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'''Cellular V2X '''(C-V2X) is an umbrella term that comprises all [[3GPP|3rd Generation Partnership Project]] (3GPP) [[Vehicle-to-everything|V2X]] technologies for connected mobility and [[Self-driving car|self-driving cars]]. It includes both direct and cellular network communications and is an alternative to [[IEEE 802.11p|802.11p]], the [[IEEE]] specified standard for V2V and other forms of V2X communications.<ref name="GPP1">{{cite journal |date=June 2017 |title=Cellular V2X as the Essential Enabler of Superior Global Connected Transportation Services |url=https://futurenetworks.ieee.org/tech-focus/june-2017/cellular-v2x |journal=IEEE 5G Tech Focus |publisher=IEEE |volume=1 |issue=2}}</ref>
Cellular V2X uses [[3GPP]] standardised [[4G]] [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] or [[5G]] mobile cellular connectivity to exchange messages between vehicles, pedestrians, and wayside traffic control devices such as traffic signals. It commonly uses the 5.9&nbsp;GHz frequency band, which is the officially designated [[intelligent transportation system]] (ITS) frequency in most countries. C-V2X can function without network assistance and exceeds the range of [[Dedicated short-range communications|DSRC]] by about 25%.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Zhong |first1=Ziyi |last2=Cordova |first2=Lauren |last3=Halverson |first3=Matthew |last4=Leonard |first4=Blaine |title=Field Tests On DSRC And C-V2X Range Of Reception |url=https://transportationtechnology.utah.gov/download/field-tests-on-dsrc-and-c-v2x-range-of-reception/ |website=[[Utah Department of Transportation]] |access-date=2022-08-23 |archive-date=2022-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128131627/https://transportationtechnology.utah.gov/download/field-tests-on-dsrc-and-c-v2x-range-of-reception/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
C-V2X was developed within the 3GPP<ref name="GPP1" /> to replace DSRC in the US and C-ITS in Europe.<ref name="HIS1">{{cite web |author=Mark Patrick, Benjamin Kirchbeck |date=January 27, 2018 |title=V2X-Kommunikation: LTE vs. DSRC |url=https://www.next-mobility.news/v2x-kommunikation-lte-vs-dsrc-a-699809/ |language=de}}</ref>
== History ==
In 2014, 3GPP Release 13 spurred studies to test the applicability of the then current standards to V2X. This resulted in the 3GPP Release 14 specifications for C-V2X communications, finalised in 2017. 3GPP Release 15 introduced 5G for V2N use-cases and 3GPP Release 16 includes work on 5G NR direct communications for V2V/V2I.<ref name="C-V2X Market Report">GSA: [https://gsacom.com/paper/cellular-v2x-ecosystem-key-statistics/ C-V2X Market Report] (retrieved 15 October 2019)</ref>
In Europe, the [[EU]] announced in July 2019 that it was adopting a technology-neutral approach to C-ITS, leaving the way forward for [[4G]], [[5G]] and other advanced technologies to be part of V2X applications and services.<ref>Capacity: [https://www.capacitymedia.com/articles/3823845/eu-ambassadors-back-cellular-technology-for-autonomous-cars EU ambassadors reject ‘Wifi-only’ move for autonomous cars] (4 July 2019)</ref>
In the United States, the [[Federal Communications Commission]] proposed late in 2019 that 20&nbsp;MHz and possibly 30&nbsp;MHz of the 5.9&nbsp;GHz band be allocated to C-V2X.<ref>{{cite journal|title=FCC to split up 5.9 GHZ|last=Eggerton|first=John|journal=[[Broadcasting & Cable]]|date=November 25, 2019|page=20}}</ref> In November 2020, this proposal was accepted, and the upper 30 MHz (5.895–5.925 GHz) were allocated to C-V2X.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=FCC Modernizes 5.9 GHz Band to Improve Wi-Fi and Automotive Safety |url=https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-modernizes-59-ghz-band-improve-wi-fi-and-automotive-safety |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Federal Communications Commission |language=en}}</ref>
After a slow start linked to the slower-than-expected roll-out of 5G cellular networks, there were more than 50 C-V2X devices on the market in the first half of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 list c-v2x devices |url=https://5gaa.org/2024-updated-list-of-c-v2x-devices/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=5GAA |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Modes ==
C-V2X has the following modes:
* '''Device-to-network:''' communication using conventional cellular links for vehicle-to-network (V2N) applications such as cloud services in end-to-end solutions{{Technical inline|date=August 2022}}
* '''[[Vehicle|Device]]-to-device:''' direct communication without the use of network scheduling for [[vehicle-to-vehicle]] (V2V),<ref name="VV1">{{cite web |title=Autonomous and connected vehicles: navigating the legal issues |url=http://www.allenovery.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Autonomous-and-connected-ehicles.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820140834/http://www.allenovery.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Autonomous-and-connected-ehicles.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-20 |access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref> vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) <ref name="VV1" /> applications such as vulnerable road user protection and [[Toll road|tolling]]<ref name="IE1">{{cite book| chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6856553 |chapter=Vehicle to pedestrian communications for protection of vulnerable road users|author=JJ Anaya, P Merdrignac, O Shagdar|title=2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings|pages=1037–1042|date=17 July 2014|doi=10.1109/IVS.2014.6856553|isbn=978-1-4799-3638-0|s2cid=9647051|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00992759/file/CameraReady_IV2014_V2ProVu.pdf}}{{doi|10.1109/IVS.2014.6856553}}</ref>
C-V2X mode 4 communication relies on a distributed resource allocation scheme, namely sensing-based semipersistent scheduling which schedules radio resources in a stand-alone fashion in each user equipment (UE).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Toghi |first1=Behrad |last2=Saifuddin |first2=Md |last3=Fallah |first3=Yaser |last4=Hossein |first4=Nourkhiz Mahjoub |last5=M O |first5=Mughal |last6=Jayanthi |first6=Rao |last7=Sushanta |first7=Das |title=2018 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC) |chapter=Multiple Access in Cellular V2X: Performance Analysis in Highly Congested Vehicular Networks |date=5–7 December 2018 |pages=1–8 |bibcode=2018arXiv180902678T |arxiv=1809.02678 |doi=10.1109/VNC.2018.8628416 |isbn=978-1-5386-9428-2 |s2cid=52185034 }}</ref>
== Technical limitations ==
Although the roll-out of 5G services globally promises a dramatic reduction in latency where a signal is strong<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jun |first1=Sunmi |last2=Kang |first2=Yoohwa |last3=Kim |first3=Jaeho |last4=Kim |first4=Changki |date=October 2020 |title=Ultra-low-latency services in 5G systems: A perspective from 3GPP standards |journal=ETRI Journal |language=en |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=721–733 |doi=10.4218/etrij.2020-0200 |issn=1225-6463|doi-access=free }}</ref> as well as an increase in security compared with previous networks,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nath Mitra |first1=Rupendra |last2=Marina |first2=Mahesh K. |date=2021 |title=Wiley Data and Cybersecurity |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10014013 |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=[[IEEE]]|doi=10.1002/9781394197934 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref> all [[communications system]]s based entirely on [[wireless]] communication, especially older and rural networks, suffer from limitations [[Inherence|inherent]] to wireless communication, including:
* Limited [[Communication channel|channels]],<ref name=AR1>{{cite arXiv| title=Wireless Transmission of Big Data: Data-Oriented Performance Limits and Their Applications |author=Hong-Chuan Yang, Mohamed-Slim Alouini|date=24 May 2018|eprint = 1805.09923|class = eess.SP}}</ref> This limit will affect especially [[metropolitan area]]s.
* Limited [[Bit rate|data rates]],<ref name=BR1>{{cite web| url= https://www.networkworld.com/article/958319/one-autonomous-car-will-use-4000-gb-of-dataday.html |title=Just one autonomous car will use 4,000GB of data per day | author=Patrick Nelson |publisher= Network World | date = December 7, 2016}}</ref>
* Wireless communication is susceptible to external influences, which may be hostile.<ref name=HO1>{{cite web| title= 6 Ways To Make Smart Cities Future-Proof Cybersecurity Cities |author=Gil Press|website=[[Forbes]]| url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2018/02/14/6-ways-to-make-smart-cities-future-proof-cybersecurity-cities/#73233b964240 }}</ref>
* In metropolitan areas, limits of data propagation due to surroundings such as [[building]]s, [[tunnel]]s<ref name=BR2>{{cite web |url= https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0026/63494/tall_structures.pdf |title=Tall structures and their impact on broadcast and other wireless services}}</ref> and also [[Doppler effect]]s, causing propagation speed reduction by repetitive transmissions required.
* Possible abuse of this technology leading to [[mass surveillance]].
Integrating non-terrestrial network coverage in addition to cellular and direct communications is one potential way to address coverage caps and latency concerns. The 5G Automotive Association and European Space Agency have discussed the role of non-terrestrial networks in the connectivity of the car of the future and concluded that it offers many benefits, such as extending more reliable connectivity to rural areas at a comparatively low cost. This, in turn, would enable better digital services and autonomous driving applications.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5GAA discusses the role of non-terrestrial networks in the connectivity of the car of the future |url=https://5gaa.org/5gaa-discusses-the-role-of-non-terrestrial-networks-in-the-connectivity-of-the-car-of-the-future/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=5GAA |language=en-US}}</ref>
== Outlook ==
The 5G Automotive Association (5GAA), which comprises companies from the automotive, technology, and telecommunications industries, has published several "roadmaps"<ref>{{Cite web |title=5GAA Publishes Updated 2030 Roadmap for Advanced Driving Use Cases, Connectivity Technologies, and Radio Spectrum Needs |url=https://5gaa.org/5gaa-publishes-updated-2030-roadmap-for-advanced-driving-use-cases-connectivity-technologies-and-radio-spectrum-needs/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=5GAA |language=en-US}}</ref> that highlight both the potential benefits of C-V2X technologies and the technical, regulatory and market challenges it faces. Most implementations to-date have focused on road safety and improving traffic management, which reduces congestion and pollution.
[[Artificial intelligence]]<ref name="KI1">{{cite web| url=https://medium.com/datadriveninvestor/artificial-intelligence-and-autonomous-vehicles-ae877feb6cd2 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Vehicles | author=Suhasini Gadam|date=2019-01-12 }}</ref><ref name="KI2">{{cite web| url=http://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/140462/Neuromorphic-computing-meets-the-automotive-world.aspx| title=Neuromorphic computing meets the automotive world |date= October 30, 2017 |publisher=Design&Test}}</ref> offers one potential solution for managing the large flow of data that will grow as C-V2X communications applications expand in the market. Doubts in artificial intelligence (AI) and decision making by AI exist.<ref name="DAI1">{{cite web| url=https://www.sas.com/sas/offers/18/risk-and-rewards-of-artificial-intelligence.html?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIy86WmIXT3QIVaLXtCh1TVQBkEAMYASAAEgKtavD_BwE| title=How will AI, Machine Learning and advanced algorithms impact our lives, our jobs and the economy?|publisher=Harvard Business}}</ref>
{{See also|Self-driving car liability}}
== Tests ==
C-V2X technology is being tested world-wide both at the company and industry level and in publicly funded pilots. For example, [[ETSI]], in partnership with the 5GAA and co-funded by the [[European Commission]], and the [[European Free Trade Association]], has organized several annual C-V2X testing events called "[[Plugtest|Plugfests]]". These enable companies manufacturing on-board-C-V2X units, roadside units and [[public key infrastructure]] to run interoperability test sessions to assess the level of interoperability of their implementations of C-V2X technology and validate their understanding of the standards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Christoffersen |first=Therese |title=4th C-V2X PLUGTESTS |url=https://www.etsi.org/events/2360-cv2x-plugtests-4 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=ETSI |language=en-gb}}</ref>
In October 2023, the 5GAA organized several live demonstrations of the potential of C-V2X technology to protect drivers, pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users at the Mcity Test Facility at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ug4O4xwqR7c |title=5GAA Detroit Live Showcases |date=2024-04-04 |last=5G Automotive Association (5GAA) |access-date=2024-07-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
In June 2024 the U.S. Department of Transportation announced that it is awarding $60 million in grants to advance connected and interoperable vehicle technologies under a program called "Saving Lives with Connectivity: Accelerating V2X Deployment program".<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2024 |title=USDOT Awards Nearly $60 Million in Advanced Vehicle Technology Grants to Arizona, Texas and Utah to Serve as National Models and Help Save Lives on Our Nation's Roadways |url=https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/usdot-awards-nearly-60-million-advanced-vehicle-technology-grants-arizona-texas-and}}</ref> It said the grants to recipients in Arizona, Texas and Utah would serve as national models to accelerate and spur new deployments of V2X technologies.
== Literature ==
* {{cite journal |title=Security für die Smart City |url=https://www.elektronik-industrie.de/2018/08/16/elektronik-industrie-082018/ |journal=Elektronik Industrie |issue=8/2018 |pages=14–17 |language=de |author=Pino Porciello}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Toghi |first1=Behrad |title=Multiple Access in Cellular V2X: Performance Analysis in Highly Congested Vehicular Networks |journal=IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference |date=2019 |pages=1–8|bibcode=2018arXiv180902678T |arxiv=1809.02678 }}
* {{cite web| url=https://www.tuxera.com/blog/autonomous-cars-300-tb-of-data-per-year/|title= Autonomous cars will generate more than 300TB of data per year |date=November 28, 2017 |author= Stan Dmitriev}}
* {{cite book|date=January 31, 2019 |author= Behrad Toghi|title= 2018 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)|chapter= Multiple Access in Cellular V2X: Performance Analysis in Highly Congested Vehicular Networks|pages= 1–8|doi= 10.1109/VNC.2018.8628416 |arxiv= 1809.02678|isbn= 978-1-5386-9428-2|s2cid= 52185034}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://5gaa.org/ Official website] of the [[5G Automotive Association]] (5GAA)
[[Category:Advanced driver assistance systems]]
[[Category:Driving]]
[[Category:Vehicle technology]]
[[Category:Vehicle telematics]]
[[Category:Wireless networking]]