View source for Chôros No. 14

{{Use shortened footnotes|date=March 2021}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name                = ''Chôros No. 14''
| type                = [[Chôros]]
| composer            = [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]]
| image               = Heitor Villa-Lobos (c. 1922).jpg
| caption             = Heitor Villa-Lobos
| native_name_lang	  = pt
| catalogue           = W229
| composed            = {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1928|df=y}}}}
| published           = score lost
| scoring             = {{hlist | orchestra | band | choirs }}
}}
'''''Chôros No. 14''''' is a work for choruses, orchestra, and band, written in 1928 by the Brazilian composer [[Heitor Villa-Lobos]]. It is the last of a series of fourteen numbered compositions collectively titled ''[[Chôros]]'', ranging from solos for guitar and for piano up to works scored for soloist or chorus with orchestra or multiple orchestras, and in duration up to over an hour. The whereabouts of the score of ''Chôros No. 14''  is unknown.
==History==
According to the official catalog of the Museu Villa-Lobos, ''Chôros No. 14'' was composed in 1928, but the full score cannot now be located.{{r|VillaLobos2009_28}} When Villa-Lobos travelled home to Brazil in June 1930 to fulfill some conducting engagements, it was his intention to return to Paris in a few months' time. However, when the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|Revolution of 1930]] brought [[Getúlio Vargas]] to power, it became impossible for a time to travel or make payments abroad. As a result, Villa-Lobos was unable to pay the rent on his Paris apartment and he was evicted ''in absentia''. A number of works of art and many manuscripts left behind were never recovered, amongst which are believed to have been the scores of ''[[Chôros No. 13]]'' and ''No. 14''.{{r|Wright1992_78}} The composer published a verbal description of the entire work,{{sfn|Villa-Lobos|1972|pp=209–10}} and another, unpublished document containing musical examples from both ''Chôros No. 13'' and ''Chôros No. 14'' exists.{{r|Seixas2007_9}} While Adhemar Nóbrega accepts this as evidence that these last two compositions in the series were completed,{{r|Nóbrega1975_129132}} Lisa Peppercorn doubts either of them ever actually existed.{{r|Peppercorn1991_pref}}
==Analysis==
In contrast to the analytical description the composer provided for ''Chôros No. 13'', his note on the Fourteenth ''Chôros'' is rather general. He describes it as being "perhaps the most adventurous of the entire series of Choros", and states it was his intention to synthesize all of the preceding works in that series. "One might expect it to represent the simplest and most accurate in technique and form, with respect to the others. On the contrary, this ''Choros'' surprises us with its harmonic and thematic complexity, verging almost on a complete and calculated cacophony." The choirs employ mainly nonsense syllables as a text, in order to contribute a colouration of [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] sounds, using the voices as if they were instruments. In addition, the voices at times "give the impression of [[quarter tone]]s and a harmonious atmosphere with melodies in a sort of descant". The most arresting feature of the work is its ending where, "after a development of the last [[stretto]] performed by almost all of the instruments, a kind of [[Canon (music)|canonical]] [[rondo]] appears and gradually each performer drops out, leaving only the first violin (as soloist) with two long [[Double stop|double-stopped]] notes a [[minor second]] apart, dying slowly away until disappearing".{{sfn|Villa-Lobos|1972|p=209}}
==References==
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Appleby2002}}|reference=Appleby, David. 2002. ''Heitor Villa-Lobos: A Life (1887–1959)''. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8108-4149-9}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Béhague|2001}}|reference=[[Gerard Béhague|Béhague, Gerard]]. 2001. "Villa-Lobos, Heitor". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Neves|1977}}|reference=Neves, José Maria. 1977. ''Villa-Lobos, o choro e os choros''. São Paulo: Musicália S.A.}}
* {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Villa-Lobos|1972}}|reference=Villa-Lobos, Heitor. 1972. "Choros: Estudo técnico, estético e psicológico", edited in 1950 by Adhemar Nóbrega. In ''Villa-Lobos, sua obra'', second edition, 198–210. Rio de Janeiro: MEC/DAC/Museu Villa-Lobos.}}
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=VillaLobos2009_28>''[http://museuvillalobos.org.br/ingles/bancodad/VLSO_1.0.pdf Villa-Lobos, sua obra]''. 2009. Version 1.0. MinC / IBRAM, and the Museu Villa-Lobos. Based on the third edition, 1989. p. 28.</ref>
<ref name=Wright1992_78>Wright, Simon. 1992. ''Villa-Lobos''. Oxford Studies of Composers. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 78. {{ISBN|0-19-315476-5}} (cloth); {{ISBN|0-19-315475-7}} (pbk).</ref>
<ref name=Seixas2007_9>Seixas, Guilherme Bernstein. 2007. “Procedimentos Composicionais nos Choros Orquestrais de Heitor Villa-Lobos”. PhD diss. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Estado de Rio de Janeiro. p. 9.</ref>
<ref name=Nóbrega1975_129132>Nóbrega, Adhemar Alves da. 1975. ''Os chôros de Villa-Lobos'', second edition. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Villa-Lobos. pp. 129, 132.</ref>
<ref name=Peppercorn1991_pref>Peppercorn, Lisa M. 1991. ''Villa-Lobos: The Music: An Analysis of His Style'', translated by Stefan de Haan. London: Kahn & Averill; White Plains, NY: Pro/Am Music Resources. Preface (unpaginated). {{ISBN|1-871082-15-3}} (Kahn & Averill); {{ISBN|0-912483-36-9}}.</ref>
}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151119223700/http://villalobos.iu.edu/ villalobos.iu.edu] Villa-Lobos site at Indiana University: Maintained by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170815024803/http://music.indiana.edu/lamc/ Latin American Music Center]
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[[Category:Chôros by Heitor Villa-Lobos]]
[[Category:1928 compositions]]
[[Category:Compositions for orchestra]]
[[Category:Choral compositions]]