View source for Catocala

{{Short description|Genus of moths}}
{{Redirect|Lamprosia| the metalmark butterfly|Voltinia (butterfly)| the arctiid moths|Lamprosiella}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Catocala
| image = Catocala pura.JPG
| image_caption = [[Semirelict underwing]] (''C. semirelicta'')<br/>[[Imago]] of the ''pura'' [[form (zoology)|form]] from above
| authority = [[Franz von Paula Schrank|Schrank]], 1802
| diversity_link = #Classification
| diversity = About 270 species
| type_species = ''[[Red underwing|Phalaena nupta]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[12th edition of Systema Naturae|1767]]
| synonyms = Numerous, see text
}}
'''''Catocala''''' is a generally [[Holarctic]] [[genus]] of [[moth]]s in the family [[Erebidae]]. The genus was erected by [[Franz von Paula Schrank]] in 1802. The moths are commonly known as '''underwing moths''' or simply '''underwings'''. These terms are sometimes used for [[#Other "underwing moths"|a few related moths]], but usually – especially when used in [[plural]], not as part of a species name – they are used to refer to ''Catocala'' only.
Of the more than 250 known [[species]], slightly less than half are found in North America – mostly in the United States – while the rest occur in [[Eurasia]]. About one-fifth (almost 30) of these species are native to Europe. A few species occur in the northern [[Neotropics]] and [[Indomalaya]].<ref>FE (2011), and see references in Savela (2012)</ref>
==Description and ecology==
Most species of ''Catocala'' have medium to large adults, [[crypsis|cryptically]] coloured except for the hindwings, which are marked with stripes in orange, red, white, or even blue. In some, the hindwings are mostly blackish. Unlike what the common name "underwings" seems to suggest, the colour is brightest on the upperside. However, the bright hindwings are not visible at rest, being hidden under the dull forewings – hence the name. Due to their diversity and variety of colors and patterns, underwing moths are popular with collectors of [[Lepidoptera]].
In, ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II'', the genus described as follows.
{{quote |quote=Palpi reaching just above vertex of head, the 2nd joint thickly scaled; antennae of male fasciculated; thorax smoothly scaled; abdomen with dorsal ridges of coarse hair on proximal segments, which are sometimes developed into tufts; fore tibia more or less hairy; hind tibia spined. Fore wing with the apex nearly rectangular; the cilia crenulate. Hind wing with the cilia crenulate; vein 5 from below center of discocellulars. Larva with four pairs of abdominal prolegs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hampson |first=G. F. |author-link=George Hampson |date=1894 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/180400#page/5/mode/1up |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II |publisher=Taylor and Francis |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref>}}
It is believed that the bright colors, arranged in usually roughly [[concentric]] markings, at a casual glance resemble the [[eye]]s of a [[predator]]y animal, such as a [[cat]]. An underwing moth, well camouflaged in its daytime resting spot on a tree trunk or branch, will suddenly flash open the hindwings when disturbed. A [[bird]] or other small predator that is not used to this display is likely to be frightened, allowing the moth to escape. However, unlike some other bright-colored moths which are bad-tasting or even poisonous to predators, underwing moths are well palatable at least to some birds (e.g. the [[blue jay]], ''Cyanocitta cristata''). To assist in avoiding [[nocturnal]] predators such as [[bat]]s, these moths also possess (like many of their relatives) fairly well-developed hearing organs.<ref>Fullard & Napoleone (2001), Stevens (2005)</ref>
[[File:Catocala ilia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Caterpillar]] of the [[beloved underwing]] (''C.&nbsp;ilia'')]]
The [[caterpillar]]s of most species feed on the leaves of woody plants, usually trees but sometimes shrubs. Typical food plants are [[Fagales]] of the families [[Betulaceae]], [[Fagaceae]] and [[Juglandaceae]] – mainly [[hickory]] (''Carya''), [[oak]] (''Quercus'') and [[walnut tree]] (''Juglans'') species, as well as others such as [[alder]] (''Alnus''), [[beech]] (''Fagus''), [[birch]] (''Betula'') and [[chestnut]] (''Castanea''). The caterpillars of numerous [[Old World]] and some North American species feed on the [[Salicaceae]] ''[[Populus]]'' (poplars) and ''[[Salix]]'' (willows), which belong to the [[Malpighiales]]. Less common larval food plants of ''Catocala'' are for example [[elm]]s (''Ulmus'') and various [[Rosaceae]] of the [[Rosales]], ''[[Tilia]]'' (linden and basswood) of the [[Malvales]], or some [[Fabaceae]] of the [[Fabales]]; as the preceding, these all belong to the [[Fabidae]] lineage of rosid [[eudicot]]s. More unusually, underwing moth caterpillars have also been found to feed on such plants as [[maple]] (''Acer'') which belongs to a distant lineage of rosids, as well as on such plants as [[ash tree]]s (''Fraxinus'') and [[blueberries]] (''Vaccinium'') which are [[asterid]]s and quite unrelated to the other food plants by eudicot standards.<ref>Nelson & Loy (1983), and see references in Savela (2012)</ref>
The adults are predominantly nocturnal, flying from shortly after [[dusk]] right up to [[dawn|daybreak]]. They are generally most active about two hours after nightfall. However, several if not all species of underwing moths have a second activity period exactly around [[noon]], during which they are also regularly found on the wing for about 1–2 hours each day.<ref>Fullard & Napoleone (2001)</ref>
The genus name ''Catocala'' roughly means "beautiful hindwings". It is a combination of two [[Ancient Greek]] words, ''kato'' (κάτω, "the rear one" or "the lower one"), and ''kalos'' (καλός, "beautiful").<ref>Woodhouse (1910)</ref>
==Classification==
There are over 250 species in this genus. The species of ''Catocala'' are here divided into a Eurasian group, and another one which is found in North America. This does not imply actual relationships; it is mainly done to more conveniently deal with the large number of species. Still, it is not unlikely at all that the groups consist at least to some extent of closely related species.<ref>See references in Savela (2012)</ref>
There are several [[cryptic species complex]]es in ''Catocala'', e.g. the group around the [[Delilah underwing]] (''C. delilah''); these and other hitherto unknown species are still being discovered and described in some numbers. Thus, resolving the [[phylogeny]] and [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the underwing moths is an ongoing effort, which has made ({{as of|2011|lc=y}}) little progress. In the scientific literature, smaller subdivisions into putatively related species are sometimes applied, but there is no consistent and widely accepted [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] treatment for the genus as a whole.
===Synonyms===
Several distinct genera have formally been proposed for splitting from ''Catocala'', but these are all treated here as [[junior synonym]]s. These synonyms and other invalid names of ''Catocala'' are:<ref>Pitkin & Jenkins (2004b)</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |date=July 27, 2019 |url=https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/erebidae/erebinae/catocala/ |title=''Catocala'' Schrank, 1802 |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=January 6, 2020}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ''Andreusia'' <small>Hampson, 1913 (unjustified [[emendation (taxonomy)|emendation]])</small>
* ''Andrewsia'' <small>[[Augustus Radcliffe Grote|Grote]], 1882</small>
* ''Astiodes'' <small>(''[[lapsus]]'')</small>
* ''Astiotes'' <small>[[Jacob Hübner|Hübner]], 1823</small>
* ''Belpharidia'' <small>(''lapsus'')</small>
* ''Bihemena'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Blephara'' <small>[[Ferdinand Ochsenheimer|Ochsenheimer]], 1816 ([[unavailable name|unavailable]])</small>
* ''Blepharidia'' <small>Hübner, 1822</small>
* ''Blepharonia'' <small>Hübner, 1823 (unavailable)<ref>"Blepharonia" was initially proposed as name for a [[tribe (biology)|tribe]] in 1823, and only established as a genus name ''Blepharonia'' in 1825: Pitkin & Jenkins (2004a).</ref></small>
* ''Blepharonia'' <small>Hübner, 1825</small>
* ''Blepharum'' <small>Hübner, 1806 ([[rejected name#Zoology|rejected]])</small>
* ''Catabapta'' <small>Hulst, 1884</small>
* ''Catacola'' <small>(''lapsus'')</small>
* ''Catocalla'' <small>(''lapsus'')</small>
* ''Convercala'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Corisce'' <small>Hübner, 1823</small>
* ''Corisee'' <small>(''lapsus'')</small>
* ''Divercala'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Ephesia'' <small>Hübner, 1818</small>
* ''Eucala'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Eucora'' <small>Hübner, 1823</small>
* ''Eunetis'' <small>Hübner, 1823</small>
* ''Hemigeometra'' <small>[[Adrian Hardy Haworth|Haworth]], 1809</small>
* ''Koraia'' <small>Nye, 1975</small>
* ''Lamprosia'' <small>Hübner, [1821]</small>
* ''Lamprosia'' <small>Hübner, 1827 (''non'' Hübner, [1821]: preoccupied)</small>
* ''Metacala'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Mormonia'' <small>Hübner, 1823</small>
* ''Mormosia'' <small>(''lapsus'')</small>
* ''Optocala'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Promonia'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Puercala'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Reticcala'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
* ''Simplicala'' <small>Beck, 1966</small>
{{div col end}}
===[[Palearctic]] species===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ''[[Catocala abacta]]'' <small>Staudinger, 1900</small>
* ''[[Catocala abamita]]'' <small>Bremer & Grey, 1853</small> (including ''C. scortum'')
* ''[[Catocala actaea]]'' <small>Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874</small>
* ''[[Catocala adultera]]'' <small>Ménétries, 1856</small>
* ''[[Catocala aenigma]]'' <small>Sheljuzhko, 1943</small>
* ''[[Catocala aestimabilis]]'' <small>Staudinger, 1892</small>
* ''[[Catocala afghana]]'' <small>Swinhoe, 1885</small>
* ''[[Catocala agitatrix]]'' <small>Graeser, 1889</small> (including ''C. mabella'')
* ''[[Catocala amabilis]]'' <small>Bang-Haas, 1907</small>
* ''[[Catocala amnonfreidbergi]]'' <small>Kravchenko et al., 2008</small>
* ''[[Catocala ariana]]'' <small>Vartian, 1964</small>
* ''[[Catocala armandi]]'' (including ''C. davidi'')
* ''[[Catocala artobolevskiji]]'' <small>Sheljuzhko, 1943</small>
* ''[[Catocala bella]]'' (including ''C. serenides'')
* ''[[Catocala bokhaica]]''
* ''[[Catocala borthi]]'' <small>Saldaitis, Ivinskis, Floriani & Babics, 2012</small>
* ''[[Catocala brandti]]''
* ''[[Catocala butleri]]''
* ''[[Catocala catei]]'' <small>Weisert, 1998</small>
* ''[[Catocala chenyixini]]'' <small>Ishizuka, 2011</small>
* ''[[Catocala columbina]]''
* ''[[Catocala coniuncta]]'' – Minsmere crimson underwing
* ''[[Catocala connexa]]''
* ''[[Catocala contemnenda]]''
* ''[[Catocala conversa]]''
* ''[[Catocala danilovi]]'' <small>Bang-Haas, 1927</small>
* ''[[Catocala dariana]]'' <small>Sviridov, Speidel, Reshöft, 1996</small>
* ''[[Catocala davidi]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1881</small>
* ''[[Catocala deducta]]'' <small>Eversmann, 1843</small>
* ''[[Catocala dejeani]]'' (sometimes in ''C. kuangtungensis'')
* ''[[Catocala desiderata]]''
* ''[[Catocala detrita]]'' <small>Warren, 1913</small>
* ''[[Catocala deuteronympha]]''
* ''[[Catocala dilecta]]'' <small>Hübner, [1808]</small> ([[Type species|type]] of ''Astiotes'')
* ''[[Catocala disjuncta]]''
* ''[[Catocala dissimilis]]'' (including ''C. nigricans'')
* ''[[Catocala distorta]]'' <small>Butler, 1889</small>
* ''[[Catocala diversa]]''
* ''[[Catocala doerriesi]]''
* ''[[Catocala dotatoides]]''
* ''[[Catocala dula]]''
* ''[[Catocala duplicata]]''
* ''[[Catocala editarevayae]]''
* ''[[Catocala electa]]'' – rosy underwing
* ''[[Catocala ella]]'' <small>Butler, 1877</small>
* ''[[Catocala ellamajor]]'' <small>Ishizuka, 2010</small>
* ''[[Catocala elocata]]'' – French red underwing
* ''[[Catocala eminens]]'' <small>Staudinger, 1892</small>
* ''[[Catocala eutychea]]''
* ''[[Catocala flavescens]]''
* ''[[Catocala florianii]]'' <small>Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2008</small>
* ''[[Catocala formosana]]'' <small>Okano, 1958</small>
* ''[[Catocala fraxini]]'' – blue underwing, Clifden nonpareil (type of ''Hemigeometra'')
* ''[[Catocala fredi]]'' <small>Bytinsky-Salz & Brandt, 1937</small>
* ''[[Catocala fugitiva]]'' <small>Warren, 1914</small>
* ''[[Catocala fulminea]]'' (type of ''Ephesia'')
* ''[[Catocala fuscinupta]]''
* ''[[Catocala gansan]]'' <small>Ishizuka & M. Wang, 2013</small>
* ''[[Catocala giuditta]]''<!-- "glauditta" is lapsus --> <small>Schawerda, 1934</small>
* ''[[Catocala haitzi]]'' <small>Bang-Haas, 1936</small>
* ''[[Catocala hariti]]'' <small>Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2002</small>
* ''[[Catocala helena]]''
* ''[[Catocala hoenei]]'' <small>Mell, 1936</small>
* ''[[Catocala hoferi]]'' <small>Ishizuka & Ohshima, 2003</small>
* ''[[Catocala hymenaea]]''
* ''[[Catocala hymenoides]]'' <small>Draeseke, 1927</small>
* ''[[Catocala hyperconnexa]]'' <small>Sugi, 1965</small>
* ''[[Catocala inconstans]]'' <small>Butler, 1889</small>
* ''[[Catocala infasciata]]'' <small>Mell, 1936</small>
* ''[[Catocala intacta]]''
* ''[[Catocala invasa]]''
* ''[[Catocala jansseni]]'' <small>A. E. Prout, 1924</small>
* ''[[Catocala jonasii]]'' <small>Butler, 1877</small>
* ''[[Catocala jouga]]'' <small>Ishizuka, 2003</small>
* ''[[Catocala juncta]]''
* ''[[Catocala jyoka]]'' <small>Ishizuka, 2006</small>
* ''[[Catocala kaki]]'' <small>Ishizuka, 2003</small>
* ''[[Catocala kasenko]]'' <small>Ishizuka, 2007</small>
* ''[[Catocala koreana]]'' <small>Staudinger, 1892</small>
* ''[[Catocala kotschubeyi]]'' <small>Sheljuzhko, 1927</small>
* ''[[Catocala kuangtungensis]]''
* ''[[Catocala kusnezovi]]'' <small>Püngeler, 1914</small>
* ''[[Catocala lara]]'' <small>Bremer, 1861</small>
* ''[[Catocala largeteaui]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1881</small>
* ''[[Catocala laura]]'' <small>Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008</small>
* ''[[Catocala leechi]]''
* ''[[Catocala lehmanni]]'' <small>Speidel, Ivinskis & Saldaitis, 2008</small>
* ''[[Catocala lesbia]]''
* ''[[Catocala longipalpis]]'' <small>Mell, 1936</small>
* ''[[Catocala lupina]]'' <small>Herrich-Schäffer, [1851]</small>
* ''[[Catocala luscinia]]'' <small>Brandt, 1938</small>
* ''[[Catocala maculata]]'' <small>Vincent, 1919</small>
* ''[[Catocala mariana]]''
* ''[[Catocala martyrum]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1881</small>
* ''[[Catocala maso]]'' <small>Ishizuka, 2011</small>
* ''[[Catocala mesopotamica]]''
* ''[[Catocala mirifica]]'' <small>Butler, 1877</small>
* ''[[Catocala moltrechti]]'' <small>Bang-Haas, 1927</small>
* ''[[Catocala musmi]]''
* ''[[Catocala naganoi]]'' <small>Sugi, 1982</small>
* ''[[Catocala nagioides]]''
* ''[[Catocala naumanni]]'' <small>Sviridov, 1996</small>
* ''[[Catocala neglecta]]''
* ''[[Catocala neonympha]]'' <small>Esper, 1805</small> (type of ''Eucora'')
* ''[[Catocala nivea]]'' <small>Butler, 1877</small>
* ''[[Catocala nubila]]''
* ''[[Catocala nupta]]'' – red underwing
* ''[[Catocala nymphaea]]''
* ''[[Catocala nymphaeoides]]'' <small>Herrich-Schäffer, 1852</small>
* ''[[Catocala nymphagoga]]'' – oak yellow underwing
* ''[[Catocala oberthueri]]'' <small>Austaut, 1879</small>
* ''[[Catocala obscena]]'' <small>Alphéraky, 1879</small>
* ''[[Catocala ohshimai]]'' <small>Ishizuka, 2001</small>
* ''[[Catocala olgaorlovae]]''
* ''[[Catocala optata]]''
* ''[[Catocala optima]]'' – Turanga underwing
* ''[[Catocala pacta]]''
* ''[[Catocala paki]]'' <small>Kishida, 1981</small>
* ''[[Catocala patala]]'' <small>Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874</small>
* ''[[Catocala pataloides]]''
* ''[[Catocala persimilis]]''
* ''[[Catocala pirata]]''
* ''[[Catocala praegnax]]'' <small>Walker, 1858</small>
* ''[[Catocala prolifica]]'' <small>Walker, 1857</small>
* ''[[Catocala promissa]]'' – light crimson underwing
* ''[[Catocala proxeneta]]'' <small>Alphéraky, 1895</small>
* ''[[Catocala pudica]]'' <small>Moore, 1879</small>
* ''[[Catocala pudica sabine]]'' <small>Saldaitis, Pekarsky & Borth 2014</small>
* ''[[Catocala puella]]''
* ''[[Catocala puerpera]]'' (type of ''Eunetis'')
* ''[[Catocala puerperoides]]''
* ''[[Catocala remissa]]''
* ''[[Catocala repudiata]]''
* ''[[Catocala rhodosoma]]'' <small>Röber, 1927</small>
* ''[[Catocala seibaldi]]'' <small>Saldaitis, Ivinskis & Borth, 2010</small> (including ''C. pseudoformosana'')
* ''[[Catocala seiohbo]]''
* ''[[Catocala separans]]''
* ''[[Catocala separata]]''
* ''[[Catocala sinyaevi]]'' <small>Sviridov, 2004</small>
* ''[[Catocala solntsevi]]''
* ''[[Catocala sponsa]]'' – dark crimson underwing
* ''[[Catocala sponsalis]]''
* ''[[Catocala stamensis]]'' <small>Kishida & Suzuki, 2002</small>
* ''[[Catocala streckeri]]''
* ''[[Catocala sultana]]'' (sometimes in ''C. optata'')
* ''[[Catocala svetlana]]'' <small>Sviridov, 1997</small>
* ''[[Catocala szechuena]]''
* ''[[Catocala tapestrina]]'' <small>Moore, 1882</small>
* ''[[Catocala thomsoni]]'' <small>A. E. Prout, 1924</small>
* ''[[Catocala timur]]'' – Timur underwing
* ''[[Catocala tokui]]''
* ''[[Catocala toropovi]]'' <small>Saldaitis, Kons & Borth, 2014</small>
* ''[[Catocala triphaenoides]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1881</small>
* ''[[Catocala uljanae]]'' <small>Sinyaev, Saldaitis & Ivinskis, 2007</small>
* ''[[Catocala viviannae]]''
* ''[[Catocala weigerti]]'' <small>Hacker, 1999</small>
* ''[[Catocala wushensis]]''
* ''[[Catocala xarippe]]'' <small>Butler, 1877</small> (formerly in ''C. fulminea'')
* ''[[Catocala xizangensis]]'' <small>Chen, 1991</small>
{{div col end}}
'''Comparison of Eurasian species'''
<gallery perrow=6>
Image:Catocala actaea 01.jpg|''[[Catocala actaea]]''
Image:Catocala agitatrix.jpg|''[[Catocala agitatrix]]''
Image:Catocala coniuncta.jpg|''[[Catocala conjuncta]]''
Image:Catocala conversa.jpg|''[[Catocala conversa]]''
Image:Catocala dilecta.jpg |''[[Catocala dilecta]]''
Image:Catocala disjuncta.jpg|''[[Catocala disjuncta]]''
Image:Catocala diversa.jpg|''[[Catocala diversa]]''
Image:Catocala electa01.jpg|''[[Catocala electa]]''<br/>rosy underwing
Image:Catocala elocata.01.jpg|''[[Catocala elocata]]''<br/>French red underwing
Image:Catocala eutychea.jpg|''[[Catocala eutychea]]''
Image:Catocala fraxini.01.jpg|''[[Catocala fraxini]]''<br/>blue underwing<br/>[[type species]] of ''Hemigeometra''
Image:'Catocala fulminea'.jpg|''[[Catocala fulminea]]''<br/>type species of ''Ephesia''
Image:Catocala hymenaea.jpg|''[[Catocala hymenaea]]''
Image:Catocala lara 01.jpg|''[[Catocala lara]]''
Image:Catocala lupina.jpg|''[[Catocala lupina]]''
Image:Catocala mariana.jpg|''[[Catocala mariana]]''
Image: Catocala neonympha.01.jpg|''[[Catocala neonympha]]''
Image:Catocala nupta.01.jpg|''[[Catocala nupta]]''<br/>red underwing<br/>type species of ''Catocala''
Image:Catocala nymphaea.01.jpg|''[[Catocala nymphaea]]''
Image:Catocala nymphagoga.jpg|''[[Catocala nymphagoga]]''<br/>oak yellow underwing
Image:Catocala optata.jpg|''[[Catocala optata]]''
Image:Catocala pacta.jpg |''[[Catocala pacta]]''
Image:Catocala promissa.jpg|''[[Catocala promissa]]''<br/>light crimson underwing
Image:Catocala puerpera.jpg|''[[Catocala puerpera]]''<br/>type species of ''Eunetis''
Image:Catocala separata.jpg|''[[Catocala separata]]''
Image:Catocala sponsa.01.jpg|''[[Catocala sponsa]]''<br/>dark crimson underwing
</gallery>
===[[Nearctic]] species===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ''[[Catocala abbreviatella]]''
* ''[[Catocala agrippina]]'' – Agrippina underwing
* ''[[Catocala aholibah]]'' – Aholibah underwing
* ''[[Catocala alabamae]]'' – Alabama underwing, titan underwing (including ''C. olivia, C. titania'')
* ''[[Catocala allusa]]'' (sometimes in ''C. faustina'')
* ''[[Catocala amatrix]]'' – sweetheart underwing (type of ''Lamprosia'')
* ''[[Catocala amestris]]'' – three-staff underwing
* ''[[Catocala amica]]'' – girlfriend underwing (type of ''Corisce'')
* ''[[Catocala andromache]]'' – Andromache underwing
* ''[[Catocala andromedae]]'' – Andromeda underwing, gloomy underwing
* ''[[Catocala angusi]]'' – Angus' underwing
* ''[[Catocala antinympha]]'' – sweetfern underwing (type of ''Catabapta'')
* ''[[Catocala atocala]]'' – Atocala underwing, Brou's underwing
* ''[[Catocala badia]]'' – bay underwing, bayberry underwing, old maid
* ''[[Catocala benjamini]]'' – Benjamin's underwing (formerly in ''C. andromache'')
* ''[[Catocala blandula]]'' – charming underwing
* ''[[Catocala briseis]]'' – Briseis underwing, ribbed underwing
* ''[[Catocala caesia]]'' – bluish-gray underwing
* ''[[Catocala californica]]'' (including ''C. erichi'')
* ''[[Catocala californiensis]]''
* ''[[Catocala cara]]'' – darling underwing
* ''[[Catocala carissima]]'' – carissima underwing (formerly in ''C. cara'')
* ''[[Catocala cerogama]]'' – yellow-banded underwing
* ''[[Catocala charlottae]]'' (sometimes in ''C. praeclara'')
* ''[[Catocala chelidonia]]''
* ''[[Catocala cleopatra]]'' (sometimes in ''C. faustina'')
* ''[[Catocala clintoni]]'' – Clinton's underwing
* ''[[Catocala coccinata]]'' – scarlet underwing
* ''[[Catocala concumbens]]'' – pink underwing, sleepy underwing
* ''[[Catocala connubialis]]'' – connubial underwing
* ''[[Catocala consors]]'' – consort underwing
* ''[[Catocala crataegi]]'' – hawthorn underwing, chokeberry underwing
* ''[[Catocala dejecta]]'' – dejected underwing
* ''[[Catocala delilah]]'' – Delilah underwing
* ''[[Catocala desdemona]]'' – Desdemona underwing (including ''C. ixion'', formerly in ''C. delilah'')
* ''[[Catocala dulciola]]'' – quiet underwing, sweet underwing
* ''[[Catocala electilis]]''
* ''[[Catocala epione]]'' – Epione underwing (type of ''Mormonia'')
* ''[[Catocala faustina]]''
* ''[[Catocala flebilis]]'' – mournful underwing
* ''[[Catocala francisca]]'' (sometimes in ''C. hermia'')
* ''[[Catocala frederici]]''
* ''[[Catocala gracilis]]'' – graceful underwing
* ''[[Catocala grisatra]]'' – grisatra underwing
* ''[[Catocala grotiana]]'' – Grote's underwing
* ''[[Catocala grynea]]'' – woody underwing
* ''[[Catocala habilis]]'' – habilis underwing
* ''[[Catocala hermia]]'' – Hermia underwing (including ''C. sheba'')
* ''[[Catocala herodias]]'' – Herodias' underwing, Gerhard's underwing
* ''[[Catocala hippolyta]]'' (sometimes in ''C. semirelicta'')
* ''[[Catocala ilia]]'' – beloved underwing, Ilia underwing, wife underwing
* ''[[Catocala illecta]]'' – Magdalen underwing
* ''[[Catocala innubens]]'' – betrothed underwing
* ''[[Catocala insolabilis]]'' – inconsolable underwing
* ''[[Catocala irene]]'' – Irene's underwing
* ''[[Catocala jair]]'' – Jair underwing, barrens underwing
* ''[[Catocala jessica]]'' – Jessica underwing (including ''C. babayaga'')
* ''[[Catocala johnsoniana]]'' – Johnson's underwing
* ''[[Catocala judith]]'' – Judith's underwing
* ''[[Catocala junctura]]'' – joined underwing, Stretch's underwing (including ''C. elsa, C. stretchii'')
* ''[[Catocala lacrymosa]]'' – tearful underwing
* ''[[Catocala lincolnana]]'' – Lincoln underwing
* ''[[Catocala lineella]]'' – lineella underwing, little lined underwing, steely underwing (formerly in ''C. amica'')
* ''[[Catocala louiseae]]'' – Louise's underwing (including ''C. protonympha'')
* ''[[Catocala luciana]]'' – shining underwing
* ''[[Catocala maestosa]]'' – sad underwing
* ''[[Catocala manitoba]]'' – Manitoba underwing (sometimes in ''C. praeclara'')
* ''[[Catocala marmorata]]'' – marbled underwing
* ''[[Catocala mcdunnoughi]]'' – McDunnough's underwing
* ''[[Catocala meskei]]'' – Meske's underwing
* ''[[Catocala messalina]]'' – Messalina underwing (type of ''Andrewsia'')
* ''[[Catocala micronympha]]'' – little nymph underwing, little bride underwing
* ''[[Catocala minuta]]'' – little underwing
* ''[[Catocala mira]]'' – wonderful underwing
* ''[[Catocala miranda]]'' – Miranda underwing
* ''[[Catocala muliercula]]'' – little wife underwing
* ''[[Catocala myristica]]'' - Myristica underwing <small>Kons & Borth, 2015</small>
* ''[[Catocala nebulosa]]'' – clouded underwing
* ''[[Catocala neogama]]'' – the bride (including ''C. euphemia'')
* ''[[Catocala nuptialis]]'' – married underwing
* ''[[Catocala obscura]]'' – obscure underwing
* ''[[Catocala ophelia]]''
* ''[[Catocala orba]]'' – Orba underwing
* ''[[Catocala palaeogama]]'' – old wife underwing (sometimes in ''C. neogama'')
* ''[[Catocala parta]]'' – mother underwing
* ''[[Catocala piatrix]]'' – penitent underwing
* ''[[Catocala praeclara]]'' – praeclara underwing
* ''[[Catocala pretiosa]]'' – precious underwing (formerly in ''C. crataegi'')
** ''Catocala pretiosa texarkana'' – Texarkana underwing
* ''[[Catocala relicta]]'' – the relict, "white underwing"
* ''[[Catocala residua]]'' – residua underwing
* ''[[Catocala retecta]]'' – yellow-gray underwing
** ''Catocala'' (''retecta'') ''luctuosa'' – yellow-fringed underwing
* ''[[Catocala robinsoni]]'' – Robinson's underwing
* ''[[Catocala sappho]]'' – Sappho underwing
* ''[[Catocala semirelicta]]'' – semirelict underwing (including ''C. nevadensis, C. pura'')
* ''[[Catocala serena]]'' – serene underwing
* ''[[Catocala similis]]'' – similar underwing
* ''[[Catocala sordida]]'' – sordid underwing
* ''[[Catocala subnata]]'' – youthful underwing
* ''[[Catocala texanae]]'' – Texan underwing
* ''[[Catocala ulalume]]'' – Ulalume underwing
* ''[[Catocala ultronia]]'' – dark red underwing, ultronia underwing
* ''[[Catocala umbrosa]]''
* ''[[Catocala unijuga]]'' – once-married underwing
* ''[[Catocala verrilliana]]'' – Verrill's underwing
* ''[[Catocala vidua]]'' – widow underwing
* ''[[Catocala violenta]]''
* ''[[Catocala whitneyi]]'' – Whitney's underwing
{{div col end}}
'''Comparison of North American species'''
<gallery perrow=6>
File:Catocala nurus.JPG|''[[Catocala amatrix]]'' [[form (zoology)|f.]] ''nurus''<br/>sweetheart underwing<br/>type species of ''Lamprosia''
File:Catocala amica.jpg|''[[Catocala amica]]''<br/>girlfriend underwing<br/>type species of ''Corisce''
File:Catocala allusa.JPG|''[[Catocala allusa]]''
File:Catocala andromache2.JPG|''[[Catocala andromache]]''<br/>Andromache underwing
File:Catocala angusi 01.jpg|''[[Catocala angusi]]''<br/>Angus' underwing
File:Catocala antinympha.jpg|''[[Catocala antinympha]]''<br/>sweetfern underwing
File:Catocala phoebe.JPG|''[[Catocala badia]]''<br/>bay underwing
File:Catocala benjamini benjamini.JPG|''[[Catocala benjamini]] benjamini''<br/>Benjamin's underwing
File:Catocala carissima.JPG|''[[Catocala carissima]]''<br/>carissima underwing
File:Catocala cerogama.jpg|''[[Catocala cerogama]]''<br/>yellow-banded underwing
File:Catocala coccinata sinuosa.jpg|''[[Catocala coccinata]]''<br/>scarlet underwing
File:Catocala concumbens2.JPG|''[[Catocala concumbens]]''<br/>pink underwing
File:Catocala sancta.JPG|''[[Catocala connubialis]]'' f. ''sancta''<br/>connubial underwing
File:Catocala delilah mounted.JPG|''[[Catocala delilah]]''<br/>Delilah underwing
File:Catocala desdemona.JPG|''[[Catocala desdemona]]''<br/>Desdemona underwing
File:Catocala frederici2.JPG|''[[Catocala frederici]]''
File:Catocala grotiana.JPG|''[[Catocala grotiana]]''<br/>Grote's underwing
File:Catocala grynea 01.JPG|''[[Catocala grynea]]''<br/>woody underwing
File:Catocala habilis.jpg|''[[Catocala habilis]]''<br/>habilis underwing
File:Catocala diantha.JPG|''[[Catocala hermia]]'' f. ''diantha''<br/>Hermia underwing
File:Catocala innubens.jpg|''[[Catocala innubens]]''<br/>betrothed underwing
File:Catocala irene2.JPG|''[[Catocala irene]]''<br/>Irene's underwing
File:Catocala jessica.JPG|''[[Catocala jessica]]''<br/>Jessica underwing
File:Catocala johnsoniana.JPG|''[[Catocala johnsoniana]]''<br/>Johnson's underwing
File:Catocala judith 01.jpg|''[[Catocala judith]]''<br/>Judith's underwing
File:Catocala lacrymosa 01.jpg|''[[Catocala lacrymosa]]''<br/>tearful underwing
File:Catocala nerissa.JPG|''[[Catocala lineella]]''<br/>lineella underwing
File:Catocala nebraskae.JPG|''[[Catocala luciana]]''<br/>shining underwing
File:Catocala maestosa2.JPG|''[[Catocala maestosa]]''<br/>sad underwing
File:Catocala manitoba.JPG|''[[Catocala manitoba]]''<br/>Manitoba underwing
File:Catocala mcdunnoughi.JPG|''[[Catocala mcdunnoughi]]''<br/>McDunnough's underwing
File:Catocala rosalinda.JPG|''[[Catocala meskei]]'' f. ''rosalinda''<br/>Meske's underwing
File:Catocala micronympha.jpg|''[[Catocala micronympha]]''<br/>little nymph underwing
File:Catocala euphemia.JPG|''[[Catocala neogama]] euphemia''<br/>the bride
File:Catocala obscura.jpg|''[[Catocala obscura]]''<br/>obscure underwing
File:Catocala palaeogama 01.jpg|''[[Catocala palaeogama]]''<br/>old wife underwing
File:Catocala dionyza2.JPG|''[[Catocala piatrix]] dionyza''<br/>penitent underwing
File:Catocala relicta.01.jpg|''[[Catocala relicta]]''<br/>the relict
File:Catocala luctuosa.JPG|''[[Catocala retecta]] luctuosa''<br/>yellow-fringed underwing
File:Catocala serena.jpg|''[[Catocala serena]]''<br/>serene underwing
File:Catocala subnata 01.JPG|''[[Catocala subnata]]''<br/>youthful underwing
File:Catocala texanae.JPG|''[[Catocala texanae]]''<br/>Texan underwing
File:Catocala ultronia.jpg|''[[Catocala ultronia]]''<br/>dark red underwing
File:Catocala unijuga.JPG|''[[Catocala unijuga]]''<br/>once-married underwing
File:Catocala beutenmuelleri.JPG|''[[Catocala verrilliana]]'' f. ''beutenmuelleri''<br/>Verrill's underwing
File:Catocala vidua.jpg|''[[Catocala vidua]]''<br/>widow underwing
</gallery>
==Other "underwing moths"==
As noted in the introduction, some species besides the Catocala species are also commonly known as "underwings". Typically however, the name is used with a qualifier, such as a color term, in these cases. Non-''Catocala'' "underwing moths" are typically owlet moths, namely:
Subfamily Catocalinae
* [[Beautiful yellow underwing]] (''Anarta myrtilli'')
* [[Brown underwing]] (''Minucia lunaris'')
* [[Locust underwing]] (''Euparthenos nubilis'')
* (European) [[white underwing]] (''Catephia alchymista'') – in North America, "white underwing" typically refers to ''[[Catocala relicta]]''
Subfamily Amphipyrinae
* [[Copper underwing]] (''Amphipyra pyramidea'')
* [[Svensson's copper underwing]] (''Amphipyra berbera'')
Subfamily Erebinae
* [[False underwing moth]] (''Allotria elonympha'')
Subfamily Hadeninae
* [[Black underwing]] (''Mormo maura'')
* [[Blossom underwing]] (''Orthosia miniosa'')
* [[Broad-bordered white underwing]] (''Hadula melanopa'')
* [[Guernsey underwing]] (''Polyphaenis sericata'')
* [[Lunar underwing]] (''Omphaloscelis lunosa'')
* [[Small dark yellow underwing]] (''Coranarta cordigera'')
* [[Small yellow underwing]] (''Panemeria tenebrata'')
* [[Straw underwing]] (''Thalpophila matura'')
Subfamily Noctuinae
* [[Pearly underwing]] (''Peridroma saucia'')
* [[Yellow underwing]]s proper, some 15 species in the genus ''[[Noctua (moth)|Noctua]]''
However, the "orange underwings" are two species of genus ''[[Archiearis]]'' of the [[geometer moth]] family (Geometridae):
* [[Orange underwing]] (''Archiearis parthenias'')
* [[Light orange underwing]] (''Archiearis notha'')
<gallery perrow=6>
Image:Mormo maura.1.JPG|Black underwing<br/>''[[Mormo maura]]''<br/>Hadeninae
Image:Minucia lunaris.jpg|Brown underwing<br/>''[[Minucia lunaris]]''<br/>Catocalinae
Image:Cathephia alchymista.jpg|White underwing<br/>''[[Catephia alchymista]]''<br/>Catocalinae
Image:Amphipyra berbera001.jpg|Svensson's copper underwing<br/>''[[Amphipyra berbera]]''<br/>Amphipyrinae
Image:Amphipyra pyramidea.jpg|Copper underwing<br/>''[[Amphipyra pyramidea]]''<br/>Amphipyrinae
Image:Noctua tirrenica female.jpg|Mediterranean yellow underwing<br/>''[[Noctua tirrenica]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Noctua fimbriata2.jpg|Broad-bordered yellow underwing<br/>''[[Noctua fimbriata]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Noctua pronuba.o1.jpg|Large yellow underwing<br/>''[[Noctua pronuba]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Noctua jantina.01.jpg|Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing<br/>''[[Noctua janthina]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Noctua interjecta.jpg|Least yellow underwing<br/>''[[Noctua interjecta]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Noctua interposita.JPG|Least yellow underwing<br/>''[[Noctua interposita]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Noctua orbona.01.jpg|Lunar yellow underwing<br/>''[[Noctua orbona]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Noctua comes.01.jpg|Lesser yellow underwing<br/>''[[Noctua comes]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Coranarta cordigera.jpg|Small dark yellow underwing<br/>''[[Coranarta cordigera]]''<br/>Hadeninae
Image:Anarta myrtilli 01.jpg|Beautiful yellow underwing <br/>''[[Anarta myrtilli]]''<br/>Catocalinae
Image:Panemeria tenebrata.jpg|Small yellow underwing <br/>''[[Panemeria tenebrata]]''<br/>Catocalinae
Image:Hadula melanopa.jpg|Broad-bordered white underwing<br/>''[[Hadula melanopa]]''<br/>Hadeninae
Image:Polyphaenis sericata.01.jpg|Guernsey underwing<br/>''[[Polyphaenis sericata]]''<br/>Hadeninae
Image:Thalpophila matura.jpg|Straw underwing<br/> ''[[Thalpophila matura]]'' <br/>Hadeninae
Image:Orthosia miniosa 01.jpg|Blossom underwing<br/> ''[[Orthosia miniosa]]'' <br/>Hadeninae
Image:Peridroma saucia 01.jpg|Pearly underwing<br/>''[[Peridroma saucia]]''<br/>Noctuinae
Image:Archiearis parthenias.jpg|Orange underwing<br/>''[[Archiearis parthenias]]''<br/>Geometridae: Archiearinae
Image:Archiearis notha.jpg|Light orange underwing<br/>''[[Archiearis notha]]''<br/>Geometridae: Archiearinae
Image:Boudinotiana puella.jpg|Pale orange underwing<br/>''[[Boudinotiana puella]]''<br/>Geometridae: Archiearinae
</gallery>
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
<!-- {{Wikispecies}} [this contains the most revently-described species, which are not in the sources at funet. Altogether however, the Wikispecies list is too incomplete to be used.] -->
* ''[[Fauna Europaea]]'' (FE) (2011): [https://web.archive.org/web/20150119190238/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=446650 ''Catocala'']. Version 2.4, January 27, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
* {{cite journal |last1=Fullard |first1=James H. |last2=Napoleone |first2=Nadia |date=2001 |url=http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3full/reprints/FullNapolDielAB.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615060834/http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3full/reprints/FullNapolDielAB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-06-15 |title=Diel flight periodicity and the evolution of auditory defences in the Macrolepidoptera |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=349–368 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1753|s2cid=53182157 }}
* Nelson, John M. & Loy, Peter W. (1983): The Underwing Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Oklahoma. ''Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science'' '''63''': 60–67. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102141843/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v63/p60_67.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004a): [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/index.dsml Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species] – [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/GenusDetails.dsml?NUMBER=3991.0 Blepharonia Hübner 1823]. Version of November 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
* Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul (2004b): [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/index.dsml Butterflies and Moths of the World, Generic Names and their Type-species] – [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/research/projects/butmoth/GenusDetails.dsml?NUMBER=5312.0 ''Catocala'']. Version of November 5, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
* {{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/catocalinae/catocala/ |title=''Catocala'' Schrank, 1802 |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=December 20, 2018 |archive-date=July 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720141303/http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/noctuoidea/noctuidae/catocalinae/catocala/ |url-status=dead }}
* Stevens, Martin (2005): The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera. ''[[Biological Reviews]]'' '''80'''(4): 573–588. {{doi|10.1017/S1464793105006810}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110819/http://www.aseanbiodiversity.info/Abstract/51011629.pdf PDF fultlext]
* Woodhouse, S. C. (1910): ''English-Greek Dictionary – A Vocabulary of the Attic Language''. George Routledge & Sons Ltd., Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, E.C. [https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/Woodhouse/ Searchable JPEG fulltext]
==Further reading==
{{more footnotes|date=March 2012}}
* Ishizuka, K. (2002). "Notes on ''Catocala columbina'' Leech, 1900 (Lepidoptela, Noctuidae), with description of new taxa". ''Gekkan-Mushi''. (379): 12–13.
* Ishizuka, K. (2007). "A new species of ''Catocala'' Schrank, 1802 from Western China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)". ''Gekkan-Mushi''. (439): 22–24.
* Müller, Gunter; Kravchenko, Vasiliy; Witt, Thomas; Junnila, Amy; Mooser, J.; Saldaitis, Aidas; Reshöft, K.; Ivinskis, Povilas; Zahiri, Reza & Speidel, Wolfgang (2008). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229072225 "New underwing taxa of the section of ''Catocala lesbia'' Christoph, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)"]. ''Acta Zoologica Lituanica''. '''18''' (1): 30–49.
* Kravchenko, V. D., Speidel, W., et al. (2008). "A new species of ''Catocala'' from Israel (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". ''Acta Zoologica Lituanica''. '''18''' (2): 127–129.
* Leech, J. J. (1900). ''Transactions of the Entomological Society of London''. '''1900''': 511–663.
* Lewandowski, S. & Tober, K. (2008). "''Catocala olgaorlovae duschara'' subspec. nov. aus Jordanien (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". ''Atalanta''. '''39''' (1-4): 377–378.
* Saldaitis, A. & Ivinskis, P. (2008). "''Catocala florianii'', a new species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China". ''Acta Zoologica Lituanica''. '''18''' (2): 124–126.
* Saldaitis, A. & Pekarsky, O. & Borth, R. (2014). "A new subspecies of ''Catocala pudica'' Moore, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (sensu lato): Erebinae) from Mongolia". ''Esperiana''. 19: 255–262.
* Sinyaev, V., Saldaitis, A. & Ivinskis, P. (2007). ''Acta Zoologica Lituanica''. '''17''' (4): 272–275.
* Speidel, W., Ivinskis, P. & Saldaitis, A. (2008). "A new ''Catocala'' species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China". ''Acta Zoologica Lituanica''. '''18''' (2): 122–123.
* Weisert, F. (1998). ''Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Österreichischen Entomologen''. 50: 125–126.
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web |last=Bartlett |first=Troy |date=February 16, 2018 |url=http://bugguide.net/node/view/368 |title=Genus ''Catocala'' - Underwings |website=BugGuide |access-date=December 20, 2018}}
* Oehlke, Bill (January 1, 2013). [http://www.silkmoths.bizland.com/commonnames.htm "''Catocala'': Classification and Common Names"]. ''Catocala''. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
{{Taxonbar |from=Q2450100}}
[[Category:Catocala| ]]
[[Category:Noctuoidea genera]]