View source for Calicium

{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}}
{{italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Calicium viride 861877.jpg
| image_caption =''[[Calicium viride]]''
| taxon = Calicium
| authority = [[Christian Hendrik Persoon|Pers.]] (1794)
| type_species = ''Calicium viride''
| type_species_authority = Pers. (1794)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivisions =
}}
'''''Calicium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[leprose lichen]]s.<ref name=SSFGCL/>{{rp|234}} It is in the family [[Caliciaceae]], and has 40 species.<ref name="CoL–Species Fungorum"/>
The sexual reproduction structures are a mass of loose [[ascospores]] that are enclosed by a cup shaped [[exciple]] sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of a [[dressmaker's pin]] (called a [[mazaedium]]), hence the common name '''[[pin lichen]]'''.<ref name=SSFGCL>Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, {{ISBN|978-0-300-19500-2}}</ref>{{rp|15}} They are also [[List of common names of lichen genera|commonly called]] '''stubble lichens'''.<ref name=SSFGCL/>{{rp|234}}
They have been used as [[indicator species]] for [[old growth redwood forest]]s.<ref name=SSFGCL/>{{rp|234}}
==Taxonomy==
The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] in 1794 by the mycologist [[Christiaan Hendrik Persoon]]. He included three species in his initial circumscription of the genus: ''C.&nbsp;viride'', ''C.&nbsp;salicinum'', and ''C.&nbsp;pallidum''.<ref name="Persoon 1794"/> The genus name, derived from the [[Latin]] ''calix'' or ''calicis'' ("cup") with the [[diminutive]] suffix ''-ium'', refers to the shape of the ascocarps.<ref name="Ulloa & Aguirre-Acosta 2020"/>
==Description==
The genus ''Calicium'' features crustose lichens, which can be {{lichengloss|verrucose}} to {{lichengloss|granular}} in texture, or immersed in the substrate, and display a range of colours from grey to green-grey, pale yellow, or dark green. Its {{lichengloss|photobiont}}, a symbiotic [[green alga]], is of the {{lichengloss|trebouxioid}} type. The [[ascomata]] (fruiting bodies) are [[apothecia]]l in nature, usually elevated on a long, distinct stalk with a spherical to lens-shaped head, though some may be directly attached ({{lichengloss|sessile}}). These stalks consist of thickened [[hypha]]e that are brown to greenish-black and irregularly interwoven. The cup-shaped {{lichengloss|excipulum}}, a supportive structure around the ascomata, is well developed and envelops the dry spore mass.<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009"/>
The [[ascus|asci]] (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to {{lichengloss|clavate}} (club-shaped) and develop individually from {{lichengloss|ascogenous}} hyphae with [[Crozier (mycology)|croziers]], typically dissolving early in their lifespan. {{lichengloss|Ascospores}} within the genus contain a single [[septum]] and form a distinctive black, dry-spore mass known as a {{lichengloss|mazaedium}}. These spores have a thick, dark brown wall, often adorned with unique ornamentation.<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009"/> They are generally in the size range 7–19 by 4–8&nbsp;[[micrometre|μm]].<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
In terms of asexual reproduction, ''Calicium'' possesses [[pycnidia]], which are sessile or slightly immersed structures producing [[conidia]] (asexual spores). These pycnidia are simple and spherical with a {{lichengloss|punctiform}} (point-like) [[ostiole]]. The conidiophores within are branched, with somewhat cylindrical, enteroblastic conidigenous cells. The conidia themselves are broadly [[ellipsoid]] to short-cylindrical, colourless, and lack septa.<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009"/>
Chemically, the genus contains an array of compounds including [[orcinol]] and ß-orcinol [[depside]]s, along with [[depsidone]]s, [[dibenzofuran]]s, [[anthraquinone]]s, [[xanthone]]s, and chemical derivatives of [[pulvinic acid]]. These chemicals vary across different species within the genus.<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009"/>
==Habitat and distribution==
''Calicium'' has a global presence, primarily found in cool to [[temperate]] regions, with only a few species known to occur in [[tropical]] areas. These species typically [[corticolous lichen|grow on bark]] and [[lignicolous lichen|wood]], with rare occurrences on rocks and one species specifically adapted to [[siliceous rock]]s. ''Calicium'' prefers environments with low light, high humidity, and shelter, often thriving in [[old-growth forest]]s, although some species can adapt to more open, sun-exposed locations.<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
==Evolutionary history==
The discovery of a ''Calicium''-like fossil in [[Baltic amber]] dating back 55–35 million years ago [[myr]] indicates that the main distinguishing characteristics of this genus have persisted for at least tens of millions of years.<ref name="Rikkinen 2003"/> A fossil-calibrated [[phylogeny]] that includes this fossil suggests that the family Caliciaceae [[Genetic divergence|diversified]] from its [[most recent common ancestor]] 103–156&nbsp;myr ago in the early [[Cretaceous]].<ref name="Prieto & Wedin 2016"/> This fossil lichen has since been formally named as ''[[Calicium succini]]''.<ref name="Kettunen et al. 2019"/>
==Species==
{{As of|2023|December}}, [[Species Fungorum]] (in the [[Catalogue of Life]]) accepts 40 species in ''Calicium'':<ref name="CoL–Species Fungorum"/>
[[File:Calicium abietinum 60390365.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Calicium abietinum]]'']]
[[File:Calicium hyperelloides 95821218.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Calicium hyperelloides]]'']]
[[File:Calicium glaucellum 206835030.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Calicium glaucellum]]'']]
[[File:Yellow-Collar Stubble Lichen (2276164423).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Calicium trabinellum]]'']]
* ''[[Calicium abietinum]]'' {{small|Pers. (1797)}}<ref name="Persoon 1797"/>
* ''[[Calicium adspersum]]'' {{small|Pers. (1798)}}<ref name="Persoon 1800"/>
* ''[[Calicium atronitescens]]'' {{small|F.Wilson (1891)}}<ref name="Bailey 1891"/>
* ''[[Calicium brachysporum]]'' {{small|(Nádv.) K.Knudsen, Kocourk. & Lendemer (2020)}}<ref name="Knudsen et al. 2019"/> – [[California]]
* ''[[Calicium carolinianum]]'' {{small|(Tuck.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}}
* ''[[Calicium chlorosporum]]'' {{small|F.Wilson (1891)}}<ref name="Bailey 1891"/>
* ''[[Calicium contortum]]'' {{small|F.Wilson (1889)}}<ref name="Wilson 1889"/>
* ''[[Calicium corynellum]]'' {{small|(Ach.) Ach. (1803)}}
* ''[[Calicium diploellum]]'' {{small|Nyl. (1868)}}<ref name="Nylander 1868"/>
* ''[[Calicium episcalare]]'' {{small|L.Tibell & T.Knutsson (2016)}}<ref name="Tibell 2016"/> – Sweden
* ''[[Calicium glebosum]]'' {{small|Müll.Arg. (1887)}}<ref name="Müller 1887"/>
* ''[[Calicium hyperelloides]]'' {{small|Nyl. (1860)}}<ref name="Nylander 1860"/>
* ''[[Calicium indicum]]'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
* ''[[Calicium laevigatum]]'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
* ''[[Calicium lecideinum]]'' {{small|(Nyl.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}}
* ''[[Calicium lenticulare]]'' {{small|Ach. (1816)}}
* ''[[Calicium lucidum]]'' {{small|(Th.Fr.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}}
* ''[[Calicium lutescens]]'' {{small|Tibell (2001)}}<ref name="Tibell 2001"/> – Africa
* ''[[Calicium martinii]]'' {{small|Js.Murray (1960)}}<ref name="Murray 1960"/>
* ''[[Calicium muriformis]]'' {{small|Tibell (2003)}}<ref name="Tibell & Thor 2003"/>
* ''[[Calicium nobile]]'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
* ''[[Calicium notarisii]]'' {{small|(Tul.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}}
* ''[[Calicium parvum]]'' {{small|Tibell (1975)}}<ref name="Tibell 1975"/>
* ''[[Calicium pinicola]]'' {{small|(Tibell) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}}
* ''[[Calicium pleuriseptatum]]'' {{small|Tibell & Frisch (2010)}}<ref name="Tibell & Frisch 2010"/>
* ''[[Calicium pyriforme]]'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
* ''[[Calicium quercinum]]'' {{small|Pers. (1797)}}
* ''[[Calicium robustellum]]'' {{small|Nyl. (1861)}}<ref name="Nylander 1861"/>
* ''[[Calicium salicinum]]'' {{small|Pers. (1794)}}
* ''[[Calicium sequoiae]]'' {{small|C.B.Williams & Tibell (2008)}}<ref name="Williams & Tibell 2008"/> – [[California]]
* ''[[Calicium sperlingiae]]'' {{small|Selva & Tibell  (2023)}}<ref name="Selva et al. 2023"/> – [[Oregon]], USA
* ''[[Calicium succini]]'' {{small|(Casp.) Rikkinen & A.R.Schmidt (2018)}}<ref name="Kettunen et al. 2019"/>
* ''[[Calicium tenuisporum]]'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
* ''[[Calicium tigillare]]'' {{small|(Ach.) Pers. (1810)}}
* ''[[Calicium trabinellum]]'' {{small|(Ach.) Ach. (1810)}}
* ''[[Calicium trachylioides]]'' {{small|(Nyl. ex Branth & Rostr.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)}}
* ''[[Calicium tricolor]]'' {{small|F.Wilson (1889)}}<ref name="Wilson 1889"/>
* ''[[Calicium verrucosum]]'' {{small|Tibell (2006)}}<ref name="Tibell 2006"/>
* ''[[Calicium victorianum]]'' {{small|(F.Wilson) Tibell (1987)}}
* ''[[Calicium viride]]'' {{small|Pers. (1794)}}
The species ''Calicium adaequatum'', first described by [[William Nylander (botanist)|William Nylander]] in 1869, was moved to the [[monotypic]] genus ''[[allocalicium]]'' in 2016 based on [[molecular phylogenetics]] analysis.<ref name="Prieto & Wedin 2016"/>
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Bailey 1891">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=F.M. |year=1891 |title=Contributions to the Queensland Flora |journal=Botany Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture of Queensland |volume=7}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL–Species Fungorum">{{cite web |title=''Calicium'' |author=[[Species Fungorum]] |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62J86 |work=[[Catalogue of Life]] |accessdate=28 December 2023}}</ref>
<ref name="Giavarini & Purvis 2009">{{cite book |title=The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland |edition=2nd |editor-last1=Smith |editor-first1=C.W. |editor-last2=Aptroot |editor-first2=A. |editor-last3=Coppins |editor-first3=B.J. |editor-last4=Fletcher |editor-first4=F. |editor-last5=Gilbert |editor-first5=O.L. |editor-last6=James |editor-first6=P.W. |editor-last7=Wolselely |editor-first7=P.A. |year=2009 |chapter=''Calicium'' Pers. (1794) |last1=Giavarini |first1=V.J. |last2=Purvis |first2=O.W. |location=London |publisher=The Natural History Museum |isbn=978-0-9540418-8-5 |page=262}}</ref>
<ref name="Kettunen et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Kettunen |first1=Elina |last2=Sadowski |first2=Eva Maria |last3=Seyfullah |first3=Leyla J. |last4=Dörfelt |first4=Heinrich |last5=Rikkinen |first5=Jouko |last6=Schmidt |first6=Alexander R. |title=Caspary's fungi from Baltic amber: historic specimens and new evidence |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=5 |issue=3 |year=2019 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1238 |pages=365–389}}</ref>
<ref name="Knudsen et al. 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Knudsen |first1=K. |last2=Kocourková |first2=J. |last3=Lendemer |first3=J.C. |year=2019 |title=''Calicium brachysporum'', a rare California endemic |journal=Bulletin of the California Lichen Society |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=51–53}}</ref>
<ref name="Müller 1887">{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=J. |year=1887 |title=Lichenologische Beiträge XXVI |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=70 |issue=18 |pages=283–288 |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/70178}}</ref>
<ref name="Murray 1960">{{cite journal |last=Murray |first=J. |year=1960 |title=Studies of New Zealand lichens. I - The Coniocarpinae |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=88 |pages=177–195}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1860">{{cite book |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1860 |title=Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica |volume=1 |page=153 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1861">{{cite journal |last=Nylander |first=W. |year=1861 |title=Expositio Lichenum Novae Caledoniae |journal=Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique |series=4 |volume=15 |pages=37–54 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Nylander 1868">{{cite journal |last1=Nylander |first1=W. |year=1868 |title=Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Contin. VII |journal=Flora (Regensburg) |volume=51 |pages=161–165 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58131}}</ref>
<ref name="Persoon 1794">{{cite journal |last=Persoon |first=C.H. |year=1794 |title=Einige Bemerkungen über die Flechten |journal=Annalen der Botanik (Usteri) |volume=7 |pages=1–32 [20] |language=la |url=https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/11272/?offset=#page=27&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=}}</ref>
<ref name="Persoon 1797">{{cite book |last=Persoon |first=C.H. |year=1797 |title=Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum |page=59 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Persoon 1800">{{cite book |last=Persoon |first=C.H. |year=1800 |title=Icones et Descriptiones Fungorum Minus Cognitorum |volume=2 |pages=27–60 [59, t. 14:6] |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Prieto & Wedin 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Prieto |first1=Maria |last2=Wedin |first2=Mats |title=Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversification events in the Caliciaceae|journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=82 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=221–238 |doi=10.1007/s13225-016-0372-y |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Rikkinen 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Rikkinen |first1=Jouko |title=Calicioid lichens from European Tertiary amber |journal=Mycologia |volume=95 |issue=6 |year=2003 |pages=1032–1036 |doi=10.1080/15572536.2004.11833019 |pmid=21149012}}</ref>
<ref name="Selva et al. 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Selva |first1=Steven B. |last2=Tibell |first2=Leif |last3=Gordon |first3=Matthew |last4=McMullin |first4=R. Troy |title=''Calicium sperlingiae'', (Caliciaceae), a new species of calicioid lichen from Douglas County, Oregon, U.S.A. |journal=The Bryologist |volume=126 |issue=2 |year=2023 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-126.2.236 |pages=236–241 |s2cid=259223535 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371807976}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell 1975">{{cite book |last=Tibell |first=L. |year=1975 |title=The Caliciales of boreal North America |series=Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=84}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Tibell |first1=L. |year=2001 |title=A synopsis of crustose calicioid lichens and fungi from mainland Africa and Madagascar |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=717–742|doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb00759.x }}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell & Thor 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Tibell |first1=L. |last2=Thor |first2=G. |year=2003 |title=Calicioid lichens and fungi of Japan |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |volume=94 |pages=205–260}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell 2006">{{citation |last=Tibell |first=Leif |title=''Calicium'' in the Indian Himalayas |year=2006 |journal=Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory |volume=100 |doi=10.18968/jhbl.100.0_809 |pages=809–851}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell & Frisch 2010">{{cite book |last1=Tibell |first1=L. |last2=Frisch |first2=A. |year=2010 |chapter=New data on crustose mazaediate lichens from tropical Africa |editor-first1=J. |editor-last1=Hafellner |editor-first2=I. |editor-last2=Kärnefelt |editor-first3=V. |editor-last3=Wirth |title=Diversity and Ecology of Lichens in Polar and Mountain Ecosystems |series=Bibliotheca Lichenologica |volume=104 |publisher=J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung |location=Stuttgart |pages= 323–332 |isbn=978-3-443-58083-4}}</ref>
<ref name="Tibell 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Tibell |first1=Leif |last2=Knutsson |first2=Tommy |title=''Calicium episcalaris'', (Caliciaceae), a new lichen species from Sweden |year=2016 |journal=Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis |volume=38 |pages=49–52 |url=https://www.iob.uu.se/digitalAssets/780/c_780540-l_1-k_tibell.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Ulloa & Aguirre-Acosta 2020">{{cite book |last1=Ulloa |first1=Miguel |last2=Aguirre-Acosta |first2=Elvira |title=Illustrated Generic Names of Fungi |publisher=APS press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-89054-618-5 |page=60}}</ref>
<ref name="Williams & Tibell 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Cameron B. |last2=Tibell |first2=Leif |title=''Calicium sequoiae'', a new lichen species from north-western California, USA |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=40 |issue=3 |year=2008 |doi=10.1017/S0024282908007615 |pages=185–194}}</ref>
<ref name="Wilson 1889">{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=F.R.M. |year=1889 |title=A description of forty-one Victorian lichens new to science |journal=Victorian Naturalist |volume=6 |pages=61–69 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30015887}}</ref>
}}
{{Commons category|Calicium}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q5019850}}
[[Category:Calicium|*]]
[[Category:Lichen genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon]]
[[Category:Caliciales genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1794]]