View source for Calpinae

{{Short description|Subfamily of moths}}
{{automatic taxobox
| image = Owlet moth (Cyclopis caecutiens).JPG
| image_caption = ''Cyclopis caecutiens'' from [[Brazil]]
| taxon = Calpinae
| authority = [[Jean Baptiste Boisduval|Boisduval]], 1840
| synonyms = * Ophiderinae
}}
The '''Calpinae''' are a [[subfamily]] of [[moth]]s in the family [[Erebidae]] described by [[Jean Baptiste Boisduval]] in 1840.  This subfamily includes many species of moths that have a pointed and barbed [[proboscis]] adapted to piercing the skins of fruit to feed on juice, and in the case of the several ''[[Calyptra (moth)|Calyptra]]'' species of vampire moths, to piercing the skins of mammals to feed on blood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blood-feeding and Fruit-feeding Moths of Calpini Tribe (Noctuidae), Their Phylogeny and Classification |url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/mcguire/research/taxonomy |access-date=21 April 2015 |editor=Florida Museum of Natural History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411142114/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/mcguire/research/taxonomy |archive-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> The subfamily contains some large moths with wingspans longer than 5&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;in).
==Taxonomy==
Recent [[phylogenetic]] studies have greatly revised this subfamily.  The subfamily was previously classified within the [[Noctuidae]], but the redefinition of that family has reclassified many of that family's subfamilies, including Calpinae, into the family [[Erebidae]]. The Calpinae are most closely related to a clade including the subfamilies [[Eulepidotinae]] and [[Hypocalinae]], which are also among the Erebidae. The tribes [[Anomini]] and [[Scoliopterygini]], previously included in the Calpinae, were found to be distantly related and were reclassified into a separate subfamily as the [[Scoliopteryginae]].<ref name=LS2010>{{cite journal|last1=Lafontaine|first1=Donald|last2=Schmidt|first2=Christian|title=Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico|journal=ZooKeys|date=March 19, 2010|issue=40|page=26|doi=10.3897/zookeys.40.414|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=2182|ref=L&S2010|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Z+2011">{{cite journal|last=Zahiri|first=Reza|title=Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)|journal=Systematic Entomology|date=2011|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x|display-authors=etal|volume=37|pages=102–124|s2cid=84249695|doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Tribes===
The Calpinae consist of three [[monophyletic]] tribes.<ref name="Z+2011" />
*[[Calpini]]
*[[Ophiderini]]
*[[Phyllodini]]
===Previous taxonomy===
The status of the former composition of the Calpinae was somewhat disputed; it was sometimes merged into the [[Catocalinae]]. Most of the calpine genera were not further classified. The [[phylogeny|phylogenetic]] structure of this group was essentially unresolved, and in many cases it was even doubtful whether the genera were indeed correctly placed in this subfamily.
'''Tribe Calpini'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1574&context=insectamundi|title=World Checklist of Tribe Calpini (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Calpinae)|author=J.M. Zaspel and M.A. Branham|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska, Lincoln|access-date=July 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220123854/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1574&context=insectamundi|archive-date=December 20, 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Africalpe]]'' <small>Krüger, 1939</small>
* ''[[Calyptra (moth)|Calyptra]]'' <small>Ochsenheimer, 1816</small>
* ''[[Eudocima]]'' <small>Billberg, 1820</small>
* ''[[Ferenta]]'' <small>Walker, 1858</small>
* ''[[Gonodonta]]'' <small>Hübner, 1818</small>
* ''[[Graphigona]]'' <small>Walker, 1858</small>
* ''[[Oraesia]]'' <small>Boisduval & Guenée, 1852</small><!-- Zoomorphology (1996) 116:77–83 -->
* ''[[Plusiodonta]]'' <small>Boisduval & Guenée, 1852</small>
* ''[[Tetrisia (moth)|Tetrisia]]'' <small>Walker, 1867</small>
'''Tribe Gonopterini'''
* ''[[Scoliopteryx]]''
'''Genera ''incertae sedis'''''
* ''[[Cecharismena]]'' <small>Möschler, 1890</small>
* ''[[Culasta]]'' <small>Moore, 1881</small>
* ''[[Euryschema]]'' <small>Turner, 1925</small>
* ''[[Epicyrtica]]'' <small>Turner, 1908</small>
* ''[[Goniapteryx]]'' <small>Perty, 1833</small>
* ''[[Hemiceratoides]]'' <small>Strand, 1911</small>
* ''[[Pharga]]'' <small>Walker, 1863</small>
* ''[[Phyprosopus]]'' <small>Grote, 1872</small>
* ''[[Psammathodoxa]]'' <small>Dyar, 1921</small>
* ''[[Radara]]'' <small>Walker, 1862</small>
'''Genera provisionally placed here''' (incomplete list); includes taxa sometimes separated in '''Ophiderinae'''
{{columns-list |colwidth=18em |
* ''[[Abriesa]]''
* ''[[Acanthoprora]]''
* ''[[Agamana]]''
* ''[[Alabama (moth)|Alabama]]''
* ''[[Amphigonia]]''
* ''[[Anachrostis]]''
* ''[[Anoba]]''
* ''[[Anomis]]''
* ''[[Antiblemma]]''
* ''[[Anticarsia]]''
* ''[[Arcte]]''
* ''[[Armana]]''
* ''[[Arthisma]]''
* ''[[Arugisa]]''
* ''[[Ascalapha]]''
* ''[[Avitta]]''
* ''[[Azeta]]''
* ''[[Baniana]]''
* ''[[Belciana]]''
* ''[[Bematha]]''
* ''[[Bendisodes]]'' ([[Catocalinae]]: [[Ophiusina]]?)
* ''[[Boryzops]]''
* ''[[Brachycyttara]]''
* ''[[Brachyona]]''
* ''[[Brana (moth)|Brana]]''
* ''[[Brevipecten]]''
* ''[[Brontypena]]''
* ''[[Bulia]]''
* ''[[Calymniops]]''
* ''[[Cephena]]''
* ''[[Chilkasa]]''
* ''[[Chodda]]''
* ''[[Cissusa]]''
* ''[[Concana]]''
* ''[[Condate (moth)|Condate]]''
* ''[[Conosema]]''
* ''[[Corcobara]]''
* ''[[Coxina]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Crithote]]''
* ''[[Crypsiprora]]''
* ''[[Cultripalpa]]''
* ''[[Cyclodes (moth)|Cyclodes]]''
* ''[[Cyclopis]]''
* ''[[Daddala]]''
* ''[[Dahlia (moth)|Dahlia]]''
* ''[[Daona]]''
* ''[[Diascia (moth)|Diascia]]''
* ''[[Diatenes]]''
* ''[[Diphthera (moth)|Diphthera]]''
* ''[[Dunira]]''
* ''[[Dyops]]''
* ''[[Eclipsea]]''
* ''[[Egnasia]]''
* ''[[Egnasides]]''
* ''[[Egone]]''
* ''[[Ephyrodes]]''
* ''[[Epidromia]]''
* ''[[Episparis]]''
* ''[[Episparina]]''
* ''[[Episparonia]]''
* ''[[Epitausa]]''
* ''[[Eporectis]]''
* ''[[Erebus (moth)|Erebus]]'' (Catocalinae?)
* ''[[Ericeia]]''
* ''[[Eubryopterella]]''
* ''[[Eudesmeola]]''
* ''[[Eulepidotis]]''
* ''[[Eurythmus]]''
* ''[[Facidina]]''
* ''[[Falana]]''
* ''[[Fodina]]''
* ''[[Forsebia]]''
* ''[[Gabara (moth)|Gabara]]''
* ''[[Gloriana (moth)|Gloriana]]''
* ''[[Goniocarsia]]''
* ''[[Gracillina]]''
* ''[[Helia (moth)|Helia]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Hemipsectra]]''
* ''[[Heteranassa]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Hemeroblemma]]''
* ''[[Heterormista]]''
* ''[[Heterospila]]''
* ''[[Hirsutopalpis]]''
* ''[[Hopetounia]]''
* ''[[Hulodes]]''
* ''[[Hypocala]]''<!-- Zoomorphology (1996) 116:77–83 -->
* ''[[Hyperlopha]]''
* ''[[Hypoprora]]''
* ''[[Hyposemansis]]''
* ''[[Hypospila]]''
* ''[[Hypsoropha]]''
* ''[[Ianius]]''
* ''[[Isogona]]''
* ''[[Itomia]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Kakopoda]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Latebraria]]''
* ''[[Ledaea]]''
* ''[[Leptotroga]]''
* ''[[Lesmone]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Lignicida]]''
* ''[[Lineopalpa]]''
* ''[[Litocala]]''
* ''[[Litoprosopus]]''
* ''[[Lophozancla]]''
* ''[[Lyncestoides]]'' <small>Hacker & Saldaitis, 2010</small>
* ''[[Maguda]]''
* ''[[Malatrogia]]''
* ''[[Manbuta]]''
* ''[[Marapana]]''
* ''[[Masca (moth)|Masca]]''
* ''[[Massala (moth)|Massala]]''
* ''[[Matella]]''
* ''[[Mecodina]]''
* ''[[Melipotis]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Meranda]]''
* ''[[Mesosciera]]''
* ''[[Metalectra]]''
* ''[[Metallata]]''
* ''[[Metaphoenia]]''
* ''[[Mimophisma]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Neogabara]]''
* ''[[Neostichtis]]''
* ''[[Obrima]]''
* ''[[Oglasa]]''
* ''[[Olulis]]''
* ''[[Olyssa]]''
* ''[[Ophyx]]''
* ''[[Orodesma]]''
* ''[[Orthozancla]]''
* ''[[Ortopla]]''
* ''[[Ossonoba (moth)|Ossonoba]]''
* ''[[Oxygonitis]]''
* ''[[Oxyodes]]''
* ''[[Palpidia]]''
* ''[[Pangrapta]]''
* ''[[Panopoda]]''<!-- Anim.Behav.62: 349–368 -->
* ''[[Panula (moth)|Panula]]''
* ''[[Parachabora]]''
* ''[[Parapadna]]''
* ''[[Parolulis]]''
* ''[[Perciana]]''
* ''[[Perinaenia]]''
* ''[[Pilipectus]]''
* ''[[Phyllodes (moth)|Phyllodes]]''
* ''[[Phytometra]]''
* ''[[Pleurona]]''
* ''[[Polydesma]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Polydesmiola]]''
* ''[[Praxis (moth)|Praxis]]''
* ''[[Prolyncestis]]''
* ''[[Propatria]]''
* ''[[Prorocopis]]''
* ''[[Pseudorgyia]]''
* ''[[Pseudogyrtona]]''
* ''[[Ramadasa]]''
* ''[[Raparna]]''
* ''[[Rema (moth)|Rema]]''
* ''[[Rhapsa]]''
* ''[[Rhesala]]''
* ''[[Rhesalides]]''
* ''[[Rhosologia]]''
* ''[[Rhynchodina]]''
* ''[[Saroba]]''
* ''[[Savara (moth)|Savara]]''
* ''[[Schistorhynx]]''
* ''[[Selenisa]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Selenoperas]]''
* ''[[Spectrophysa]]''
* ''[[Sphingomorpha]]''
* ''[[Stenocarsia]]''
* ''[[Stenoprora]]''
* ''[[Sundwarda]]''
* ''[[Syllectra]]''
* ''[[Sypna]]''
* ''[[Sypnoides]]''
* ''[[Talmala]]''
* ''[[Tamba (moth)|Tamba]]''
* ''[[Thiacidas]]''
* ''[[Thoracolophotos]]''
* ''[[Throana]]''
* ''[[Thyrostipa]]''
* ''[[Thysania]]''
* ''[[Tinolius]]''
* ''[[Tipasa (moth)|Tipasa]]''
* ''[[Tiruvaca]]''
* ''[[Tolpia]]''
* ''[[Tolpiodes]]''
* ''[[Toxonprucha]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Trigonochrostia]]''
* ''[[Trisula (moth)|Trisula]]''
* ''[[Tropidtamba]]''
* ''[[Tyrissa]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
* ''[[Ugia]]''
* ''[[Veia]]''
* ''[[Vestura]]''
* ''[[Xanthanomis]]''
* ''[[Zaleops]]'' (Catocalinae: Ophiusina?)
}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{cite web|last=Savela|first=Markku|date=August 2, 2019|url=https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/erebidae/calpinae/|title=Calpinae Boisduval, 1840|website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms|access-date=November 21, 2019}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2934400}}
[[Category:Calpinae]]
[[Category:Moth subfamilies]]