View source for Calcid

{{Short description|Soil suborder in the USDA soil taxonomy}}
{{confusing|date=October 2009}}
'''Calcids''' are a [[soil]] suborder in the [[USDA soil taxonomy]].<ref name="gregorich">{{cite book |title=Soil and Environmental Science Dictionary |editor-last=Gregorich |editor-first=Edward G. |editor2-last=Turchenek |editor2-first=L. W. |editor3-last=Carter |editor3-first=M. R. |editor4-last=Angers |editor4-first=Denis A. |year=2001 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=978-0-8493-3115-2 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvWzKSP33bgC&pg=PA48 |lccn=2001025292 |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> They are [[aridisol]]s that have accumulated high levels of residual or dryfall [[calcium carbonate]].<ref name="osman">{{cite book |title=Soil Degradation, Conservation and Remediation |last=Osman|first=Khan Towhid |year=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-9400775909 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfXHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
== Background ==
Calcids have a calcic or [[petrocalcic horizon]] and have carbonated materials in any above layers. The parent materials are high in content of carbonate, or carbonates were added as dust, or both. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] has been insufficient to remove the carbonates or even move them to great depths. These soils are often found in the western states of the [[United States]]. Most areas are used as rangeland or wildlife habitat. Some are used as irrigated cropland.
[[Aridisols]] are CaCO<sub>3</sub> containing soils of arid regions that exhibit at least some sub-surface horizon development. They are characterized by being dry most of the year, and exhibit limited leaching. Aridisols contain sub-surface horizon in which [[clays]], [[calcium carbonate]], [[silica]], [[salts]], and CaCO<sub>3</sub> tend to be leached from soils of moister climates. Land dominated by Aridisols are used mainly for range, [[wildlife]], and recreation. Because of the dry climate in which they are found, they are not used for agricultural production unless irrigation water is available. Aridisols are divided into 8 suborders: Cryids, Salids, Durids, Gypsids, Argids, Calcids, Orthids and Cambids.<ref>Arizona.edu. International Arid Lands Consortium, 24 Nov. 1997. Web. 23 Oct. 2009.</ref><ref>Soils.cals.uiidaho.edu. Dr. Paul McDaniel, 1975. Web. 23 Oct. 2009.</ref>
== Chemical nature of calcid ==
Calcids have the extent of calcium carbonate so they can also known as [[Calcareous|calcareous soil]] or [[calcisol]]s. Due to high calcium content, coarse texture, undulating surface, and even due to unsuitable climate, calcids are not suitable for fruit tree and crop cultivation. So, if these kinds of soils are irrigated and cultivated then micronutrient deficiency is normal. However, fine, loamy, textured calcids are good for agriculture.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Soil Taxonomy. A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys. (2nd ed., Vol. 436). |publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service |year=1999}}</ref>
== Other locations of Calcid ==
[[File:Aridisols.jpg|thumb|Calcids in western states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aridsol map |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/maps/?cid=nrcs142p2_053595}}</ref>]]
These soils are often found in semi-humid to semi-arid regions. Therefore, about 7.89% of [[Iran]] is calcidic soil.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018 |editor-last=Roozitalab |editor-first=Mohammad Hassan |editor2-last=Siadat |editor2-first=Hamid |editor3-last=Farshad |editor3-first=Abbas |title=The Soils of Iran |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69048-3 |journal=World Soils Book Series |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-69048-3 |isbn=978-3-319-69046-9 |s2cid=199493214 |issn=2211-1255}}</ref>
Similarly, Calcidic content can be also found in the soils of [[Rajasthan]] (India).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Joshi |first=Dinesh |date=2014-01-01 |title=Land use planning for sustainable agriculture in arid agro-ecosystem: Issues and strategies. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323535031 |volume=24 |pages=262–281}}</ref>
== Classification of calcid ==
There are different forms of calcids-
* Salicalcids
* Gypsicalcids
* [https://sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home/taxonomy/g-aridisols/gf/gfa Petrocalcids]
* Hypercalcids
* [https://sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home/taxonomy/g-aridisols/gf/gfb Haplocalcids.]
Out of all the calcids, haplocalcids contain various calcitic pro features.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAr1xUakgbwC&dq=J.M.+Kimble+and+W.D.+Nettleton+.+%28+1990%29+.+Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Soil+Correlation+Meeting+%28+ISCOM+IV%29+Characterization%2C+Classification%2C+and+Utilization+of+Aridisols.+Part+A%3A+Papers.+USDA%2C+Soil+Conservation+Service%2C+Lincoln%2C+NE.&pg=PR2 |title=Proceedings of the ... International Soil Correlation Meeting (ISCOM). |date=1987 |publisher=Soil Conservation Service, USDA |language=en}}</ref>
=== Horizons ===
In terms of horizons,
Calcids have a calcic, [http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/soil_vic_contenders_hypercalcic_calcarosol hypercalcic], or [[Petrocalcic Horizon|petrocalcic horizon]] with its/their upper boundary within 1.0 m of the soil surface.<ref name=":0" />
Within 0.75- 1m of the upper boundaries, calcids soils have no [https://www.fao.org/3/w8594e/w8594e08.htm gypsic], hypergypsic or [https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/petrogypsic-horizon petrogypsic], or salic horizon.<ref name=":0" />
== Reaction with other components ==
Different kinds of fertilizers and compost can be used to modify the properties of calcidic soils.
* Sulfur compost enhances the chemical properties for example- CEC, OM, and available micro and micronutrients, and increases the productivity of calcareous soil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abou Hussien |first1=Elhusieny |last2=Nada |first2=Wael |last3=Elgezery |first3=Mohamed |date=2020-02-01 |title=Influence of Sulphur Compost Application on Some Chemical Properties of Calcareous Soil and Consequent Responses of Hordeum Vulgare L. Plants |url=https://ejss.journals.ekb.eg/article_67214.html |journal=Egyptian Journal of Soil Science |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=67–82 |doi=10.21608/ejss.2019.18503.1318 |s2cid=213295610 |issn=0302-6701|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* In contrast, [[biochar]]s even worsen the properties and productivity of calcids by increasing pH, and hence limiting crop productivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Baowei |last2=Zhang |first2=Tao |date=2021-04-16 |title=Effects of Biochar and Sulfate Amendment on Plant Physiological Characteristics, Soil Properties and Sulfur Phytoavailability of Corn in Calcids Soil |url=http://www.pjoes.com/Effects-of-Biochar-and-Sulfate-Amendment-non-Plant-Physiological-Characteristics,129690,0,2.html |journal=Polish Journal of Environmental Studies |language=english |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=2917–2925 |doi=10.15244/pjoes/129690 |s2cid=233473658 |issn=1230-1485|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Types of soil]]