View source for Carrara

{{Short description|City in Tuscany, Italy}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                   = Carrara
| official_name          = Comune di Carrara
| native_name            = {{native name|egl|Carara}}
| image_skyline          = Carrara, veduta verso il centro storico, avenza e il mare da via salita sponda 04.jpg
| imagesize              =
| image_alt              =
|image_flag=Flag of Carrara.svg| image_caption          =
| image_shield           = Coat_of_arms_of_Carrara.svg
| shield_alt             =
| image_map              =
| map_alt                =
| map_caption            =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt        =
| coordinates            = {{coord|44|04.75|N|10|06.00|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes  =
| region                 = [[Tuscany]]
| province               = [[Province of Massa and Carrara|Massa and Carrara]] (MS)
| frazioni               = Avenza, Bedizzano, Bergiola, Bonascola, [[Castelpoggio]], Codena, [[Colonnata]], Fontia, Fossola, Gragnana, [[Marina di Carrara]], [[Miseglia]], Nazzano, Noceto, Sorgnano, Torano
| mayor_party            = [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|Centre-left]]
| mayor                  =  Serena Arrighi
| area_footnotes         =
| area_total_km2         = 71
| population_footnotes   =
| population_total       = 62923
| population_as_of       = 30 June 2016
| pop_density_footnotes  =
| population_demonym     = Carraresi, Carrarini
| elevation_footnotes    =
| elevation_m            = 100
| twin1                  =
| twin1_country          =
|istat=| saint                  = [[Ceccardus of Luni|San Ceccardo]]
| day                    = June 16
| postal_code            = 54033
| area_code              = 0585
| website                =
| footnotes              =
}}
'''Carrara''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|ɑːr|ə}} {{respell|kə|RAR|ə}}; {{IPA|it|kaˈraːɾa|lang}}; {{Langx|egl|Carara}}, {{IPA-egl|kaˈɾaːɾa|lang}}) is a town and ''[[comune]]'' in [[Tuscany]], in central Italy, of the [[province of Massa and Carrara]], and notable for the white or blue-grey [[Carrara marble|marble]] quarried there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mytravelintuscany.com/carrara-and-its-white-gold/|title=Carrara and its precious white gold|date=25 February 2017|website=www.mytravelintuscany.com|publisher=My Travel in Tuscany|access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref> It is on the Carrione River, some {{convert|100|km|mi}} [[Boxing the compass|west-northwest]] of [[Florence]]. Its motto is [[Latin]]: ''
"{{sqc|Fortitudo mea in rota}}" ("My strength is in the wheel"), a reference firstly to the [[marble]] shipping industry from Roman times onwards.
==Toponymy==
The word ''Carrara'' likely comes from the pre-Roman ([[Celtic languages|Celtic]] or [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian]]) element ''kar'' (stone), through Latin ''carrariae'' meaning 'quarries'.<ref>Repetti</ref>
== History ==
{{main|Duchy of Massa and Carrara}}
[[File:Carrara.PNG|thumb|left|View of Carrara]]
There were known settlements in the area as early as the ninth century BC, when the Apuan Ligures lived in the region. The current town originated from the borough built to house workers in the marble quarries created by the [[ancient Rome|Romans]] after their conquest of [[Liguria]] in the early second century BC. Carrara has been linked with the process of quarrying and carving marble since the Roman Age. Marble was exported from the nearby harbour of [[Luni, Italy|Luni]] at the mouth of the river [[Magra]].<ref>[http://www.interscultura.it/eng/history.asp Carrara and its environs], InterScultura</ref>
In the early [[Middle Ages]] it was a Byzantine and then Lombard possession, and then, it was under the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of La Spezia-Sarzana-Brugnato|Bishops of Luni]] who started to write the city's history when the Emperor [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] gave it to them.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haegen|first1=Anne Mueller von der|last2=Strasser|first2=Ruth F.|title=Art & Architecture: Tuscany|year=2013|publisher=H.F.Ullmann Publishing|location=Potsdam|isbn=978-3-8480-0321-1|page=43|chapter=Carrara}}</ref> It turned itself into a [[lordship of Carrara|city-state]] in the early 13th century; during the struggle between [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]], Carrara usually belonged to the latter party. The Bishops acquired it again in 1230, their rule ending in 1313, when the city was given in succession to the [[republic of Pisa|Republics of Pisa]], [[Lucca]] and [[History of Florence|Florence]]. Later it was acquired by [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] of [[Milan]].
After the death of [[Filippo Maria Visconti]] of [[History of Milan|Milan]] in 1447, Carrara was fought over by [[Tommaso Campofregoso]], lord of [[Sarzana]], and again the Malaspina family, who moved here the seat of their ''[[signoria]]'' in the second half of the 15th century. Carrara and Massa formed the [[Duchy of Massa and Carrara]] from the 15th to the 19th century. Under the last Malaspina, [[Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina|Maria Teresa]], who had married [[Ercole III d'Este, Duke of Modena|Ercole III d'Este]], it became part of the [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Duchy of Modena]].
After the short Napoleonic rule of [[Elisa Bonaparte]], it was given back to Modena. During the [[Italian unification|unification of Italy]] age, Carrara was the seat of a popular revolt led by [[Domenico Cucchiari]], and was a center of [[Giuseppe Mazzini]]'s revolutionary activity.
[[File:Cararia.jpg|thumb|The [[Alberto Meschi]] monument in Carrara.]]
[[File:Cassier's magazine (1911) (14760305101).jpg|thumb|Carrara in 1911]]
At the end of the 19th century Carrara became the cradle of [[anarchism in Italy]], in particular among the quarry workers. The quarry workers, including the stone carvers, had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. Ideas from outside the city began to influence the Carrarese. Anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. According to a ''[[New York Times]]'' article of 1894 many violent revolutionists who had been expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885 and founded the first anarchist group in Italy.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/01/19/104156733.pdf A Stronghold of Anarchists], The New York Times, January 19, 1894</ref> Carrara has remained a continuous 'hotbed' of anarchism in Italy, with several organizations located in the city. The Anarchist marble workers were also the driving force behind organising labour in the quarries and in the carving sheds. They were also the main protagonists of the [[Lunigiana revolt]] in January 1894.
In 1929, the municipalities of Carrara, Massa and [[Montignoso]] were merged in a single municipality, called ''Apuania''. In 1945 the previous situation was restored.
Carrara is the birthplace of the [[International of Anarchist Federations|International Federation of Anarchists]] (IFA), formed in 1968.
=== Title ===
As a titular [[Duke of Modena]], the current holder of the title of "Prince of Carrara" would be [[Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este]].
== Economy ==
[[Carrara marble]] has been used since the time of [[Ancient Rome]]. The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and [[Trajan's Column]] in [[Rome]] are constructed of it, and many [[sculpture]]s of the [[Renaissance]] were carved from it.
== Culture ==
Fortitude Mea in Rota “My strength in the wheel”. The wheel of the carriage made to transport marble blocks from quarry to load out during Roman Empire and after, is the symbol of Carrara.
==Coat of arms and symbols==
According to the [[Grand Orient of Italy]], the coat of arms of Carrara contains the ''Comacina wheel'', symbol of the ancient master stonemasons of Como.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www-grandeoriente-it.translate.goog/storie-di-massoni-repubblicani-e-carbonari/?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp|title=Stories of freemasons, republicans and carbonari / Il Tirreno Massa e Carrara|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210116010922/https://www.grandeoriente.it/storie-di-massoni-repubblicani-e-carbonari/|archive-date=16 January 2021|url-status =live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltirreno.it/massa/cronaca/2014/05/09/news/una-nuova-loggia-massonica-nascera-sotto-le-apuane-1.9192671|author=David Chiappuella|quote=The same symbol of Carrara is the Comacina wheel, symbol of the masters of Como|title=A new Masonic lodge will be born under the Apuane mountains|date=9 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231108094826/https://www.iltirreno.it/massa/cronaca/2014/05/09/news/una-nuova-loggia-massonica-nascera-sotto-le-apuane-1.9192671|archive-date=8 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iltirreno.it/massa/cronaca/2020/11/15/news/la-marmifera-e-i-cavatori-seen-dagli-occhi-di-mary-poppins-1.39543547|author=David Chiappuella|date=15 November 2020|title=Carrara, the Marmifera and the quarrymen seen from the eyes of Mary Poppins|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231108095220/https://www.iltirreno.it/massa/cronaca/2020/11/15/news/la-marmifera-e-i-cavatori-visti-dagli-occhi-di-mary-poppins-1.39543547|archive-date=8 November 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Main sights ==
*[[Carrara Cathedral|Cathedral]] (''Duomo'', 12th century).
*Ducal Palace (also ''Palazzo Cybo Malaspina'', 16th century), now the seat of the [[Fine art|Fine Arts]] Academy. Built over pre-existing [[Lombards|Lombard]] fortification, it dates to the reign of [[Guglielmo Malaspina]], becoming in 1448 the permanent seat of the dynasty. It includes two distinct edifices: the Castello Malaspiniano, dating to the 13th century, and the Renaissance palace, begun by [[Alberico I Malaspina|Alberico I]] in the late 16th century. Under the medieval [[loggia]] are exposed several ancient Roman findings.
*Baroque church and convent of ''San Francesco'', built in 1623&ndash;64 by order of [[Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina]].
*Church of the ''Suffragio'', begun in 1686 under design of Innocenzo Bergamini, and refurbished in the 19th century. The façade has a large marble portal in [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style, sculpted by [[Carlo Finelli]] and surmounted by a [[Relief|bas-relief]] with the "Madonna and the Souls of the Purgatory".
*''Palazzo Cybo-Malaspina''
*Sanctuary of the ''Madonna delle Grazie alla Lugnola'', consecrated in 1676 and designed by Alessandro Bergamini.
*Church of ''Santa Maria Assunta'', at Torano. It has a 16th-century façade with a portal from 1554. The interior is on a nave and two aisles.
[[File:Carrara01.jpg|thumb|A Carrara marble quarry]]
[[File:Facciataduomocarrara.jpg|thumb|right|Façade of the cathedral]]
[[File:Carrara-accademia belle arti3.jpg|thumb|right|Palazzo Cybo Malaspina]]
[[File:Carrare exploitation du marbre.jpg|thumb|right|Carrara marble exploitation]]
[[File:Carrara marble mt sagro.jpg|thumb|right|Monte Sagro and nearby quarries]]
==Sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}}
Carrara is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=All'inaugurazione del CARMI presenti anche le delegazioni delle città gemellate con Carrara|url=http://web.comune.carrara.ms.it/archivio10_notizie-e-comunicati_0_2431.html|website=web.comune.carrara.ms.it|publisher=Carrara|language=it|date=2018-06-01|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FESTIVAL - Yerevan Outdoor Advertising Festival|url=http://web.comune.carrara.ms.it/archivio10_notizie-e-comunicati_0_1901.html|website=web.comune.carrara.ms.it|publisher=Carrara|language=it|date=2017-10-26|access-date=2019-12-13}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Grasse]], France
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Ingolstadt]], Germany
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kragujevac]], Serbia
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Opole]], Poland
*{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yunfu]], China
{{div col end}}
== Notable people ==
* [[Eumone Baratta]] (1823~After 1890), sculptor
* [[Federico Bernardeschi]] (1994-), footballer
* [[Gianluigi Buffon]] (1978-), footballer
* [[Giorgio Chinaglia]] (1947-2012), footballer
* [[Hanna Eshel]] (1926-2023), sculptor
* [[Francesco Gabbani]] (1982-), singer
* [[Lorenzo Musetti]] (2002-), tennis player
* [[Pietro Tacca]] (1577-1640), sculptor
* [[Cristiano Zanetti]] (1977-), former footballer
* [[Carlo Bergamini (sculptor)|Carlo Bergamini]] (1868-1934), sculptor
== See also ==
* [[No Cav]]
* [[Carrara marble]]
* [[Marmifera di Carrara railway]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commons category|Carrara}}
{{EB1911 poster|Carrara (town)|Carrara}}
* {{Official website|http://www.comune.carrara.ms.it/}}
*[[commons:Marble quarry|Marble Quarry in the Massa and Carrara region]]
*[http://quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/pdf/carrara_italy_monumental_news_mar_1893.pdf "Carrara" (Marble), in ''The Monumental News'' Magazine, March 1893, pp. 273-275.]
*[http://quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/pdf/carrara_marble_industry_scientific_american_may_17_1902.pdf "The Carrara Marble Industry,"] ''Scientific American Supplement'', May 17, 1902, pp.&nbsp;22045–22046.
*[http://quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/a_marble_world.html "A Marble World" (Carrara, Italy), by E. St. John Hart, article in ''Pearson's Magazine'', February 1903]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080922183717/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17399 Landsat 7 photograph of Carrara marble quarries in August 2001]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/09/28/travel/20101003CARRARA.html Overnight in Carrara, Italy] - slideshow by ''[[The New York Times]]''
{{Province of Massa and Carrara}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Carrara| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tuscany]]
[[Category:Coastal towns in Tuscany]]
[[Category:Municipalities of the Province of Massa-Carrara]]