View source for Caleana

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2024}}
{{italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Duck orchids
| image = Duck off Elvina.JPG
| image_caption = Large duck orchid (''[[Caleana major]]'')
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Caleana
| authority = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]], 1810
| type_species = ''[[Caleana major]]''
| type_species_authority =  R.Br.<ref name="M.A.Clem.">{{cite journal|last1=Clements|first1=Mark A.|title=Catalogue of Australian Orchidaceae|journal=Australian Orchid Research|date=1989|volume=1|page=33}}</ref>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP">{{WCSP | 30575| ''Caleana''}}</ref>
| synonyms =
*''Caleya'' <small>R.Br.</small>
*''Sullivania'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
*''Paracaleana'' <small>Blaxell</small>
}}
'''''Caleana''''', commonly known as '''duck orchids''',<ref name="Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=1877069124|page =146}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the orchid family, [[Orchidaceae]] that is found in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. The Australian species are found in all states but have not been recorded in the [[Northern Territory]]. Duck orchids have a single leaf and one or a few, dull-coloured, inconspicuous flowers. Most species are found in [[Western Australia]] but one species (''[[Caleana major|C. major]]'') occurs in eastern [[Australia]] and one (''[[Caleana minor|C. minor]]'') occurs in eastern Australia and [[New Zealand]]. Orchids in this genus as well as the hammer orchids (''[[Drakaea]]'') are pollinated by male [[Thynnidae|thynnid wasps]]. [[File:Paracaleana nigrita (labelled).jpg|thumb|225px|Labelled diagram of ''Caleana nigrita'']]
==Description==
Orchids in the genus ''Caleana'' are terrestrial, [[Perennial plant|perennial]], [[deciduous]], [[sympodial]] herbs usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a dark red, oval-shaped, [[tuber]]. Replacement tubers called "droppers" form at the end of long root-like [[stolon]]s. A single linear to egg-shaped leaf {{convert|10-40|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long develops near the base of the plant during the growing season and withers late in the flowering season. The leaf is folded lengthwise and often has purple markings. The flowering stem is wiry, dull brownish maroon and bears one to a few flowers each on a stalk {{convert|5-20|mm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long, each with a small leaf-like [[bract]]. The flowers are [[Resupination#Orchidaceae|non-resupinate]] and [[wikt:glabrous|glabrous]]. The [[wikt:dorsal|dorsal]] [[sepal]] and the two [[wikt:lateral|lateral]] [[petal]]s are similar in size and are narrow linear in shape with pointed or club-shaped ends. The dorsal sepal points downwards and is pressed against the [[Column (botany)|column]]. The [[wikt:lateral|lateral]] sepals and two petals usually spread obliquely downwards and sideways. The dorsal sepal and petals are attached to the base of the column where it joins to the ovary. As is usual in orchids, one [[petal]] is highly modified as the central labellum. Duck orchids have an unusual, insect-like [[Labellum (botany)|labellum]] which is attached to the rest of the flower by a sensitive stalk which holds the labellum above the flower in the "set" position. The labellum is attached to the [[Column (botany)|column]] by a flexible "claw" which bends under the weight of a [[pollination|pollinating]] [[wasp]]. The [[Column (botany)|column]] has broad wings and when the labellum is touched, it rapidly turns down, trapping a visiting insect between the labellum and column wings so that the insect comes into contact with the sexual parts of the column. The labellum is flask-shaped, narrowing near the end with the narrow end covered with small raised [[Labellum (botany)|calli]] or [[Gland (botany)|glands]] which are usually black, but may be maroon or greenish. In some species the calli may cover a greater part, or even all of the labellum (as in ''[[Paracaleana minor|P. minor]]''). Glands on the labellum emit [[pheromone]]s which are sexual attractants for male thynnid wasps. Flowering occurs in spring in most species and is followed by the fruit which is a non-fleshy, [[Dehiscence (botany)|dehiscent]] [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]] containing up to 500 seeds.<ref name="Jones"/><ref name="RBGS">{{cite web|last1=Weston|first1=Peter H.|title=''Caleana''|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&showsyn=&dist=&constat=&lvl=gn&name=Caleana|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney|accessdate=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="RBGV">{{cite web|last1=Jeanes|first1=Jeff|title=''Caleana''|url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/87ca796f-2b02-4f8b-9dd8-de5e6e2e828b|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria|accessdate=12 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="ASB">{{cite journal|last1=Hopper|first1=Stephen D.|last2=Brown|first2=Andrew P.|title=Australia's wasp-pollinated flying duck orchids revised (Paracaleana: Orchidaceae)|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|date=2006|volume=19|issue=3|pages=211244|doi=10.1071/SB05020}}</ref><ref name=FloraBase>{{FloraBase|name=''Paracaleana''|id=21290}}</ref><ref name="efloraSA">{{cite web|title=''Paracaleana''|url=http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&family=&genus=Paracaleana&species=&iname=&submit=Display|publisher=State Herbarium of South Australia: efloraSA|accessdate=27 June 2016}}</ref>
==Taxonomy and naming==
The genus ''Caleana'' was first formally described in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] and the description was published in ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Caleana''|url=https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/518492|publisher=APNI|accessdate=28 October 2019}}</ref> The name ''Caleana'' honours [[George Caley]].<ref name="R.Br.">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Robert|title=Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802-1805|date=1810|location=London|pages=322–329|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/21871#page/197/mode/1up|accessdate=12 April 2018}}</ref>
There has been disagreement about the classification of this [[genus]] and its relationship with ''Paracaleana''. In 1989 [[Mark Alwin Clements|Mark Clements]] noted that none of the characters used to separate ''Paracaleana'' from ''Caleana'' is "sufficiently significant" to maintain two genera.<ref name="M.A.Clem.">{{cite journal|last1=Clements|first1=Mark A.|title=Catalogue of Australian Orchidaceae|journal=Australian Orchid Research|date=1989|volume=1|page=33}}</ref> A recent (2014) paper reports that recent molecular studies suggest that ''Caleana'' and ''Paracaleana'' are congeneric.<ref name="RBGV" /><ref name="ASB2">{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Joseph T.|last2=Clements|first2=Mark A.|title=Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Drakaeinae: Diurideae (Orchidaceae) based on DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|date=2014|volume=27|issue=1|pages=3–22|doi=10.1071/SB13036|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/SB/fulltext/SB13036|accessdate=13 April 2018|doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the [[Western Australian Herbarium]] and several recent field guides to the orchids of Western Australia accept ''Paracaleana''.<ref name=FloraBase/><ref name=Hoffman>{{cite book|last1=Hoffman|first1=Noel|last2=Brown|first2=Andrew|title=Orchids of South-West Australia.|date=2011|publisher=Noel Hoffman|location=Gooseberry Hill|isbn=9780646562322|page=243|edition=3rd}}</ref><ref name=Brown>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Andrew|last2=Dundas|first2=Pat|last3=Dixon|first3=Kingsley|last4=Hopper|first4=Stephen|title=Orchids of Western Australia|date=2008|publisher=University of Western Australia Press|location=Crawley, Western Australia|isbn=9780980296457|page=292}}</ref>
===Species list===
The following is a list of the species of ''Caleana'' accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as at April 2018.<ref name="WCSP_Caleana">{{cite web |title=Search for ''Caleana''|work=[[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/qsearch.do?page=quickSearch&plantName=Caleana |accessdate=12 April 2018 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
*''[[Caleana alcockii]]'' <small>([[Stephen Hopper|Hopper]] & [[Andrew Phillip Brown|A.P.Br.]]) [[M.A.Clem.]]</small> – Alcock's duck orchid ([[Western Australia]])
*''[[Caleana brockmanii]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small>  – Brockman's duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana disjuncta]]'' <small>([[David L. Jones (botanist)|D.L.Jones]]) M.A.Clem.</small> – little duck orchid (Western Australia), [[South Australia]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
*''[[Caleana dixonii]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small> – sandplain duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana gracilicordata]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small> – slender-leafed duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana granitica]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small> – granite duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana hortiorum]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small> – Hort's duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana lyonsii]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small> – midget duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana major]]'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small> – large duck orchid ([[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]])
*''[[Caleana minor]]'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small> – small duck orchid ([[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[North Island of New Zealand]])
*''[[Caleana nigrita]]'' <small>[[J.Drumm.]] ex [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]</small> – flying duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana parvula]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small> – Esperance duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana terminalis]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small> – smooth-billed duck orchid (Western Australia)
*''[[Caleana triens]]'' <small>(Hopper & A.P.Br.) M.A.Clem.</small> – broad-billed duck orchid (Western Australia)
{{div col end}}
==Distribution and habitat==
The Western Australian duck orchids usually grow in sandy soil near areas that are swampy in winter where they often grow with hare orchids (''[[Leporella]]''), hammer orchids (''[[Drakaea]]'') and beak orchids (''[[Pyrorchis]]'').<ref name="Hoffman" /> ''[[Caleana major]]'' which occurs in eastern Australia and ''[[Caleana minor|C. minor]]'' which is found in both eastern Australia and New Zealand grow in [[woodland]], damp [[heath]] shrubland and grassland, sometimes on rocky slopes or in gravelly soil or on road verges.<ref name="ASB" />
==Ecology==
Orchids in the genus ''Caleana'' are pollinated by male thynnid wasps which are attracted to the flower by [[pheromone]]s. When a wasp lands on the labellum, in its attempt to [[wikt:copulate|copulate]] with it, the labellum is flipped downwards against the column. If the flower has not previously been visited, [[pollinium|pollinia]] in the column will adhere to the insect's back. When that insect visits another duck orchid and the process is repeated, the transported pollinia will adhere to the [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] of the second flower and it will be pollinated.<ref name="Hoffman" />
== References ==
{{Reflist|32em}}
==External links==
*{{Commons-inline|2=''Caleana''}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3291981}}
[[Category:Caleana| ]]
[[Category:Diurideae genera]]
[[Category:Orchids of Australia]]
[[Category:Orchids of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)]]