposes; [[sandal]]s; and roofing thatch for dwellings.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009</ref> They lived in smaller groups than some other tribes.
==History==
The Cahuilla's first encounter with Europeans was in 1774, when [[Juan Bautista de Anza]] was looking for a trade route between [[Sonora]] and [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] in [[Alta California]]. Living far inland, the Cahuilla had little contact with Spanish soldiers, priests, or missionaries. Many European settlers and tradespeople viewed the desert as of little or no value and to be avoided. The Cahuilla learned of Spanish [[mission (station)|missions]] and their culture from Indians living close to missions in [[San Gabriel, California|San Gabriel]] and [[San Diego]]. The Cahuilla provided security against the raids of the tribes from the desert and mountains on its herds for the [[Cowboy|vaqueros]] who worked for the owners of the [[Rancho San Bernardino]].
The Cahuilla did not encounter Anglo-Americans until the 1840s. Chief [[Juan Antonio (Cahuilla)|Juan Antonio]], leader of the Cahuilla Mountain Band, gave traveler [[Daniel Sexton]] access to areas near the [[San Gorgonio Pass]] in 1842. The Mountain Band also lent support to a [[U.S. Army]] expedition led by Lieutenant [[Edward Fitzgerald Beale]], defending it against attacks by ''[[Walkara|Wakara]]'' and his band of [[Ute Tribe|Ute]] warriors.
[[File:PSM V37 D487 Modern hut of mission indians in coahuila valley.jpg|thumb|19th century Cahuilla hut]]
During the [[Mexican–American War]], Juan Antonio led his warriors to join [[Californios]] led by [[José del Carmen Lugo]] in attacking their traditional enemy, the [[Luiseño people|Luiseño]]. Lugo led this action in retaliation for the [[Pauma Massacre]], in which the Luiseno had killed 11 Californios. The combined forces staged an [[ambush]] and killed 33–40 Luiseno warriors, an event that became known as the [[Temecula Massacre]] of 1847. (Historians disagree on the exact number of deaths; Luiseno oral tradition holds that more than 100 warriors were killed.) In the treaty ending the war with Mexico, the US promised to honor Mexican land grants and policies. These included recognition of Native American rights to inhabit certain lands, but European-American encroachment on Indian lands became an increasing problem after the US annexed California.
During the 1850s, the Cahuilla came under increasing pressure from waves of European-American migrants because of the [[California Gold Rush]]. In 1851, Juan Antonio led his warriors in the [[San Timoteo Canyon#Irving Gang, Cahuilla posse, and American militia|destruction of the Irving Gang]], a group of bandits that had been looting the San Bernardino Valley. After the outcome of the Irving Gang incident, in late 1851, Juan Antonio, his warriors and their families, moved eastward from [[Politana]] toward the [[San Gorgonio Pass]] and settled in a valley that branched off to the northeast from San Timoteo Canyon, at a village named [[Saahatpa]].
In addition to the influx of Anglo-American miners, ranchers and outlaws, and groups of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormon]] colonists, the Cahuilla came into conflict with the neighboring [[Cupeño]] tribe to the west. In November 1851, the [[Yuma War#Garra Revolt|Garra Revolt]] occurred, wherein the Cupeno leader [[Antonio Garra]] attempted to bring Juan Antonio into his revolt. Juan Antonio, friendly to the Americans, was instrumental in capturing Garra, ending that revolt.
When the California Senate refused to ratify an 1852 treaty granting the Cahuilla control of their land, some tribal leaders resorted to attacks on approaching settlers and soldiers. Juan Antonio did not participate in this as long as he lived.
To encourage the railroad, the U.S. government subdivided the lands into one-mile-square sections, giving the Indians every other section. In 1877 the government established [[Indian reservation|reservation]] boundaries, which left the Cahuilla with only a small portion of their traditional territories.
[[File:Agua Caliente Indian woman, Nievas Chaves, with a metate stone, 1903 (CHS-3833).jpg|thumb|Cahuilla woman and children (1903)]]
The Cahuilla have intermarried with non-Cahuilla for the past century. A high proportion of today's Cahuilla tribal members have mixed ancestry, especially [[Spanish people|Spanish]] and [[African American]]. People who have grown up in the tribe's ways and identify culturally with the Cahuilla may qualify for official tribal membership by the tribe's internal rules. Each federally recognized tribe sets its own rules for membership.
==Current status==
Today [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]] and the surrounding areas are experiencing rapid development. The [[Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians|Agua Caliente Band of the Cahuilla]] is an important player in the local economy, operating an array of business enterprises, including land leasing, hotel and casino operations, and banking.
The [[Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians#Reservation|Agua Caliente Indian Reservation]] occupies {{convert|126.706|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} in the Palm Springs area, including parts of the cities of Palm Springs, [[Cathedral City, California|Cathedral City]], and [[Rancho Mirage, California|Rancho Mirage]]. The total population living on its territory was 21,358 as of the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]], although few of these are registered tribal members.
The [[Morongo Band of Mission Indians]], also considered part of the Cahuilla nation, operates the [[Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa]], as well as the Hadley Fruit Orchards in [[Cabazon, California|Cabazon]]. The Morongo Casino is one of the largest Indian casinos in the United States. The Morongo Indian Reservation is in northern Riverside County. The city of [[Banning, California|Banning]] and community of [[Cabazon, California|Cabazon]] both extend partially onto reservation land. The reservation has a land area of {{convert|127.083|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, with a resident population of 954, the majority of Native American heritage.
[[File:Augustine Tribal Executive Office.jpg|thumb|Office of the [[Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians|Augustine Band]]]]
Smaller bands of Cahuilla are in Southern California: the [[Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians|Augustine Band]] in [[Coachella, California|Coachella]] (their village was ''La Mesa'' in the 1880s-90s); the [[Cabazon Band of Mission Indians|Cabazon Band]] in Indio (their one-square-mile reservation now "Sonora-Lupine Lanes" in Old Town Indio); the Cabazon Reservations in Indio, Coachella, and Mecca (separate from Cabazon band); the [[Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation|Cahuilla Band]] in Anza; the [[Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians|Los Coyotes Band]] in Warner Springs (San Diego County); the [[Ramona Indian Reservation]] in Pine Meadow; [[Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians|Santa Rosa Indian Reservation]] in Pinyon; the [[Twentynine Palms Band]] in [[Twentynine Palms, California|Twentynine Palms]], Indio, and Coachella ("Dates Lane" community); the [[Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians|Torres-Martinez Band]] in [[La Quinta, California|La Quinta]] (was ''Rancho Santa Carmelita'' in Spanish-Mexican-1850s California times), Coachella, Thermal, Mecca, and Oasis; and the [[Mission Creek Reservation]] in [[Desert Hot Springs, California|Desert Hot Springs]].
The Torres-Martinez tribe has offices throughout Southern California, offering TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) benefits for members. They are in [[Imperial Valley]] (El Centro), Blythe, Riverside, San Bernardino, Victorville, Palmdale, San Diego, Orange County (Santa Ana), Pomona, and Los Angeles. This is a result of Cahuilla migration to farming and factory jobs in the second half of the 20th century.
Extinct Cahuilla tribes (known as the Las Palmas band of Cahuilla-part of "Western Cahuilla") in the early 20th century resided in the [[Palm Desert, California|Palm Desert]] area (between [[Thousand Palms, California|Thousand Palms]], Cathedral City and La Quinta). This was before land developers and US Armed Forces purchased what was tribal land from the Montoya family—part of the "Desert Cahuilla" in present-day [[Indian Wells, California|Indian Wells]], and from the San Cayetano band—part of "Desert Cahuilla" in ''Rancho San Cayetano'' during the Spanish-Mexican-1850s California period (now the city of Rancho Mirage). The number of these tribes' descendants is unknown. The Montoya family, who claim partial Cahuilla descent, are influential in local economics and city politics. {{citation needed|date=August 2018}}
The ethnic composition of the Cahuilla descendants is like that of many other Americans: mixed with European (especially Anglo/Irish-American and Spanish), African American, [[Asian-American]] (from historic interaction with [[Chinese Railroad Workers|Chinese railroad workers]] and [[Filipino people|Filipino]] farm laborers), and other tribal groups, mainly [[Apache]] migrant workers from [[Arizona]]. Some Cahuilla families continue to intermarry with local populations; others try to marry within Native American tribes.
To recognize Cahuilla history and cultural heritage, the [[University of California, Riverside]], located on historically Cahuilla land, has created a [[land acknowledgment]] mentioning the Cahuilla and other local Indigenous peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office of Diversity, Equity & Inclusion |url=https://diversity.ucr.edu/}}</ref>
==Federally recognized tribes==
Anthropologists have historically divided the Cahuilla into "Mountain," "Desert," and "[[San Gorgonio Pass|(San Gorgonio)]] Pass" or "Western" groups. Today, there are nine Southern California reservations that are acknowledged homes to [[Native Americans in the United States|bands]] of Cahuilla. These are in [[Imperial County, California|Imperial]], [[Riverside County, California|Riverside]], and [[San Diego County, California|San Diego]] Counties and are the territory of federally recognized tribes.
[[File:Chief Meyers baseball card.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Chief Meyers|John Tortes "Chief" Meyers]] was a catcher in [[major league baseball]]]]
The Cahuilla bands (sometimes called "villages") are:
'''"Pass" Cahuilla''' or '''"Western" Cahuilla''' (on San Gorgonio Pass, centering in [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]] and [[Palm Desert, California|Palm Desert]] in [[Coachella Valley]], wandering north to [[Desert Hot Springs, California|Desert Hot Springs]])
* [[Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation]] (main clans: Kawasic, Kauisik, Kauisiktum ("''fox'' or ''rock'' People", at Palm Springs area), Painakic, Panic, Paniktum (″People of Daylight″, of Andreas and Murray Canyons), Atcitcem, Ahchechem (″People of Good″, of Lower Palm Canyon, later at Indian Wells), Wanikik, Wainikik (″Running Water People″, Snowcreek and Whitewater Canyon, now most part of Morongo Band), and another clan (its identity has been lost), headquarters at [[Palm Springs, California]] ([[Cahuilla language|Cahuilla]]: ''Se-Khi, Sec-he'' - ″boiling water″), the Spanish who arrived named it ''Agua Caliente'' - ″hot water″)
* [[Morongo Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Morongo Reservation]] (Wanikik, Wainikik and Kawasic, Kauisik, Kauisiktum clan,<ref>[https://malkimuseum.org/about/ Malki Museum]{{Dead link|date=May 2024}}</ref> and Serrano, tribal members also include Cupeño, Luiseño, and Chemehuevi Indians, headquarters at [[Banning, California]].)
* [[Mission Creek Band]] (Kilyinakiktum and Wanikik, Wainikik clans and the mixed Cahuilla-Serrano clan Marongam (in Serrano: Morongo),⁣<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cahuillasantaros00bean][[Lowell John Bean]]<span>, Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young: The Cahuilla and the Santa Rosa Mountain region: </span>''places and their Native American associations :a review of published and unpublished sources''</ref> Serrano, and Cupeño peoples, headquarters at [[Desert Hot Springs, California]] on [[Mission Creek (Whitewater River)|Mission Creek (Yamesével)]], a tributary of the [[Whitewater River (California)|Whitewater River]] north of the [[Salton Sea]]<ref>[[Whitewater, California]] named after the nearby Whitewater River is known to the local Cahuilla people as ''Kíš čáwal''</ref>)<ref>[http://www.missioncreektribe.net/ Mission Creek Band, Village of Indians, Mission Creek Reservation]</ref>
'''"Mountain" Cahuilla''' ([[Santa Rosa Mountains (California)|Santa Rosa]] and [[San Jacinto Mountains]])
* [[Cahuilla Band of Mission Indians of the Cahuilla Reservation]] (Natcutakiktum (″Sand People″, from Horse Canyon), headquartered at [[Anza, California]])
* [[Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians of the Los Coyotes Reservation]] (first Wiwaiistam (″Coyote People″, from Coyote Canyon) (and Sauicpakiktum, Sawish-pakiktem lineage — later Isilsiveyyaiutcem clan although, and Cupeño, headquarters at [[Warner Springs, California]])
* [[Ramona Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians]] (Apapatcem (″Medicine People″) clan, headquarters at [[Anza, California]])
* [[Santa Rosa Band of Cahuilla Indians]] (original dominated by the Costakiktum, Costai-kiktem and Natcutakiktum, together with Pauatiauitcem, Pauata-kiktum, Tepamokiktum, and Temewhanic (″Northerners″), later Guanche-pakiktem and some Sauicpakiktum, Sawish-pakiktem (from Rockhouse Canyon) clans, headquarters at [[Hemet, California]]<ref>once home to several Mountain Cahuilla clans (Costakiktum, Natcutakiktum, Pauatiauitcem, Pauata-kiktum, Tepamokiktum, and Temewhanic) under the leadership of [[Juan Antonio (Cahuilla)|Chief Juan Antonio]] of the Costakiktum clan, the [[José del Carmen Lugo|Lugo family]] invited these Mountain Cahuilla to settle in [[Politana, California]] to replace the New Mexicans as guardians of their herds against enemy Mojave Indians (1846)</ref>)
'''"Desert" Cahuilla''' (deserts of northern [[Lake Cahuilla]] area)
* [[Augustine Band of Cahuilla Indians]] (Nanxaiyem clan (originally a "Pass" Cahuilla clan), headquarters at [[Coachella, California]])
* [[Cabazon Band of Mission Indians]] (Kawisiktum, Kaunukalkiktum (″Living at kaunukvela People), Iviatim (″Cahuilla language speaking People″), Telakiktum, Mumkwitcem (″Always sick People″), Palpunivikiktum (″People living at water, circling territory″), Tamolanitcem, Tamulanitcum (″Knees bent Together People″), Tevivakiktum (″Round Basket People″), Tuikikiktum (″People at Tuikiktumhemki village″, subordinate the Kauwicpameauitcem) clans,<ref>[http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp026-001.pdf William Duncan Strong: Aboriginal Society in Southern California]</ref> late 19th century although Wantcinakik Tamianawitcem territory, through Chief [[Cabazon (Cahuilla)|Cabazon]] the Kauwicpameauitcem (″Caught By the Rock People″) clan dominated this area, headquarters at [[Indio, California]], called ''Pàl téwet'')<ref>Desert Cahuilla Chief Cabazon (a Spanish nickname which means "stubborn" or "big-headed") also joined in alliance with the [[Californios]]</ref>
* [[Torres-Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians]] (own name: ''″Mau-Wal-Mah Su-Kutt Menyil″'', or ″Deer Moon Among the Palms″, Panakauissiktum (″''water fox'' People″), Palpunivikiktum, Tamolanitcem, Tamulanitcum and later Sawalakiktum, Wakaikiktum (″Night Heron People″, which in turn became Panakauissiktum), and Sewahilem (″Mesquite that is not sweet People″) clans ([[Torres, Riverside County, California|Torres (Toro)]] area; ''Maulma, Mauulmii'' - ″among the palms″) and Mumletcem (″Mixed Up People″), Masuwitcem (″Long Hairs in the Nose People″), Wiitem (″Grasshoppers People″), Wantcauem (″Touched By the River People″), Autaatem (″High Up People″), Awilem (″Dogs People″), Watcinakiktum, Wantcinakiktum clans (later known as Isilsiveyyaiutcem, subordinate Awilem clan), and late 1870s Sauicpakiktum, Sawish-pakiktem ([[Martinez, Riverside County, California|Martinez]] & Martinez Canyon area; ''Soqut Menyily, So-kut Men-yil'' - "Lady moon [figure in creation myth]") clans, and Chemehuevi Indians, headquarters at [[Thermal, California]], ''Telmuva'' - "dark resin or sap from mesquite tree"<ref>[https://escholarship.org/content/qt5210d8sk/qt5210d8sk.pdf Richard Lando & : Ruby E. Modesto: Temal Wakhish: A Desert Cahuilla Village]</ref>)<ref>[http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp014-003.pdf Edward Winslow Gifford: Clans and Moities in Southern California]</ref><ref>[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.912.3814&rep=rep1&type=pdf Larea Lewis: The Desert Cahuilla: A Study of Cultural Landscapes and Historic Settlements]</ref>
==Notable Cahuilla==
* [[Juan Antonio (Cahuilla)|Juan Antonio]] (Cahuilla Band, 1783-1863), major chief of the Mountain Cahuilla
* [[Ramona Lubo]] (1865-1922), basketmaker and icon of Helen Hunt Jackson's novel ''Ramona''
* [[Marigold Linton]] (Morongo Band, b. 1936), cognitive psychologist
* [[John Tortes "Chief" Meyers]] (Cahuilla Band, 1880–1971), Major League baseball catcher
* [[Katherine Siva Saubel]] (Los Coyotes, 1920–2011), language preservationist and former tribal chairperson
* [[Gerald Clarke (artist)|Gerald Clarke]] (Cahuilla Band), Artist and educator
==See also==
* [[Agua Caliente Cultural Museum]]
* [[Cahuilla mythology]]
* [[Cahuilla traditional narratives]]
* ''[[Golden Checkerboard]]''
* [[Muut]]
* [[O. M. Wozencraft]] negotiated the Treaty of Temecula on January 5, 1852.<ref>{{cite web|last=CARRICO |first=RICHARD L.|title=San Diego Indians and the Federal Government Years of Neglect, 1850-1865 |url=https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/80summer/neglect.htm|work=The Journal of San Diego History |publisher=San Diego Historical Society|access-date=22 June 2010|date=Summer 1980}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
===Sources===
* {{cite book|last=Bean|first=Lowell John|title=Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California|url=https://archive.org/details/mukatspeoplecahu0000bean|url-access=registration|year=1972|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=0-520-02627-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mukatspeoplecahu0000bean/page/201 201]|oclc=370378|lccn=78145782}} {{LCC|E99.C155 B4}}
* Bean, Lowell John. (1978) "Cahuilla", in ''California'', edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp.&nbsp;575–587. ''Handbook of North American Indians'', William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, D.C.
* Bean, Lowell John, Sylvia Brakke Vane, and Jackson Young. (1991) ''The Cahuilla Landscape: The Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains''. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press
* Hogan, C. Michael. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090930184850/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=90942 ''California Fan Palm: Washingtonia filifera'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg]
* Kroeber, A. L. (1925) ''Handbook of the Indians of California''. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
* James, Harry C. (1969) ''The Cahuilla Indians'', Banning, CA: Malki Museum Press, .
==Further reading==
* [[Paul Apodaca|Apodaca]], Paul (with Luke Madrigal). 1999. "Cahuilla bird songs", ''California Chronicles'', 2(2): 4-8.
* {{cite book|last1=Brumgardt|first1=John R.|last2=Bowles|first2=Larry L.|title=People of the Magic Waters: The Cahuilla Indians of Pam Springs|location=Palm Springs|publisher=ETC Publications|year=1981|pages=124|oclc=4056234|lccn=78016023|isbn=0-88280-060-4}} {{LCC|E99.C155 B77}}
* {{cite book|last1=Holtzclaw|first1=Kenneth M.|last2=San Gorgonio Pass Historical Society|title=San Gorgonio Pass|series=Images of America|location=Charleston, South Carolina|publisher=Arcadia Press|year=2006|pages=128|isbn=0-7385-3097-2|oclc=70259293|lccn=2005934849}} {{LCC|F868.R6 H65 2006}}
* {{cite book|last=James|first=Harry Clebourne|title=The Cahuilla Indians|location=[[Morongo Band of Mission Indians|Morongo Indian Reservation]]|publisher=Malki Museum Press (Westernlore Press)|orig-year=1960 |year=1968|oclc=254156323|lccn=60010491|asin=B0007HDH7E}} {{LCC|E99.K27 J3}} – includes a photograph of [[Katherine Siva Saubel]] (p.&nbsp;155) and drawings by [[Carl Eytel]] of Indian houses, wells, basket granaries and [[ollas]] (pp.&nbsp;174–5).
* Kroeber, A.L. (1908) ''Ethnography of the Cahuilla Indians''. Kessinger Publishing, LLC (2007 reprint) {{ISBN|0-548-68107-4}} {{ISBN|978-0548681077}}
* {{cite book|last=Quinn|first=Harry M.|title=Observations on the Cahuilla Indians – Past and Present|year=1997|publisher=Coachella Valley Archaeological Society|location=Palm Springs, CA|pages=46|lccn=97204029}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Cahuilla}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029111625/http://www.aguacaliente.org/ Home page Agua Caliente Band]
* [http://www.augustinetribe.org/ Home page Augustine Band]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528151543/http://www.fantasyspringsresort.com/prod/cbmi/index.html Cabazon Band]
* [http://www.cahuilla.net/ Home page Cahuilla Band]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130910125717/http://www.sctca.net/loscoyotes.html Los Coyotes Band of Cahuilla and Cupeno Indians contacts]
* [http://www.morongonation.org/ Home page Morongo Band]
* [http://www.ramonaband.com/ Home page Ramona Band]
* [http://www.santarosacahuilla-nsn.gov/ Home page Santa Rosa Band]
* [http://www.torresmartinez.org/ Home page Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians]
* [http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/76winter/lovell.htm Frazer, Robert W. (ed.) (1976). "Lovell's Report on the Cahuilla Indians: 1854." ''The Journal of San Diego History'' '''22''' (1).]
* [https://www.census.gov|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=3.2363646677060287|dh=1.9924412159321878|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-116.82253145579439|cy=33.94043767382386|zl=7|pz=7|bo=205:319:318:317:316:407:315:314:313:311:323|bl=362:358:357:356:355:354:353:352:213:393:392|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=403:381:204:380:369:379:368|g=25000US0020&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-geo_id=label&-geo_id=25000US0020&-geo_id=25000US2360&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=25000US0020&-CHECK_SEARCH_RESULTS=N&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Agua Caliente Reservation and Morongo Reservation, California] United States Census Bureau
{{Populations of Native California Groups}}
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[[Category:Cahuilla| ]]
[[Category:Mission Indians]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Riverside County, California]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of California]]
[[Category:Colorado Desert]]
[[Category:Uto-Aztecan peoples]]