View source for Cao E

{{for|the river|Cao'e River}}
{{Not to be confused with|Zhao E}}
{{Chinese
|pic=Cao_E_(130-143),_WuShuangPu_(1694,_1996).jpg
|piccap=Cao E (曹娥) as depicted in the [[Wu Shuang Pu]] (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Gulian
|c=曹娥
|p=Cáo É
|w=Ts`ao O
|bpmf=ㄘㄠˊㄜˊ
|j=Cou<sup>4</sup> Ngo<sup>4</sup>
|altname=Cao Xiaonü<br>{{small|([[posthumous name]])}}
|c2=曹孝女
|p2=Cáo Xiàonǚ
|l2=Cao [[Filial piety]] daughter
|w2=Ts'ao Hsiao-nu
|bpmf2=ㄘㄠˊㄒㄧㄠˋㄋㄩˇ
|j2=Cou<sup>4</sup> Haau<sup>3</sup>pou<sup>2</sup>
}}
[[File:Cao E Temple.JPG|thumb|Cao'e Temple from the east, looking over the Cao'e Rivier]]
[[File:Cao_E_Stele_in_Caoe_Temple_02_2014-08.JPG|thumb|Cao'e-[[stele]] from the year 1093, made by Cai Bian (蔡卞). This monument measures 2 meter in height and is 1 meter wide.]]
'''Cao E''' ({{zh|labels=no|c=曹娥|p=Cáo É}}) (130–143) was a young girl from [[Shangyu District]], [[Shaoxing]], [[Zhejiang]] Province in [[China]]. She was the daughter of the [[shaman]] Cao Xu. The girl died in the year 143 while trying to save her father from drowning. In the year 151 a temple was built for her and the river in which she and her father drowned, was named after her.
== Life ==
Cao Xu (曹盱) was the father of Cao E. He was a [[shaman]] who led local [[Ceremony|ceremonies]] at [[Shangyu]]. At the ceremony of the [[Dragon Boat Festival]] in the year 143, Cao Xu fell into the Shun river. A large-scale search was launched that lasted 17 days, but yielded nothing. Cao E, his daughter of 13 years old, decided in the course of [[filial piety]] (孝, ''xiao'') to search for her father in the river. After five days, she appeared above water with her father in her arms, both dead from drowning. This act made Cao E a very famous girl, a textbook example of filial piety. The veneration of the girl started right away; from that moment on, she received the courtesy name 曹孝女 (Cao Xiaonü; Cao, the filial piety daughter). Eight years later, in 151, a temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zjww.gov.cn/unit/2006-02-24/54797484.shtml|title=曹娥庙 (Cao'e Temple)|date=2021-08-18|publisher=Zhejiang Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030164118/http://www.zjww.gov.cn/unit/2006-02-24/54797484.shtml|archive-date=2014-10-30|language=zh}}</ref> and a tomb were built in memory of Cao E in honor of her sacrifice to save her father. A stone [[stele]] was made to honor her memory, but it has been lost. In 1093, Cai Bian (蔡卞) made a similar stele for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sx.gov.cn/col/col1407/index.html|title=Translation|access-date=2021-12-02|archive-date=2015-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414080049/http://www.sx.gov.cn/col/col1407/index.html|url-status=}}([[:zh:曹娥碑|W]]) {{cite web|url=https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20150414080049/http://www.sx.gov.cn/col/col1407/index.html?_x_tr_sl=zh-TW&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=nl&_x_tr_pto=sc|title=Translation|date=14 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Fang Ailong|date=2018|url=https://www.cancerbiomed.org/content/12/3/246|title=蔡卞行书上虞孝女曹娥碑|journal=Cancer Biology & Medicine |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=246–254 |language=zh|publisher=Hangzhou Normal University (Social Science Edition)|doi=10.3969/j.issn.1674-2338.2018.01.020}}</ref> The Shun River was renamed the Cao'e River in her honor.
== Things named after Cao E ==
===Cao'e River ===
The '''[[Cao'e River]]''' arises at an altitude of 870 meters on the Jiangongling mountain in the Dapan Mountains in the  province of [[Zhejiang]] in China. The river is 182.4 km long and flows into the [[Hangzhou Bay]]. The river has had several names such as, Shun river, named after [[Emperor Shun]] and [[Shangyu District|Shangyu]] river, named after the region it flows through. The name the river still bears today is from the girl Cao E (130-143), who drowned in that river along with her father.
===Cao'e Temple===
The '''[[Cao'e Temple]]''' was first built in 151, after which the temple was rebuilt many times. The last time the temple was rebuilt was after a major fire in 1929, the reconstruction then lasted until 1936. The construction was made with a lot of [[wood carving]] in addition to the [[stone carving]]. The temple stands in the [[Shangyu District]], [[Shaoxing]], [[Zhejiang]] and its [[façade]] faces east and overlooks the Cao'e-river, the other side has a view on the Phoenix mountain. The land on which the temple stands has an area of 6000 square meters, the temple has an area of 3840 square meters. Since 1989, the Cao'e-temple has been included in the list of protected national and cultural relics. Inside the temple, several wall paintings have been created describing the story of Cao E. Every year from May 15-22, there is a festival in the Cao'e-temple, with a Cao E [[memorial service]] at the temple on May 22. The temple is called the number one temple of [[Jiangnan]].
===Cao'e Tomb===
The '''Cao'e Tomb''' has been destroyed and rebuilt a few times after its construction in 151. The current [[tomb]] is 2.7 meters high and measures 7 meters wide and deep and is placed in the northern part of the Cao'e-temple.
===Cao'e Stele===
The original '''[[Cao'e Stele]]''' ({{zh|labels=no|c=曹娥碑}}) was lost but in 1093, Cai Bian (蔡卞) crafted another [[stele]] for Cao E, this stele is over 2 meters high and 1 meter wide. The Cao'e Stele is set up in the Cao'e Temple. The stele has been titled "The stele of Cao E, the [[filial piety]] daughter". This stele has become a historical monument.
===Small Cao E town===
'''[[Xiaocao'ezhen]]''', [[English language|English]]: "Small Cao E town" ({{zh|s=小曹娥镇|p=xiǎo Cáo É zhèn}}), is named after Cao E and is part of [[Yuyao]] ([[Ningbo]]) in the [[Zhejiang]] province, [[China]]. Small Cao E town has an area of 33.4 square kilometers and a population of 40,400 (2017). There is a Cao'e-post-office, Cao'e-health-center, Cao'e-school and Cao'e-supermarket in the town. The town is located about 50 km away from the port of [[Ningbo]] and is known for its industry. Small Cao E town has a reputation for [[honey]] and [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]]. Small Cao E town has been chosen as one of the 1000 top towns in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinawiki.net/thread/55/11034.html|title=Xiao Cao'e-city|date=2021-08-16|publisher=Chinawiki|language=en}}</ref>
===Cao E tribute===
* There are more than 30 steles donated by famous people and exhibited in the temple in honor of Cao E, some of these famous people are: [[Mi Fu]], [[Tang Yin]], [[Zhu Yunming]], [[Wen Zhengming]], [[Chiang Kai-shek]].
* Over time, a number of dignitaries have visit the temple of Cao E.
* A number of dignitaries have invested in the temple, for example, in 1093 Emperor [[Song Zhezong]] had a main hall built in the temple.
* Poems have been written for Cao E by famous people, including [[Xu Wei]], [[Yu Youren]], [[Xiong Xiling]], [[Ju Zheng]], [[Liu Chunlin]], Wang Ruan, Wang Zhen.
* Several writers incorporated Cao E's story into their own works, including [[Luo Guanzhong]], [[Cao Xueqin]].
* Cao E is included in the [[Book of the Later Han]].
* Cao E is included in the [[Wu Shuang Pu]] (無雙譜; Book of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.
== References ==
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[[Category:Deaths by drowning]]
[[Category:Deified Chinese women]]
[[Category:Legendary Chinese people]]