View source for Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt

{{Short description|Dutch botanist}}
[[File:Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Caspar G. C. Reinwardt.]]
'''Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt''' (5 June 1773 in [[Lüttringhausen]] &ndash; 6 March 1854 in [[Leiden]]) was a [[Germans|Prussian]]-born [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[botanist]]. He is considered to be the founding father of [[Bogor Botanical Garden]] in [[Indonesia]].
== Biography ==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een vijver met fontein in de plantentuin van Buitenzorg TMnr 3728-809.jpg|thumb|right| 220px | Lithograph of Lily pond and fountain at the Bogor Botanical Gardens, 1880s]]
[[File:Botanischer Garten in Bogor.jpg | thumb|right| 220px | Photograph of Lily pond and fountain at the Bogor Botanical Gardens, 2014]]
In 1787 he was apprenticed to an [[Amsterdam]] pharmacy where his brother worked. He came in contact with several scientists, including the botanist Gerardus Vrolik (father of [[Willem Vrolik]]). He had his education at the [[Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam|Athenaeum Illustre]] where he successfully engaged in the study chemistry and botany.
Under the [[Batavian Republic]] and the [[Kingdom of Holland]] he served as a professor of [[natural history]] at the [[University of Harderwijk]] from 1800 to 1808. After a while he became associate professor of [[chemistry]] and [[pharmacy]]. In 1808 he appealed to king [[Louis Bonaparte]] and was offered work as director of the "to be built" botanical and zoological gardens and museums. In 1808 he became a member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences|Royal Institute of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00002531 |title=Caspar Georg Carel Reinwardt (1773 - 1854) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> And in 1810 just before the annexation of the Kingdom of Holland by the [[First French Empire|French Empire]], he became professor of natural history in Amsterdam. After the restoration of independence in 1813 and of its colonial empire in 1816, the Netherlands was eager to re-establish contact with its colonies. In 1816 he was offered a position as head of agriculture, arts and science of the colony, and journeyed to the [[Dutch East Indies]] where he conducted various botanical investigations throughout the archipelago. Reinwardt was the founder (1817) and first director of the [[Bogor Botanical Gardens|botanical gardens]] at [[Bogor]] (then called Buitenzorg) in [[Java (island)|Java]]. There he gathered and cultivated various flora from the surrounding islands such as the [[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]], [[Timor]] and [[Sulawesi]].<ref>[http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Reinwardt,_Kaspar_George_Karl ADB: Reinwardt, Kaspar George Karl] @ [[Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie]]</ref>
Reinwardt also undertook several expeditions to collect plants that were sent to the [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden]]. However, not many of these plants survived the journey from Java to the Netherlands. The ship on which they were transported, the Zr. Ms, ''Admiraal Evertsen'' under command of Captain-Lieutenant [[Quirijn Maurits Rudolph Ver Huell|Ver Huell]], was shipwrecked on [[Diego Garcia]] with the loss of its precious cargo.<ref name=Akveld>*{{cite journal|author=Akveld, L.M.|title=Maurits Ver Huell en zijn reis door het voormalige Nederlands-Indië aan boord van het linieschip 'Admiraal Evertsen' in de jaren 1816-1819|journal=Indische Letteren|volume=4|url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_ind004198901_01/_ind004198901_01_0002.php|year=1989|pages=17–18|language=nl|access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref> He remained as director of the Botanical Gardens until 1821 and spent most of his time gathering tropical plants. He returned to the Netherlands in 1822 and became a professor of natural history at the [[University of Leiden]] in 1823, where he devoted his life to chemistry, botany and [[mineralogy]].<ref name=BH>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33190179#page/722/mode/1up BHL] Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications</ref>
Reinwardt also studied [[amphibian]]s and [[reptile]]s, describing two new species of snakes, ''[[Laticauda semifasciata]]'' and ''[[Xenopeltis unicolor]]''.<ref>"Reinwardt". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
In 1831 Reinwardt published a catalog of the plants growing in the Leiden Hortus. He counted exactly 5,600 species and varieties, an increase of nearly 600 since 1822. In particular, the numbers of Australian, Chinese and Japanese plants had increased. This increase in number of varieties was largely contributed by [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]] who sent many plants to the Hortus Botanicus in Leiden.
Reinwardt finally retired as a professor in 1845 and died nine years later. He was succeeded by [[Willem Hendrik de Vriese]].
[[File:Albo-reinwardt.jpg|thumb|220px|right|''Nepenthes reinwardtiana'']]
===Legacy===
The botanical journal ''Reinwardtia'' (ISSN 0034-365X) from [[Bogor Botanical Gardens]], [[Indonesia]], is named in his honour.<ref>[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000518042 HathiTrust Digital Library] Reinwardtia</ref> The [[Reinwardt Academy]], the faculty of [[museology]] and [[cultural heritage]] of the [[Amsterdam University of the Arts]], is also named after Reinwardt.
Reinwardt is honored in some [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific names]].  The [[genus]] ''[[Reinwardtia]]'' was named after him by [[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier]], and the [[species]] ''[[Nepenthes reinwardtiana]]'' was named after him by [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel]].<ref name=JS>[http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000006942?history=true& JSTOR Global Plants] Reinwardt, Caspar George Carl (1773-1854)</ref>
A journal of plant [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] Reinwardtia published by the [[Herbarium Bogoriense]] in [[Java]], [[Indonesia]] is named after him.
===Monument===
On 16 May 2006 a monument for Reinwardt was erected in the Bogor Botanical Gardens by the [[Indonesian Institute of Sciences]] (LIPI) to celebrate its 189th anniversary. The monument was built at the initiative of the German botanist, Herwig Zahorka.<ref>[http://www.jakarta.diplo.de/Vertretung/jakarta/id/07_20Kultur/Bilaterale__Kulturbeziehungen/deu__spuren/bildergalerie__reinwardt.html Caspar Georg Karl Reinwardt (*5 Juni 1733 – † 6 Maret 1854)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225143948/http://www.jakarta.diplo.de/Vertretung/jakarta/id/07_20Kultur/Bilaterale__Kulturbeziehungen/deu__spuren/bildergalerie__reinwardt.html |date=2015-02-25 }}, jakarta.diplo.de</ref>
== Eponymous taxa ==
Some of the taxa (botanical and zoological) that honor him are listed below:<ref name=BH/><ref name=JS/>
* ''[[Reinwardtia]]'', genus of plant in the family [[Linaceae]].
* ''[[Reinwardtoena]]'', genus of bird in the family [[Columbidae]].
** [[Great cuckoo-dove]], ''Reinwardtoena reinwardti'', a species of bird in the family [[Columbidae]]. It is endemic to [[Indonesia]].
* ''[[Reinwardtipicus]]'',  genus of bird in the family [[Picidae]].
* [[Javan trogon]], ''Apalharpactes reinwardtii'', bird in the family [[Trogonidae]].
* [[Rhacophorus reinwardtii]], a [[flying frog]] from [[Indonesia]].
* [[Blackcap babbler]], ''Turdoides reinwardtii'', an [[Old World babbler]].
* [[Orange-footed scrubfowl]], ''Megapodius reinwardt'', a [[megapode]].
* ''[[Anoectochilus|Anoectochilus reinwardtii]]'', a species of jewel orchid endemic to [[Indonesia]].
* ''Farancia abacura reinwardti'', Western [[mud snake]], from the United States.
== Selected works ==
* "Hepaticae Javanicae : editae conjunctis studiis et opera", 1824 (with [[Carl Ludwig Blume]]; [[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck]]).
* ''Über den Charakter der Vegetation auf den inseln des Indischen Archipels'', 1828.
* "Musci frondosi Iavanici", 1828 (with [[Christian Friedrich Hornschuch]]).
* "Enumeratio plantarum quae in horto Lugduno-Batavo coluntur", 1831.
* "Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis : quas, in itinere per insulas archipelagi indici Javam, Amboinam, Celebem, Ternatam, aliasque, annis 1815-1821 exploravit Casp. Georg. Carol. Reinwardt" (edited and published by [[Willem Hendrik de Vriese]] in 1856).
* "The correspondence of Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773-1854)" (In English, with Teunis Willem van Heiningen).<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AReinwardt%2C+C.+G.+C.&qt=hot_author WorldCat Search] published works</ref>
{{botanist|Reinw.|Reinwardt, Caspar Georg Carl}}
==Bibliography==
*''De Leidse Hortus, een botanische erfenis''; W.K.H. Karstens & H. Kleibrink; Waanders (1982); {{ISBN|9070072920}}
*''Hortus Academicus Lugduno-Batavus, 1587-1937''; H. Veendorp & [[Lourens Baas Becking|L.G.M. Baas Becking]]; eerste druk in 1938, heruitgave in 1990 met een toegevoegde inleiding door [[Kees Kalkman|C. Kalkman]]; {{ISBN|90-71236-05-6}}
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120223235913/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/toegangen/boekenseries/brievencollectie-brugmans-reinwardt/ The Correspondence of Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773-1854)]''; Teunis Willem van Heiningen (ed.); The Hague: Huygens ING, 2011.
*''Levensberigt van Casper Georg Carl Reinwardt'', in: Digitale bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren, online versie [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_jaa002185401_01/_jaa002185401_01_0021.htm hier]
*''Reis naar het oostelijk gedeelte van den Indischen archipel, in het jaar 1821''; Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt; F. Muller (1858); Google Books; online versie [https://books.google.com/books?id=JZsBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22caspar+georg+carl+reinwardt%22&pg=PR3 hier]
*''Geschiedenis van de voormalige geldersche hoogeschool en hare hoogleeraren''; Hermannus Bouman; J.G. van Terveen (1847); Google Books; online versie [https://books.google.com/books?id=aTEBAAAAYAAJ&dq=reinwardt&pg=RA6-PA553 hier]
*[https://archive.today/20070813060446/http://www.knaw.nl/cfdata/leden/historisch_ledenlist.cfm?persoon=1518 Pagina van C.G.C. Reinwardt bij de Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen]
* A. Weber: [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/18924 Hybrid Ambitions. Science, Governance, and Empire in the Career of Caspar G.C. Reinwardt (1773-1854)]. Leiden: Leiden University Press 2012.
* A. Weber: [https://archive.today/20150623181210/http://hos.sagepub.com/content/52/3/297 Bitter Fruits of Accumulation. The Case of Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773-1854)], History of Science (2014), 297-318.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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[[Category:1773 births]]
[[Category:1854 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Dutch botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century Dutch botanists]]
[[Category:University of Amsterdam alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Harderwijk]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Leiden University]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of Teylers Tweede Genootschap]]
[[Category:People from Remscheid]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Kingdom of Prussia]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the Dutch Republic]]