View source for Caubeen

{{Short description|Irish beret}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Caubeen.png|thumb|A British army caubeen with a cap badge and green hackle]]
[[File:Irish Ranger.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Royal Irish Rangers uniforms]]
The '''caubeen''' {{IPAc-en|k|ɔː|ˈ|b|iː|n}} is an Irish [[beret]],<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/caubeen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316042116/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/caubeen|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2012|title=caubeen|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> originally worn by 16th-century Irish men.<ref name="dol">Terence Patrick Dolan: A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. Gill and MacMillan, Dublin. 1999. {{ISBN|071712942 X}}</ref><ref name=car>Carleton, William (1856) ''Willy Reilly and his dear Colleen Bawn'' Chap. XIII, etc.</ref> It has been adopted as the head dress of Irish regiments of Commonwealth armies.
==Name==
The name ''caubeen'' dates from late 18th century Irish, and literally means "old hat".<ref name="Oxford"/> It is derived from the Irish word {{lang|ga|cáibín}}, meaning "little cape", which itself is a diminutive form of {{lang|ga|cába}}, meaning "cape".<ref name="Oxford"/>
The caubeen is fashioned on the {{lang|ga|cáibín}} worn by Irish military chieftain [[Eoghan Rua Ó Néill]] (1585–1649).
==Military use==
===British Army===
In the British Army, the caubeen is officially known as the "bonnet, Irish, green".
In 1916, the [[Irish Guards]] established a pipe band. The pipers' uniform was a mix of standard service dress and bandsman dress, and also included a khaki bonnet, saffron-coloured kilts and green hose. The khaki bonnet was named "caubeen" by the Guards pipers, and was similar to an oversized beret. Some sources have stated the caubeen's similarity to the Scottish [[tam o' shanter (cap)|tam o' shanter]], but the two are different in appearance: the tam o' shanter retaining much more of a 'dinner-plate' effect on the wearer's head, while the caubeen resembles an oversized beret. The two had different quartermaster codes, meaning that the caubeen was not simply a tam o' shanter with the toorie cut off, but a purpose-made article in its own right. In World War II, a number of British army regiments adopted both khaki and rifle-green caubeens as their headdress, replacing the [[Military beret#United Kingdom|GS cap]].<ref>{{cite book  |title=Irish Regiments in the World Wars  |last=Murphy |first=David |year=2007  |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-84603-015-3 |page=56 }}</ref>
Each regiment was distinguished by the feather hackle in their caps: the [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]] wore their traditional grey hackles, the Royal Irish Fusiliers wore their traditional green hackles, the Irish Guards and [[London Irish Rifles]] were granted blue hackles, and the [[Liverpool Irish]] wore a blue-and-red hackle. The [[Royal Ulster Rifles]] did not get a band until 1948, so they did not receive their black hackles until 1947.
In 1937, the London Irish Rifles extended the caubeen's wear to the entire regiment.<ref>{{cite web|title=London Irish Rifles |url=http://www.londonirishrifles.com/caubeen.cfm |access-date=23 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928072534/http://www.londonirishrifles.com/caubeen.cfm |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> In World War II, they were the only soldiers to wear the caubeen until 1944, when the 2nd Battalion of the London Irish were serving with the Irish Brigade in Italy. The 2nd Battalion of the Inniskilling Regiment started wearing caubeens made from Italian soldiers' greatcoats in January 1944, and the 6th Battalion of their regiment soon copied them.
In February 1944, the British Army fortuitously made the "general service" cap (a sort of oversized beret made from serge wool) the new standard undress cap. The caubeen passed muster, as the exact form of the GS cap had not been formalized at the time, and their retailoring of the stocks of GS caps went largely unnoticed by the ACI.{{clarify|date=December 2014|reason=What does ACI stand for?}}
In 1947, the wearing of the caubeen was later extended to all of the infantry regiments in the post-war [[North Irish Brigade]], with the Royal Ulster Rifles receiving a black hackle.
The [[Royal Irish Rangers]] (formed in 1968 by the amalgamation of the remaining regiments in the North Irish Brigade, [[The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]], [[The Royal Ulster Rifles]] and [[The Royal Irish Fusiliers]]) were granted the wearing of the caubeen with the Irish Fusiliers' green hackle.  It continues to be worn by the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1992)|Royal Irish Regiment]], created by the amalgamation of the Royal Irish Rangers and the [[Ulster Defence Regiment]] in 1992.
A navy blue caubeen, with hackle of three vertical stripes in colours matching the [[Royal Signals]] [[stable belt]], was worn by officers, warrant officers and senior non-commissioned officers of the now disbanded [[40 (Ulster) Signal Regiment]]. WOs and SNCOs wore an anodised metal Royal Signals cap badge, while officers wore an embroidered cap badge. The caubeen was retained by 69 (North Irish Horse) Signal Squadron on resubordination to 32 Signal Regiment. The squadron was subsequently retitled 40 (North Irish Horse) Signal Squadron.
The modern caubeen is worn very high on the off-side (usually the left), which makes it resemble a tilted rimless [[Balmoral bonnet]]. It is often made with narrow black tapes that are worn tied neatly in the back; the Canadian version is made with wide tapes.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} It is traditionally rifle green in colour, and typically worn with a unit insignia (sometimes worn with a short colored plume called a [[hackle]], indicating regimental association) pinned on the off side of the cap.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
=== Canadian Army ===
The caubeen remains the headdress for the 2nd Battalion, the [[Irish Regiment of Canada]]. It is a [[Primary Reserve]] [[light infantry]] regiment of the [[Canadian Army]]. The regiment was formed in Toronto in 1915 as the 110th Irish Regiment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-3/par2/irc-eng.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829234130/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-3/par2/irc-eng.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-08-29|title=DHH – Volume 3: Combat Arms Regiments, Part 2: Infantry Regiments – IRISH REGIMENT OF CANADA|date=2018-08-29|access-date=2018-09-18}}</ref> The caubeen is worn with a green hackle, but not to designate it as a fusilier regiment as in the British Army sense; it was a gift from a commanding officer of the London Irish to the Irish Regiment of Canada during the [[Battle of Coriano]], Italy.  The regiment also wear an O'Saffron tartan [[kilt]] and scarlets.  In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the regimental dress was in slow decline, but more recently, the regiment has been re-issuing regimental dress at a steady pace.
=== South African Army ===
The caubeen has been worn by members of the [[South African Irish Regiment]], a Reserve Infantry battalion within the South African National Defence Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol061ob.html|title=The South African Irish Regiment: An Exemplar of the Military Traditions of the Irish in South Africa}}</ref>
===Irish Defence Forces===
Irish Defence Force Pipers wear a black caubeen with black trim and tails<ref>{{cite web|url=http://st.louis.irish.tripod.com/id5.html|title=Irish Defence Force Pipers Uniform|quote=The Infantry or ground forces wear a black caubeen type cap with saffron trim and tails, a green military jacket, saffron kilt, dark green kilt hose with shoe buckles on their brogues.}}{</ref>
==Other usage==
The caubeen is also worn by the honour guard of the Division One, Orange County, California branch of the [[Ancient Order of Hibernians]], an [[Irish Catholic]] [[fraternal organization]]. On their website they remark: ''"And we wear the green caubeen and carry the pike, the distinctive headgear and weapon of the Irish warriors of old"''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hibernians.us/divisionone.htm |title=The Hibernian Guard of AOH Division One, Orange County, California |quote=We have adopted a uniform which acknowledges the present and hearkens back to our past. We wear a peasant shirt emblazoned with the modern day logo of the AOH. And we wear the green caubeen and carry the pike, the distinctive headgear and weapon of the Irish warriors of old. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927042634/http://www.hibernians.us/divisionone.htm |archive-date=27 September 2010 }}</ref>
In 1938 the [[Tánaiste]], [[James Dillon (senator)|James Dillon]], complained about a tax on imported ladies' hats, remarking that Irish ladies would be forced to wear "Connacht caubeens". In response a ladies'-hat factory in Galway declared that, when Dillon next visited the city, they would present him with a suitable "Galway caubeen".<ref name="IrishTimes">Irish Times, 7 April 1938, p. 8.</ref>
Caubeens are also sold as a women's woolen winter hat by an Irish hat retailer.<ref>[http://www.mad4hats.ie/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.browse&category_id=42&Itemid=91&TreeId=4 Caubeen]</ref>
==In song==
The caubeen receives mention in the Irish song "[[The Wearing of the Green]]", of which the best-known version was written by [[Dion Boucicault]] for his 1864 play ''Arragh na Pogue'', or ''the Wicklow Wedding'', set in [[County Wicklow]] during the 1798 rebellion.<ref name="Vance">Vance, Norman (2002). ''Irish Literature Since 1800''. Pearson Education, pages 81–2. {{ISBN|0-582-49478-8}}</ref> The following is the second verse of Dion Boucicault's version:<ref name="Dion">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalanthems.us/forum/YaBB.pl?num=1127242361|title=(Ireland) The Wearing of the Green|access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref>
{{Poem quote|When the law can stop the blades of grass
From growing as they grow,
And when the leaves in summer time
Their verdure dare not show,
Then I will change the colour
I wear in my caubeen,
But till that day I'll stick for aye
To wearing of the green.}}
The caubeen is also mentioned in the traditional Irish song "[[Limerick Rake]]" in a verse concerning the milk from a cow that feeds from the grains of whiskey and beer, in the line, "And the man who would drink it would cock his caubeen."
An old song, still popular in Ireland, is "The Golden Jubilee" (or "Fifty Years Ago"), in which a wife exhorts her husband to take off his hat and put on his "ould caubeen", which he had worn fifty years previously. It was recorded by Connie Foley and Dorothy McManus in the 1940s and later by [[Sean Dunphy]].<ref>[http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/irish-folk-music/irish%20songs/The%20Golden%20Jubilee.htm The Golden Jubilee]</ref>
Another Irish song referring to the caubeen is "My Old White Caubeen", which ''[[The Irish Times]]'' reported was sung at a meeting of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary|RIC]] in 1901.<ref>{{Cite news | last=Report | title=RIC Meeting |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] | page= 15 | date=6 April 1901}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Balmoral bonnet]]
* [[Bearskin]]
* [[Beret]]
* [[Feather bonnet]]
* [[Glengarry]]
* [[Tam o' Shanter (cap)]]
== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}
== General and cited references ==
* {{Cite book |last=Harris |first= R. G. |year=1988 |title=The Irish Regiments: A Pictorial History, 1683–1987 |url=https://archive.org/details/irishregimentspi0000harr |url-access=registration |location=Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK |publisher=Nutshell |ISBN=1-871876-00-1 |oclc=24286204}}
{{Historical clothing}}
[[Category:Caps]]
[[Category:Irish clothing]]
[[Category:Military hats]]