View source for Calabash

{{short description|Species of bottle gourd plant}}
{{About|the gourd|the winter squash with the same English name|Calabaza|the trees|Crescentia|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{speciesbox
|name  = Calabash
|image = Courge encore verte.jpg
|image_caption = Green calabash growing on its vine
|genus = Lagenaria
|species = siceraria
|authority = ([[Juan Ignacio Molina|Molina]]) [[Paul Carpenter Standley|Standl.]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:134809-2#synonyms |title=''Lagenaria siceraria'' (Molina) Standl. |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2017 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref>
|synonyms = {{collapsible list|
*''Cucumis bicirrha'' <small>J.R.Forst. ex Guill.</small>
*''Cucumis lagenaria'' <small>(L.) Dumort.</small>
*''Cucumis mairei'' <small>H.Lév.</small>
*''Cucurbita ciceraria'' <small>Molina</small>
*''Cucurbita idololatrica'' <small>Willd.</small>
*''Cucurbita lagenaria'' <small>L.</small>
*''Cucurbita leucantha'' <small>Duchesne</small>
*''Cucurbita longa'' <small>W.M.Fletcher</small>
*''Cucurbita pyriformis'' <small>M.Roem.</small>
*''Cucurbita siceraria'' <small>Molina</small>
*''Cucurbita vittata'' <small>Blume</small>
*''Lagenaria bicornuta'' <small>Chakrav.</small>
*''Lagenaria cochinchinensis'' <small>M.Roem.</small>
*''Lagenaria hispida'' <small>Ser.</small>
*''Lagenaria idolatrica'' <small>(Willd.) Ser.</small>
*''Lagenaria lagenaria'' <small>(L.) Cockerell</small>
*''Lagenaria leucantha'' <small>Rusby</small>
*''Lagenaria microcarpa'' <small>Naudin</small>
*''Lagenaria siceraria'' f. ''depressa'' <small>(Ser.) M.Hiroe</small>
*''Lagenaria siceraria'' var. ''laevisperma'' <small>Millán</small>
*''Lagenaria siceraria'' f. ''microcarpa'' <small>(Naudin) M.Hiroe</small>
*''Lagenaria vittata'' <small>Ser.</small>
*''Lagenaria vulgaris'' <small>Ser.</small>
*''Lagenaria vulgaris'' var. ''clavata'' <small>Ser.</small>
*''Lagenaria vulgaris'' var. ''gourda'' <small>Ser.</small>
*''Pepo lagenarius'' <small>Moench</small>
*''Trochomeria rehmannii'' <small>Cogn.</small>
}}}}
'''Calabash''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|l|ə|b|æ|ʃ}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/calabash |title=calabash noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes &#124; Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at |publisher=Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com |date= |access-date=2022-05-06}}</ref> ''Lagenaria siceraria''), also known as '''bottle gourd''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=LA|taxon=Lagenaria siceraria|access-date=22 January 2016}}</ref> '''white-flowered gourd''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''long melon''', '''birdhouse gourd''',<ref>{{cite web|date=2009-04-25|title=Grow Birdhouse Gourds|url=https://www.finegardening.com/article/grow-birdhouse-gourds|access-date=2021-07-25|website=FineGardening|language=en-US}}</ref> '''New Guinea bean''', '''New Guinea butter bean''', '''Tasmania bean''',<ref name="Cucuzza">{{cite web | url=http://www.thekitchn.com/ingredient-spotlight-cucuzza-s-94464 | title=Ingredient Spotlight: Cucuzza ("Googootz") | first=Kathryn | last=Hill | date=1 September 2009 | website=The Kitchn }}</ref> and '''opo squash''', is a [[vine]] grown for its fruit. It can be either harvested young to be consumed as a [[vegetable]], or harvested mature to be dried and used as a utensil, [[container]], or a [[musical instrument]]. When it is fresh, the fruit has a light green smooth skin and white flesh.
Calabash fruits have a variety of shapes: they can be huge and rounded, small and bottle-shaped, or slim and serpentine, and they can grow to be over a metre long. Rounder varieties are typically called '''calabash gourds'''. The gourd was one of the world's first cultivated plants grown not primarily for food, but for use as containers. The bottle gourd may have been carried from Asia to Africa, Europe, and the Americas in the course of [[human migration]],<ref name="pmid16352716" /> or by seeds floating across the oceans inside the gourd. It has been proven to have been globally domesticated (and existed in the [[New World]]) during the [[Pre-Columbian era]].
There is sometimes confusion when discussing "calabash" because the name is shared with the unrelated calabash tree (''[[Crescentia cujete]]''), whose hard, hollow fruits are also used to make utensils, containers, and musical instruments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=Sally |date=1982 |title=When is a calabash not a calabash |journal=New West Indian Guide |pages=56:69–82}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
The English word ''calabash'' is loaned from {{Langx|frm|calebasse}}, which in turn derived from {{Langx|es|calabaza}} meaning gourd or pumpkin. The Spanish word is of pre-Roman origin. It comes from the {{Langx|xib|calapaccu}}, from -cal which means house or shell. It is a doublet of [[carapace]] and [[galapago]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwYrAAAAIAAJ&q=calappacu+calabaza | title=Romance Philology Volume 13 | date=1960 | accessdate=26 August 2024 | pages=39| publisher=Brepols Publishers }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVtbAAAAcAAJ&q=calappacu+calabaza | title=Del origen y principio de la lengua castellana ò romance que oi se usa en España ideas lingüísticas de Aldrete · Volume 2 | date=1975 | accessdate=26 August 2024 | pages=345| publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://etimologias.dechile.net/?calabaza | title=calabaza | publisher=Etimologías de Chile | accessdate=26 August 2024}}</ref> The English word is cognate with {{Langx|ca|carabassa}} ("pumpkin; orange colour"), {{Langx|gl|cabaza}} ("gourd, pumpkin, squash; calabash (container)"), {{Langx|oc|calebasso}}, {{Lang|oc|carabasso}}, {{Lang|oc|carbasso}}, {{Langx|pt|cabaça}} ("gourd; calabash (container)") and {{Langx|scn|caravazza}} (and {{Lang|scn|caramazza}}).{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
== History ==
[[File:సొరకాయ పోపు కూర (2).jpg|right|thumb|Bottle gourd curry]]
The bottle gourd has been recovered from archaeological contexts in China and Japan dating to c. 8,000–9,000 [[Before Present|BP]],<ref name="Erickson Smith Clarke et al 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=David L. |last2=Smith |first2=Bruce D. |last3=Clarke |first3=Andrew C. |last4=Sandweiss |first4=Daniel H. |last5=Tuross |first5=Noreen |title=An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=20 December 2005 |volume=102 |issue=51 |pages=18315–18320 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509279102 |pmid=16352716 |pmc=1311910 |bibcode=2005PNAS..10218315E |doi-access=free }}</ref> whereas in Africa, despite decades of high-quality archaeobotanical research, the earliest record of its occurrence remains the 1884 report of a bottle gourd being recovered from a 12th Dynasty tomb at Thebes dating to ca. 4,000 BP.<ref name="Erickson Smith Clarke et al 2005"/> When considered together, the genetic and archaeological information points toward ''L. siceraria'' being independently brought under domestication first in Asia, and more than 4,000 years later, in Africa.<ref name="Erickson Smith Clarke et al 2005"/>
The bottle gourd is a commonly [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plant in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, and was eventually domesticated in southern Africa. Stands of ''L. siceraria'', which may be source plants and not merely domesticated stands, were reported in Zimbabwe in 2004.<ref name="Decker-Walters2004"/> This apparent wild plant produces thinner-walled fruit that, when dried, would not endure the rigors of use on long journeys as a water container. Today's gourd may owe its tough, waterproof wall to [[Selection (biology)|selection]] pressures over its long history of [[domestication]].<ref name="Decker-Walters2005"/>
Gourds were cultivated in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas for thousands of years before [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|Columbus' arrival to the Americas]]. Polynesian specimens of calabash were found to have genetic markers suggesting hybridization from Asian and American cultivars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Andrew C. |last2=Burtenshaw |first2=Michael K. |last3=McLenachan |first3=Patricia A. |last4=Erickson |first4=David L. |last5=Penny |first5=David |title=Reconstructing the Origins and Dispersal of the Polynesian Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=May 2006 |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=893–900 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj092 |pmid=16401685 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/23/5/893/1058370 |access-date=28 November 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref> In Europe,<ref name="Jahr2002"/> [[Walahfrid Strabo]] (808–849), abbot and poet from [[Reichenau Island|Reichenau]]  and advisor to the [[Carolingian]] kings, discussed the gourd in his ''Hortulus'' as one of the 23 plants of an ideal garden.<ref name="hortulus"/><ref name="Strabo2002"/>
The mystery of the bottle gourd – namely that this African or Eurasian species was being grown in the Americas over 8,000 years ago<ref name="MATRIX2005"/> – comes from the difficulty in understanding how it arrived in the Americas. The bottle gourd was theorized to have drifted across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to South America, but in 2005 a group of researchers suggested that it may have been domesticated earlier than food crops and livestock and, like dogs, was brought into the [[New World]] at the end of the [[ice age]] by the native hunter-gatherer [[Paleo-Indians]], which they based on a study of the genetics of archaeological samples. This study purportedly showed that gourds in American archaeological finds were more closely related to Asian variants than to African ones.<ref name=pmid16352716/>
In 2014 this theory was repudiated based on a more thorough genetic study. Researchers more completely examined the [[plastid]] genomes of a broad sample of bottle gourds, and concluded that North and South American specimens were most closely related to wild African variants and could have drifted over the ocean several or many times, as long as 10,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kistler |first1=Logan |last2=Montenegro |first2=Álvaro |last3=Smith |first3=Bruce D. |last4=Gifford |first4=John A. |last5=Green |first5=Richard E. |last6=Newsom |first6=Lee A. |last7=Shapiro |first7=Beth |title=Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=25 February 2014 |volume=111 |issue=8 |pages=2937–2941 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1318678111 |pmid=24516122 |pmc=3939861 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.2937K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Cultivation ==
[[File:Lagenaria-siceraria-2019-5-9 17-4-8-01.jpg|thumb|Pollen of ''Lagenaria siceraria'' (Size: ~60 microns)]]
Bottle gourds are grown by direct sowing of seeds or transplanting 15- to 20-day-old seedlings. The plant prefers well-drained, moist, organic rich soil. It requires plenty of moisture in the growing season and a warm, sunny position, sheltered from the wind. It can be cultivated in small places such as in a pot, and allowed to spread on a trellis or roof. In rural areas, many houses with thatched roofs are covered with the gourd vines. Bottle gourds grow very rapidly and their stems can reach a length of 9 m in the summer, so they need a solid support along the stem if they are to climb a pole or trellis. If planted under a tall tree, the vine may grow up to the top of the tree. To obtain more fruit, farmers sometimes cut off the tip of the vine when it has grown to 6–8 feet in length. This forces the plant to produce side branches that will bear flowers and yield more fruit.
The plant produces night blooming white flowers. The male flowers have long peduncles and the females have short ones with an ovary in the shape of the fruit. Sometimes the female flowers drop off without growing into a gourd due to the failure of pollination if there is no night pollinator (probably a kind of moth) in the garden. Hand pollination can be used to solve the problem. Pollens are around 60 microns in length.
First crop is ready for harvest within two months; first flowers open in about 45 days from sowing. Each plant can yield 1 fruit per day for the next 45 days if enough nutrients are available.
Yield ranges from 35 to 40 tons/ha, per season of 3 months cycle.
<gallery>
File:Calabash (Lagenaria siceraria) in Seoul.jpg|Pear-shaped bottle gourd in [[Seoul]], Korea
File:JfPasongBangkal8236SanRafaelfvf 23.JPG|Slim, elongated upo squash, in [[San Rafael, Bulacan]], Philippines
File:A tiny growing calabash (bottle gourd) with flower captured at night.jpg|A female Calabash flower with a visible ovary at night, in [[West Bengal]], India.
File:Lagenaria siceraria "geese".jpg|Crook-necked "geese" cultivar in [[Granville Island]] Public Market, Canada
File:Edible immature Lagenaria siceraria fruits, longissima snake gourds.jpg|Serpentine snake gourds in [[Media, Pennsylvania]], United States
File:Calabash flower.jpg|Calabash flower
File:Bottle gourd seeds.jpg|Calabash seeds
File:2007.10-310-270 Bottle gourd,bowl,spoon(frm Sikasso) Bamako,ML mon29oct2007-1315h.jpg|Collection of bowls and spoons made of bottle gourd from [[Mali]], 2007
File:2015-03-20 Wuhua District, Yunnan, Kunming 光華街(雲南省昆明市五華区, 中国) DSCF3570.jpg|Wuhua District, [[Yunnan]], [[Kunming]], China
</gallery>
== Toxicity ==
Like other members of the family [[Cucurbitaceae]], gourds contain [[cucurbitacin]]s that are known to be [[cytotoxic]] at a high concentration. The [[tetracyclic]] [[triterpenoid]] cucurbitacins present in fruits and vegetables of the cucumber family are responsible for the bitter taste, and could cause stomach ulcers. In extreme cases, people have died from drinking the juice of gourds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Not all bitter veggies are good, they can kill you: Doctors
|first=Priya
|last=Adhyaru-Majithia
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_not-all-bitter-veggies-are-good-they-can-kill-you-doctors_1358598
|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]
|publisher=[[D B Corp Ltd.|Bhaskar Group]]
|date=13 March 2010
|access-date=9 July 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626233012/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_not-all-bitter-veggies-are-good-they-can-kill-you-doctors_1358598
|archive-date=26 June 2010
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Toxin in lauki kills diabetic city scientist
|first=Neetu
|last=Chandra
|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/104719/India/toxin-in-lauki-kills-diabetic-city-scientist.html
|newspaper=[[India Today]]
|publisher=[[Living Media]]
|date=9 July 2010
|access-date=9 July 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712104141/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/104719/India/toxin-in-lauki-kills-diabetic-city-scientist.html
|archive-date=12 July 2010
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Bitter 'lauki' juice can kill you
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-28/hyderabad/29712339_1_gourd-icmr-juice
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110705003828/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-28/hyderabad/29712339_1_gourd-icmr-juice
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 July 2011
| date = 28 June 2011
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 28 June 2010
}}
</ref>
The toxic cases are usually due to the gourd being used to make juice, which the drinkers described as being unusually bitter.<ref name="taskforce"/> In three of the lethal cases, the victims were diabetics in their 50s and 60s.<ref name="taskforce">{{cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=Rajesh |last2=Sud |first2=Randhir |last3=Khaliq |first3=Abdul |last4=Kumar |first4=Mandhir |last5=Jain |first5=Sanjay |title=Gastrointestinal toxicity due to bitter bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria)─a report of 15 cases |journal=Indian Journal of Gastroenterology |date=September 2011 |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=233–236 |doi=10.1007/s12664-011-0110-z |pmid=21986853 |s2cid=12653649 }}</ref> In 2018, a healthy woman in her 40s was hospitalized for severe reactions after consuming the juice and died three days later from complications.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/healthy-woman-dies-after-drinking-bottle-gourd-juice/articleshow/64675921.cms|title=Pune woman dies after drinking bottle gourd juice - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref>
The plant is not normally toxic when eaten. The excessively bitter (and toxic) gourds are due to improper storage (temperature swings or high temperature) and over-ripening.<ref name="taskforce"/>
==Nutrition==
Boiled calabash is 95% water, 4% [[carbohydrate]]s, 1% [[protein (nutrition)|protein]], and contains negligible [[fat]] (table). In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, cooked calabash supplies a moderate amount of [[vitamin C]] (10% of the [[Daily Value]]), with no other [[micronutrient]]s in significant amounts (table).
{{nutritional value | name=Calabash, cooked, no salt
| kJ=63
| water=95 g
| protein=0.6 g
| fat=0.02 g
| carbs=3.69 g
| fiber=1.2 g
| calcium_mg=24
| iron_mg=0.25
| magnesium_mg=11
| phosphorus_mg=13
| potassium_mg=170
| sodium_mg=2
| zinc_mg=0.7
| manganese_mg=0.066
| vitC_mg=8.5
| thiamin_mg=0.029
| riboflavin_mg=0.022
| niacin_mg=0.39
| pantothenic_mg=0.144
| vitB6_mg=0.038
| folate_ug=4
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169233/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}
== Culinary uses ==
=== Central America ===
In Central America the seeds of the bottle gourd are toasted and ground with other ingredients (including rice, cinnamon, and allspice) to make one type of the drink ''[[horchata]]''.
=== East Asia ===
==== China ====
The calabash is frequently used in southern Chinese cuisine in either a stir-fry dish or a soup.
==== Japan ====
[[File:Leiden University Library - Seikei Zusetsu vol. 26, page 006 - 苦瓠, 懸瓠 - Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., 1804.jpg|thumb|Calabash varieties, illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)]]
In Japan, it is commonly sold in the form of dried, marinated strips known as ''[[Kanpyō (food)|kanpyō]]'' and is used as an ingredient for making ''[[sushi|makizushi]]'' (rolled [[sushi]]).
==== Korea ====
Traditionally in Korea, the inner flesh has been eaten as ''[[namul]]'' vegetable and the outside cut in half to make bowls. Both fresh and dried flesh of ''bak'' is used in [[Korean cuisine]]. Fresh calabash flesh, scraped out, seeded, salted and squeezed to draw out moisture, is called ''baksok''. Scraped and sun-dried calabash flesh, called ''bak-goji'', is usually soaked before being stir-fried. Soaked ''bak-goji'' is often simmered in sauce or stir-fried before being added to ''[[japchae]]'' and [[gimbap]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/09/06/2016090601077.html|title=[정재훈의 밥상 공부] 광해군이 먹고 감탄해 벼슬까지 내린 잡채는?|last=Jeong|first=Jaehoon|date=14 September 2016|newspaper=[[ChosunBiz]]|access-date=15 December 2016|language=ko|trans-title=[Jeong Jaehoon's dining table study] What japchae impressed Gwanghaegun so much that he gave it a title of a public official?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.idomin.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=376043|title=냄비우동·박고지김밥…"5000원의 행복 맛보러 오세요"|last=김|first=민지|date=14 March 2012|newspaper=Gyeongnam Domin Ilbo|language=ko|trans-title=Naembi udong, bakgoji gimbap... "Come to taste the happiness of 5,000 won}}</ref> Sometimes uncooked raw ''baksok'' is seasoned to make ''[[saengchae]]''.
<gallery>
File:Baknamul(seasoned calabash).jpg|''Bak-[[namul]]'' (seasoned calabash side dish)
</gallery>
=== Southeast Asia ===
==== Burma ====
In Burma, it is a popular fruit. The young leaves are also boiled and eaten with a spicy, fermented fish sauce. It can also be cut up, coated in batter and deep fried to make [[fritters]], which are eaten with Burmese [[mohinga]].
==== Philippines ====
In the Philippines, calabash (known locally as {{lang|tl|upo}}) is commonly cooked in soup dishes like [[tinola]]. They are also common ingredients in noodle (''[[pancit]]'') dishes.
<gallery>
Upojf.JPG|{{lang|tl|Upo}} with [[sotanghon]]
873Home cooking of ginisang upo with Campbells Cream of Mushroom Soup 19.jpg|{{lang|tl|Upo}} being sauteed ({{lang|tl|ginisa}})
</gallery>
==== Vietnam ====
In [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnam]], it is a very popular vegetable, commonly cooked in soup with shrimp, meatballs, clams, various fish like [[Airbreathing catfish|freshwater catfish]] or [[Snakehead (fish)|snakehead]] fish or crab. It is also commonly stir-fried with meat or seafood, or incorporated as an ingredient of a [[hotpot]]. It is also used as a medicine. Americans have called calabashes from Vietnam "opo squash".
The [[Shoot (botany)|shoot]]s, [[tendril]]s, and [[leaf|leaves]] of the plant may also be eaten as [[leaf vegetable|greens]].
=== South Asia ===
==== India ====
[[File:Calabash hanging.jpg|thumb|An Indian calabash]]
[[File:লাউশাকের পোস্ত, কলকাতা.jpg|alt=A white bowl containing 'Laau shaaker posto', which is a typical Bengali dish made with the stems and leaves of a bottle gourd plant, potatoes, and 'bori' which is sundried dollops of lentil paste. It's cooked in poppy seed-mustard paste.|thumb|Bengali dish made with the stems and leaves of a bottle gourd plant]]
A popular north Indian dish is ''lauki chana'', (''[[Chickpea|chana dal]]'' and diced gourd in a semi-dry gravy). In the state of [[Maharashtra]] in India, a similar preparation called ''dudhi chana'' is popular. The skin of the vegetable is used in making a dry spicy [[chutney]] preparation. It is consumed in [[Assam]] with [[Malabar matthi curry|fish curry]], as boiled vegetable [[curry]] and also fried with potato and tomatoes. ''Lauki [[kheer]]'' (grated bottle gourd, sugar and milk preparation) is a dessert from [[Telangana]], usually prepared for festive occasions. In Andhra Pradesh it is called ''sorakaya'' and is used to make ''sorakaya pulusu'' (with tamarind juice), ''sorakaya palakura'' (curry with milk and spices) and ''sorakaya pappu'' (with [[lentil]]s). ''Lau chingri'', a dish prepared with bottle gourd and [[prawn]], is popular in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Waheed|first=Karim|date=2021-07-14|title=For Bangladesh, Kishwar has already won|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/us-kishwar-has-already-won-2129391|access-date=2021-08-12|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> The edible leaves and young stems of the plant are widely used in [[Bengali cuisine]]. Although popularly called ''lauki'' in Hindi in northern part of the country, it is also called ''kaddu'' in certain parts of country like eastern India. (However, "kaddu" popularly translates to "pumpkin" in northern India.) It can be consumed as a dish with rice or [[roti]] for its medicinal benefits. In Gujarat, a traditional Gujarati savoury cake called [[handvo]] is made primarily using bottle gourd (in Gujarati, ''dudhi''), sesame seeds, flour, and often lentils. In Karnataka, bottle gourd is called ''Sorekayi'' and is used to prepare ''palya'' (stir-fry) and ''[[sambar (dish)|Sambaru]]'' (a south Indian stew). Also, crispy ''sorekayi dosé'' ([[Dosa (food)|dosa]]) is one of the popular breakfasts in Karnataka.
==== Bangladesh ====
In Bangladesh the fruit is served with rice as a common dish.
==== Nepal ====
In Nepal, in the [[Madhesh]]i southern plains, preparations other than as a normal vegetable include ''[[halva]]'' and ''[[Khichdi (dish)|khichdi]]''.
==== Pakistan ====
In Pakistan, the calabash is cultivated on a large scale as its fruit are a popular vegetable.
==== Sri Lanka ====
In Sri Lanka, it is used in combination with rice to make a variety of milk rice, which is a popular dish in Sri Lanka. Different types of curries are also made using this, specially white curries with coconut milk.
=== Europe ===
==== Italy ====
In Southern Italy and Sicily, the variety Lagenaria siceraria var. longissima, called zucca da vino, zucca bottiglia, or cucuzza, is grown and used in soup or along with pasta.
In Sicily, mostly in the Palermo area, a traditional soup called "Minestra di Tenerumi" is made with the tender leaves of var. Longissima along with peeled tomato and garlic. The young leaves are themselves called "tenerumi", and Lagenaria in Sicily is cultivated both professionally and in home orchards mostly to use the leaves as a vegetable, the fruit being treated almost as a secondary product.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Puca |first=Davide |title=Che cos'è una minestra? Il sistema delle minestre siciliane |trans-title=What is a soup? The system of Sicilian soups |language=it |journal=E/C |volume=27 |date=2019 |pages=1–11 |hdl=10447/492973 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
It is also grown by the [[Italian diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Nicastro|first=Francesca|url=https://www.ditalia.com/blogs/the-secret-sauce/how-to-cook-with-cucuzza|title=How to Cook with Cucuzza|date=1 August 2017}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Iozucchine.jpg| Man with cucuzza
</gallery>
== Cultural uses ==
=== Africa ===
Hollowed-out and dried calabashes are a very typical utensil in households across West Africa. They are used to clean rice, carry water, and as food containers. Smaller sizes are used as bowls to drink [[palm wine]]. Calabashes are used in making the West African instruments like the [[Shekere|Ṣẹ̀kẹ̀rẹ̀]], a Yoruba instrument similar to a maraca, ''[[Kora (instrument)|kora]]'' (a [[harp-lute]]), ''[[xalam]]''/''ngoni'' (a lute) and the ''[[goje]]'' (a traditional fiddle). They also serve as resonators underneath the ''[[balafon]]'' (West African [[marimba]]). The calabash is also used in making the ''shegureh'' (a Sierra Leonean women's rattle)<ref>[http://www.yale.edu/glc/gullah/04.htm image at Joseph Opala] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518031713/http://www.yale.edu/glc/gullah/04.htm |date=18 May 2008 }}, "Origin of the Gullah", yale.edu.</ref> and ''balangi'' (a Sierra Leonean type of'' balafon'') musical instruments. Sometimes large calabashes are simply hollowed, dried and used as percussion instruments by striking them, especially by [[Fula people|Fulani]], [[Songhai people|Songhai]], [[Gur languages|Gur]]-speaking and [[Hausa people|Hausa]] peoples. In [[Nigeria]] the calabash has been used by some motorcyclists as an imitation helmet in an attempt to circumvent motorcycle helmet laws.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria bikers' vegetable helmets |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/7813418.stm |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=6 January 2009}}</ref> In [[South Africa]] it is commonly used as a drinking vessel and a vessel for carrying food by communities, such as the [[Bapedi]] and [[Zulus|AmaZulu]]. Erbore children of Ethiopia wear hats made from the calabash to protect them from the sun. South Africa's [[FNB Stadium]], which hosted the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]], is known as The Calabash as its shape takes inspiration from the calabash. The calabash is also used in the manufacture of [[puppets]].
Calabash also has a large cultural significance. In many African legends, Calabash (commonly referred to as gourds) are presented as a vessel for knowledge and wisdom.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |doi=10.1525/9780520949539-004 |chapter=Food and the African Past |title=In the Shadow of Slavery |year=2019 |pages=6–26 |isbn=978-0-520-94953-9 |s2cid=243438207 |first1=Judith |last1=Carney |publisher=University of California Press }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Refreshing palm wine.jpg|Calabashes (''nkalu'' in [[Kikongo]]) are used to collect and store [[palm wine]] in [[Bandundu Province]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (c. 1990)
File:Toumani Diabaté.jpg|The Malian [[Kora (instrument)|kora]] player [[Toumani Diabaté]] with his instrument (2007)
File:Ayumaré.jpg|Calabash [[puppet]] ([[Marionette]]) (2020)
File:Festival du Bout du Monde 2017 - Sona Jobarteh - 001.jpg|The African [[Calabash (percussion)|percussion calabash]] (2017)
</gallery>
=== China ===
The ''húlu'' ([[wiktionary:葫芦|葫芦]]/[[wiktionary:葫蘆|葫蘆]]), as the calabash is called in [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]]'','' is an ancient symbol for health. Hulu had fabled healing properties due to doctors in former times carrying medicine inside it. The ''hulu'' was believed to absorb negative, earth-based ''[[qi]]'' (energy) that would otherwise affect health, and is a [[traditional Chinese medicine]] cure. The bottle gourd is a symbol of the [[Eight Immortals]], and particularly [[Li Tieguai]], who is associated with medicine. Li Tieguai's gourd was said to carry medicine that could cure any illness and never emptied, which he dispensed to the poor and needy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ho |first=Kwok Man |others=Translated and edited by Joanne O'Brien |title=The Eight Immortals of Taoism: Legends and Fables of Popular Taoism |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1990 |isbn=9780452010703 |pages=93–94}}</ref><ref name="britannica2">{{cite web|date=2008|title=Li T'ieh-kuai|url=http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9048083|access-date=26 October 2008|website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Some folk myths say the "gourd had spirals of smoke ascend from it, denoting his power of setting his spirit free from his body,"<ref name="wilson">{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Eddie W.|date=April 1951|title=The Gourd in Folk Symbolism|journal=Western Folklore|volume=10|issue=2|pages=162–164|doi=10.2307/1497969|jstor=1497969}}</ref> and that it "served as a bedroom for the night..."<ref name="britannica2"/> The gourd is also an attribute of the deity [[Shouxing]] and a symbol of longevity.<ref>{{cite book |first=E. T. C. |last=Werner |author-link=E. T. C. Werner |year=1922 |title=Myths & Legends of China |publisher=George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd. |location=New York |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15250 |access-date=2021-10-10}}</ref>
Dried calabash were also used as containers for liquids, often liquors or medicines. Calabash gourds were also grown in earthen molds to form different shapes with imprinted floral or arabesque designs. Molded gourds were also dried to house [[Crickets as pets|pet crickets]]. The texture of the gourd lends itself nicely to the sound of the insect, much like a musical instrument. The musical instrument, ''hulusi'', is a kind of flute made from the gourd.{{clarify|date=December 2017}}
<gallery>
File:Gourd katydid cage with pressed flower design.JPG|A [[Qing dynasty]] cricket cage
File:FSbottlegourd.jpg|A bottle gourd
File:Wang Li playing an hulusi (calabash flute) - 2012 Richmond Folk Festival.jpg|A ''[[hulusi]]'', the calabash gourd flute or bottle gourd flute
</gallery>
=== Jewish culture ===
In the [[Sephardim|Safaradi Jewish]] culture, the gourd is eaten during [[Rosh Hashana]] (Jewish New Year's Eve). According to the texts the gourd is eaten as a symbol of tearing apart the enemies who may come and attack. It is called Qaraa, which in Hebrew means "torn" קרע.
"שיקרעו אויבנו מעלינו" meaning "may our enemies be torn apart over from us".{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
=== Polynesia ===
The plant is spread throughout [[Polynesia]] known by ''hue'' in many related languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hue|work=Te Māra Reo: The Language Garden|year=2022|publisher=Benton Family Trust|url=https://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Hue.html|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>
In [[Hawaii]] the word "calabash" refers to a large serving bowl, usually made from hardwood rather than from the calabash gourd, which is used on a buffet table or in the middle of the dining table. The use of the calabash in Hawaii has led to terms like "calabash family" or "calabash cousins", indicating an extended family grown up around shared meals and close friendships. This gourd is often dried when ripe and used as a percussion instrument called an ''ipu heke'' (double gourd drum) or just [[Ipu]] in contemporary and ancient [[hula]].
The [[Māori people]] of [[New Zealand]] grew several cultivars of calabash for particular uses like ''ipu kai'' cultivars as food containers and ''tahā wai'' cultivars as water gourds. They believed the gourd as a representation of Pū-tē-hue, one of [[Tāne]] (their god of forests)'s offspring.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Best|first=Elsdon|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BesAgri-t1-body-d7.html|title=Maori Agriculture - Part VII The Hue or Gourd. Lagenaria Vulgaris|year=1976|publisher=A. R. Shearer|location=Wellington, New Zealand|pages=245–255|via=NZETC at [[Victoria University of Wellington]] Library}}</ref> Several types of [[taonga pūoro]] (musical instruments) are made from gourds, including types of flute (ororuarangi, kōauau ponga ihu) and shakers (hue rarā, hue puruwai).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flintoff |first1=Brian |title=Taonga Pūoro Singing Treasures: The Musical Instruments of the Māori |date=2004 |publisher=Craig Potton Publishing |location=Nelson |pages=27-35}}</ref>
===India===
The calabash is used as a resonator in many string instruments in India. Instruments that look like guitars are made of wood, but can have a calabash resonator at the end of the strings table, called ''toomba''. The ''[[sitar]]'', the ''[[surbahar]]'', the ''[[tanpura]]'' (north of India, ''tambura'' south of India), may have a ''toomba''. In some cases, the ''toomba'' may not be functional, but if the instrument is large, it is retained because of its balance function, which is the case of the ''[[Saraswati veena]]''. Other instruments like ''[[rudra veena]]'' and ''[[vichitra veena]]'' have two large calabash resonators at both ends of the strings table. The instrument, Gopichand used by the Baul singers of Bengal is made out of calabash. The practice is also common among [[Buddhist]] and [[Jain]] sages.<ref>{{cite web
| url         = http://www.asianart.com/articles/landsberg/index.html
| date        = 4 February 2000
| title       = Kanailal and Brother, Calcutta: The History of an Indian Musical Instrument Maker
| first       = Steven
| last        = Landsberg
}}</ref>
These ''toombas'' are made of dried calabash gourds, using special cultivars that were originally imported from Africa and Madagascar. They are mostly grown in [[Bengal]] and near [[Miraj]], [[Maharashtra]]. These gourds are valuable items and they are carefully tended; for example, they are sometimes given injections to stop worms and insects from making holes in them while they are drying.
<gallery>
File:Deutsches Museum (121283169).jpg|''[[Sitar]]s and one ''rudra veena'' (down right)
File:Sitar3.jpg|Sitar with resonator made from a bottle gourd.<ref>{{cite web|via=Small Encyclopedia of Indian Instruments at India-instruments.de|lang=de|url=http://www.india-instruments.de/instrumente/instrumentenlexikon/sitar.html|url-status=dead|date=2001|last=Kasliwal|first=Suneera|title=Classical Musical Instruments - Sitar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319031459/http://www.india-instruments.de/instrumente/instrumentenlexikon/sitar.html |archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> ''[[Surbahar]]'' is similar but larger and with lower sounds (something like a bass ''sitar'')<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ashokpathak.com/?page_id=124 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925121534/http://ashokpathak.com/?page_id=124 | archive-date=25 September 2022 | website=Pt. Ashok Pathak | title=Dhrupad Surbahar }}</ref>
File:Srivani veena.jpg|[[Saraswati veena]], the calabash resonator is not always functional but it is kept in place because of the balancing effect.<ref name="veena para mi me estas macaneando">{{cite web |url=http://www.buckinghammusic.com/veena/veena.html |url-status=dead |title=Veena, Saraswati Veena, Rudra Veena and Vichitra Veena |access-date=2014-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320141928/http://www.buckinghammusic.com/veena/veena.html |archive-date=20 March 2014}}</ref>
File:Asad Ali Khan.jpg|Rudra veena is a large plucked [[string instrument]] used in [[Hindustani classical music]]. One of the major types of ''[[veena]]'' played in Indian classical music, it has two calabash gourd resonators.<ref name="veena para mi me estas macaneando" /> The ''[[vichitra veena]]'', also with two large resonators, is a similar instrument.
File:Ektara player 2.jpg|[[Ektara]] (one string) resonator made from a calabash gourd
File:Shubha Mudgal in playing the Tanpura (2527339532).jpg|The ''tambura'' or ''[[tanpura]]'' may have a ''toomba'' (although not in this picture), a resonator made of calabash at the end of the strings table.<ref>{{cite web|website=Daly Music|url-status=dead |url=http://www.dalymusic.com/tanpura-tambura-indian-musical-instrument/|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231010651/http://www.dalymusic.com/tanpura-tambura-indian-musical-instrument/|title=Tambura/tanpura}}</ref>
</gallery>
[[Hindu]] ascetics (''[[sadhu]]'') traditionally use a dried gourd vessel called the ''[[kamandalu]]''. The juice of a bottle gourd is considered to have medicinal properties and be very healthy (see juice toxicity above).
In parts of India a dried, unpunctured gourd is used as a float (called ''surai-kuduvai'' in Tamil) to help people learn to swim in rural areas.
===Philippines===
In the Philippines, dried calabash gourds are one common material for making a traditional ''[[salakot]]'' hat.<ref name="Peralta">{{cite book|last=Peralta|first=Jesus T.|title=Salakot and Other Headgear|date=2013|publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) & Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP), UNESCO|page=232|url=https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf|access-date=6 March 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124234811/https://www.unesco-ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/095_Salakot_and_Other_Headgear.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 2012, Teófilo García of [[Abra (province)|Abra]] in [[Luzon]], an expert artisan who makes the [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]] ''tamburaw'' variant using calabash, was awarded by the [[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]] with the ''"Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan"'' (National Living Treasures Award). He was cited for his dedication to practising and teaching the craft as an [[intangible cultural heritage]] of the Philippines under the Traditional Craftsmanship category.<ref name="Peralta"/>
<gallery>
File:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Money Museum salakot display.jpg|''[[Salakot]]'' in the [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] Money Museum, with the bottom one made from calabash
File:Salakots and women's hats (1900).jpg|''[[Salakot]]'' from the Philippines (c.1900), the top one is made from calabash
File:LM DIEGO SILANG.jpg|Bust of [[Diego Silang]], the 18th-century Ilocano revolutionary leader, shown wearing a ''tamburaw'' made from gourd
</gallery>
=== New Guinea ===
Among some New Guinea highland tribes, the calabash is used by men as a [[Koteka|penis sheath]].
=== South America ===
In Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile and southern Brazil, calabash gourds are dried and carved into ''mates'' (from the [[Quechua language|Quichua]] word ''mathi'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Lara|first=Jesus|date=1971|title=Diccionario Qhëshwa—Castellano Castellano—Qhëshwa|location=Cochabamba|publisher=Editorial Los Amigos del Libro|page=171}}</ref> adopted into the Spanish language), the traditional container for [[Mate (beverage)|mate]], the caffeinated, tea-like drink brewed from the [[yerba mate]] plant. In the region the beverage itself is called ''mate'' as well as the calabash from which the drinking vessels are made. In Peru it is used in a popular practice for the making of [[mate burilado]]; "''burilado''" is the technique adopted for decorating the ''mate'' calabashes.
<gallery>
File:Lagenaria siceraria mate fruits from accesion.jpg|''L. siceraria'' "''mate''" type
File:6-porongo.jpg|Calabash used as a container for drinking ''[[Mate (drink)|mate]]'' with a metal ''[[bombilla]]''
File:Tipos de mate (recipiente).jpg|''Mate'' carved and decorated as a drinking container (also called ''mate'', and the infusion also called ''mate'')
File:Lagenaria siceraria - Mates Burilados Carved Gourds - Cusco, Perú detail.jpg|''[[Mate burilado]]'' in Peru
</gallery>
In Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador calabash gourds are used for medicinal purposes. The [[Inca]] culture applied symbols from folklore to gourds, this practice is still familiar and valued.
=== North America ===
Calabash's watertight features allowed it to be often used as container to ship seeds across the translantic slave trade.<ref name=":0" /> They were also used by enslaved people to carry seeds for planting on plantation fields.<ref name=":0" /> On plantations that held enslaved African Americans, the Calabash symbolized freedom—as alluded to in the song "Follow the Drinking Gourd" that referenced the Big Dipper constellation that was used to guide the Underground Railroad.<ref name=":0" />
== Other uses ==
=== Tobacco smoking pipe ===
{{See also|Smoking pipe (tobacco)#Calabash}}
The gourd can be dried and used to smoke pipe [[tobacco]]. According to American consular reports from the early 20th century calabash pipes were commonly used in South Africa. Calabash was said to bestow a "special softness" of flavor that could not be duplicated by other materials. The lining was made of [[meerschaum]], though [[tin]] was used for low-grade models.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA423|title=Daily Consular and Trade Reports|year=1906}}</ref> A typical design yielded by this squash is recognized (theatrically) as the pipe of [[Sherlock Holmes]], but the inventor of this character, [[Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]], never mentioned Holmes using a calabash pipe. It was the preferred pipe for stage actors portraying Holmes, because they could balance this pipe better than other styles while delivering their lines.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}
=== Enema equipment ===
The gourd is used traditionally to administer [[enema]]s. Along the upper Congo River an enema apparatus is made by making a hole in one end of the gourd for filling it, and using a resin to attach a hollow cane to the gourd's neck.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The History of the Enema with Some Notes on Related Procedures (Part I)|author=[[Julius Friedenwald]] and Samuel Morrison|date=January 1940|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume=8|issue=1|pages=75–76|jstor=44442727}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Decker-Walters2004">{{cite journal |doi=10.1663/0013-0001(2004)058[0501:DAGAOW]2.0.CO;2 |jstor=4256864 |hdl=10113/44303 |hdl-access=free |year=2004 |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=501–8 |title=Discovery and Genetic Assessment of Wild Bottle Gourd &#91;Lagenaria Siceraria (Mol.) Standley; Cucurbitaceae&#93; from Zimbabwe |journal=Economic Botany |last1=Decker-Walters |first1=Deena S |last2=Wilkins-Ellert |first2=Mary |last3=Chung |first3=Sang-Min |last4=Staub |first4=Jack E |s2cid=32430173 }}</ref>
<ref name="Decker-Walters2005">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msj092 |pmid=16401685 |title=Reconstructing the Origins and Dispersal of the Polynesian Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=893–900 |year=2006 |last1=Clarke |first1=Andrew C |last2=Burtenshaw |first2=Michael K |last3=McLenachan |first3=Patricia A |last4=Erickson |first4=David L |last5=Penny |first5=David |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="hortulus">{{cite book
|language     = la, de
|last         = Strabo
|first        = Walahfrid
|others       = Näf, W.; és Gabathuler, M. (ford.)
|url          = http://www.medbio.de/hortulus/cucurbita_strabo.html
|title        = De cultura hortorum
|year         = 2000
|publisher = Thorbecke
|isbn         = 978-3-7995-3504-5
|access-date  = 14 July 2010
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929142730/http://www.medbio.de/hortulus/cucurbita_strabo.html
|archive-date = 29 September 2007
|url-status     = dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Strabo2002">{{cite book
| language=la
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| title=De cultura hortorum sive Hortulus VII Cucurbita
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<ref name=pmid16352716>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0509279102 |pmid=16352716 |pmc=1311910 |title=An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=51 |pages=18315–20 |year=2005 |last1=Erickson |first1=D. L |last2=Smith |first2=B. D |last3=Clarke |first3=A. C |last4=Sandweiss |first4=D. H |last5=Tuross |first5=N |bibcode=2005PNAS..10218315E |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="MATRIX2005">{{cite book
| last=White
| first=Nancy
| url=http://www.indiana.edu/~arch/saa/matrix/saa/saa_mod03.html
| title=Nancy White University of South Florida – South American Archaeology: Archaic, Preceramic, Sedentism
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| publisher=Indiana University Bloomington [[MATRIX projekt|MATRIX project]]
| location=Bloomington
}}</ref>
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|language     = de
|url          = http://www.genres.de/infos/kalebasse/
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|archive-date = 10 August 2007
|url-status     = dead}}</ref>
}}<!--reflist end-->
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/12/051214081513.htm How Bottle Gourds were brought to America by Native Americans]
* [http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Lagenaria.html Multilingual taxonomic information at the University of Melbourne]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/africa_fishing_festival/html/7.stm Calabashes used for flotation and to store fish during huge Nigerian fish festival]
* [http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantklm/lagensic.htm Brief discussion of the species, uses, ecology, and etymology of generic and specific names] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206203933/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantklm/lagensic.htm|date=6 December 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Lagenaria siceraria}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1277255}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Fruits originating in Africa]]
[[Category:Bottles]]
[[Category:Burmese cuisine]]
[[Category:Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Asia]]
[[Category:Lagenaria]]
[[Category:Fruit vegetables]]
[[Category:Hawaiian cuisine]]
[[Category:Italian cuisine]]
[[Category:Korean vegetables]]
[[Category:Culture of Mexico]]
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[[Category:Filipino cuisine]]
[[Category:Pipe smoking]]
[[Category:Decorative fruits and seeds]]
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[[Category:Austronesian agriculture]]
[[lt:Kalabasa]]