View source for Chinese Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth

{{Ethnic DFW sidebar}}
The [[Dallas-Fort Worth]] (DFW) area has a population of [[Chinese Americans]] (both recent immigrants and Americans born of Chinese descent). In the second half of the 19th century, the area became permanently settled by non-[[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], and citizens of [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese descent]] began to make the area their home as well. In modern times, the main population of Chinese Americans is scattered around the northern suburbs of the [[Dallas|City of Dallas]].
==History==
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The first person of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] descent listed in the Dallas city directory is J.L. Chow.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} He began boarding at the Central Hotel in 1873 and opened the Chow Chow Laundry in 1874. It was located at 904 Elm Street. Additional Chinese residents came in the wake of a strike at [[Houston & Texas Central|Houston and Texas Central Railway]] (H&TC).{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} Like many early Chinese immigrants to the United States (US), most of these Chinese immigrants came from [[Southern China]], and many initially came to work in the railroad industry. After settling in Dallas, some Chinese established businesses such as laundries, and others worked as cooks and domestic servants in residences of [[White people|white]] Dallasites. There were 15 Chinese laundries in Dallas by 1886.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} The city had 43 Chinese, including 41 laundry owners and workers, one physician, and a domestic servant by 1891.<ref name=Solamillop17>Solamillo, p. [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/19/ 17] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141117154535/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/19/ Archive]).</ref> Chinese people had been listed in city directories with the marker "Chinese".<ref name=Solamillop18>Solamillo, p. [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/20/ 18] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140109224150/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/20/ Archive]).</ref> In the late 1800s, anti-Chinese sentiment was prevalent throughout the US, and at times, Dallas was no different. A propaganda campaign against the Chinese laundries occurred in 1894 when negative articles appeared in the ''[[Dallas Times Herald]]'' and ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''.<ref name="Solamillop18" /> By 1896 the Chinese business operations diversified and continued to operate despite the propaganda campaign.
According to the [[1900 U.S. Census]], [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]] had 22 ethnic Chinese.<ref name="Solamillop1920">Solamillo, p. [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/21/ 19] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140109232306/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/21/ Archive])-[http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/22/ 20] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140923150004/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/22/ Archive]).</ref> A local directory published the same year stated that there were 25 ethnic Chinese in the City of Dallas.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} At that time, there was a grouping of businesses owned and operated by Chinese in the [[Downtown Dallas]] area. Stanley Solamillo, author of ''From Half a World Away: The First Chinese in Dallas: 1873 - 1940'', wrote that the frequency was "roughly the same" compared to the frequency of businesses owned and operated by Asians in Downtown Dallas in 2007.<ref>Solamillo, p. [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/18/ 16] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141009231239/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/18/ Archive]).</ref> The businesses were spread throughout Downtown instead of being concentrated in a [[Chinatown]], and there were other Chinese businesses in [[Oak Cliff, Texas|Oak Cliff]] and [[South Dallas]].<ref name=Solamillop17/> By 1900 four laundries remained, and other businesses included groceries and restaurants.<ref name=Solamillop19>Solamillo, p. [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/21/ 19] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140109232306/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/21/ Archive]).</ref> By 1910 three Chinese restaurants were in Dallas, while no grocery stores were operated by the Chinese, and the number of businesses decreased after that point.<ref name="Solamillop20">Solamillo, p. [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/22/ 20] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140923150004/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/22/ Archive]).</ref> The city had three Chinese living there by 1913.<ref name="Solamillop20" />
About 10 to 30 ethnic Chinese arrived in Dallas in the 1930s, marking a second wave of immigration.<ref name=Solamillop22>Solamillo, p. [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/24/ 22] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140923145844/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/24/ Archive]).</ref> In 2001 Esther Wu, a former editor of the ''[[Dallas Morning News]]'', interviewed Fay Joe, a man from Shanghai who had emigrated to Dallas in 1939 in the wake of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].<ref name="Solamillop22" /> He stated that the five Chinese families in Dallas at that time were all restaurant owners.
Wu stated that Chinese immigration to [[Richardson, Texas|Richardson]] began in 1975.<ref name=Brenner>Brenner, Leslie. "[http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/best-in-dfw/dining/20110309-best-in-dfw-chinese-restaurants.ece Best in DFW: Chinese restaurants]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062340/http://www.dallasnews.com/entertainment/best-in-dfw/dining/20110309-best-in-dfw-chinese-restaurants.ece Archive]). ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''. March 9, 2011. Updated February 10, 2013. Retrieved on September 22, 2014.</ref> Since then the Chinese community has expanded to the north.<ref name=Brenner/> In the mid-1980s, most Chinese K-12 students in the DFW area resided in Richardson.<ref name=Kripke>Kripke, Pamela Gwyn. "[http://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/2012/june/why-30000-chinese-people-call-plano-texas-home Why 30,000 Chinese People Call Plano Home]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150122020824/http://www.dmagazine.com/publications/d-magazine/2012/june/why-30000-chinese-people-call-plano-texas-home Archive]). ''[[D Magazine]]''. June 2012. Retrieved on September 27, 2014.</ref> By 1991 Chinese professionals were settling in rapidly expanding [[Plano, Texas|Plano]] in [[Collin County, Texas|Collin County]].<ref name=Meyersrare>Meyers, Jessica. "[http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/plano/headlines/20111104-rare-chinese-bilingual-program-highlights-plano-schools-diversity.ece Rare Chinese bilingual program highlights Plano schools’ diversity]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20151030185320/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/plano/headlines/20111104-rare-chinese-bilingual-program-highlights-plano-schools-diversity.ece Archive]). ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''. November 4, 2011. Retrieved on September 22, 2014.</ref> According to the [[2000 U.S. Census]], 5,762 ethnic Chinese lived in [[Dallas County, Texas|Dallas County]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} After 2000, Collin County continued to expand rapidly in size and population, and many Chinese Americans began to call places like [[Allen, Texas|Allen]], [[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]], and [[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] home.
==Demographics==
[[Plano, Texas|Plano]], along with [[Houston]], has one of the state's two major settlements of [[Chinese Americans]].<ref>Railey, Kimberley. "[http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2014/09/cornyn-seeks-to-lure-chinese-americans-to-gop.html/ Cornyn seeks to lure Chinese Americans to GOP]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140911184845/http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2014/09/cornyn-seeks-to-lure-chinese-americans-to-gop.html/ Archive]). ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''. September 3, 2014. Retrieved on September 22, 2014.</ref>  In the [[2000 U.S. Census]], 17% of the [[foreign born]] residents of Plano originated from China.<ref name="Brettellp64">Brettell, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bduAC5GaLScC&pg=PA64 64].</ref> The [[2010 U.S. Census]] stated that there were 14,500 ethnic Chinese in Plano. Out of the cities with 250,000 and more residents, Plano has the sixth largest percentage of ethnic Chinese, which made up 5.2% of the city's population.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} Charlie Yue, the executive vice president of the Association of Chinese Professionals, stated that he estimated that about 30,000 Plano residents are Chinese and that many "don't participate in government activities, like the census."<ref name=Kripke/> [[Richardson, Texas|Richardson]] also has a large Chinese immigrant community.<ref name="Brettellp56">Brettell, p.[https://books.google.com/books?id=bduAC5GaLScC&pg=PA56 56].</ref> In 2010 over 15% of the people in Richardson were ethnic Chinese.
==Institutions==
As the DFW Chinese American population grew, it established many ethnic Chinese cultural organizations. Most of them are headquartered in Plano and Richardson.<ref name=Kripke/> The Dallas Chinese Community Center (DCCC; {{zh|s=达拉斯华人活动中心|t=達拉斯華人活動中心|p=Dálāsī Huárén Huódòngzhōngxīn|first=t}}) is located in the DFW Chinatown shopping center in Richardson. The center offers meeting space, [[English as a second language]] (ESL) classes and 20,000 books written in [[Simplified Chinese]]; the center imports some books from China.<ref name="LightNanette">Light, Nanette. "[http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/richardson-lake-highlands/headlines/20140221-three-decades-later-dallas-chinese-community-center-still-heart-of-asian-culture.ece Three decades later, Dallas Chinese Community Center still heart of Asian culture]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122106/http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/richardson-lake-highlands/headlines/20140221-three-decades-later-dallas-chinese-community-center-still-heart-of-asian-culture.ece Archive]). ''[[The Dallas Morning News]]''. February 21, 2014. Retrieved on September 22, 2014.</ref>
==Education==
In 1991 the [[Plano Independent School District]] (PISD) began a Chinese bilingual program for preschool and kindergarten students developed by Donna Lam. It was established after Chinese professionals began to settle Plano.<ref name=Meyersrare/> Many Chinese parents in Plano enroll their children in supplementary schools, where they get additional mathematics education and Chinese language education.<ref name="Kripke" /> The [[University of Texas at Dallas]] in Richardson, as of 2012, had almost 1,000 Chinese students. It has a program to recruit students of Chinese origin.<ref name="Kripke" />
==Economy==
{{expand section|date=September 2014}}
Many early Chinese immigrants established restaurants, and that practice has continued throughout Chinese American history in the Dallas area. Chinese restaurants can now be found throughout the entire Metroplex. However, many of these restaurants cater mostly to generic [[American Chinese cuisine|American tastes]]. Chinese restaurants catering to more traditional ethnic Chinese cuisine are mainly in Plano, Frisco, and Richardson.<ref name=Brenner/> In the late 2010s through the 2020s, Frisco and Plano have experienced an influx of mainland Chinese and Taiwanese chains including [[Haidilao]] and [[Gong Cha]]. This is part of a shift in Dallas from restaurants owned by Chinese immigrants to more commercial, overseas sources of ethnic cuisine.
When Chinese immigration increased beginning in the 1970s, most immigrants came as working professionals and not to establish laundries, groceries, or restaurants. Many settled in the Richardson area near the technology companies where they worked. Soon, many Asian businesses began opening in the area. The DFW China Town shopping center is located in Richardson.<ref name="LightNanette" /> One of the first large Asian supermarkets in the Dallas area opened in that complex. Eventually, Asian businesses encompassed the entire complex, which resulted in the center being renamed 'China Town'. As the population began to move northward, similar complexes with Asian restaurants, supermarkets, and businesses were established in Plano, Frisco, and other Collin County cities. Following the success of Chinese and Taiwanese supermarket chains like [[99 Ranch Market]] in the metroplex, chains like [[Mitsuwa Marketplace]] and [[Patel Brothers]] have begun to service the general south, east, and southeast Asian communities in Dallas.
==Religion==
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A significant number of Chinese Americans in the area have either converted to or were born into [[Christianity]]. In 2012, there were six Chinese churches in Plano.<ref name=Kripke/>
The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas]] maintains a Chinese mission at Mission of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in Richardson, which was established in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cathdal.org/ethnic.htm|title=ethnic.htm|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas]]|date=1999-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990420190453/http://www.cathdal.org/ethnic.htm|access-date=2020-06-27|archive-date=1999-04-20}}</ref>
==Transportation==
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In 2015, DFW-based [[American Airlines]] began a non-stop flight service to Beijing, China, a result of both the strong trade relationship between Texas and China and the significant population of Chinese Americans and Chinese immigrants in the metroplex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugural non-stop flight from DFW to Beijing takes off |url=https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/inaugural-non-stop-flight-from-dfw-to-beijing-takes-off/287-148914791 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=wfaa.com |date=7 May 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref>
As of 2016 the Taiwanese airline [[EVA Air]] operates a shuttle bus service from Richardson to [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport]] in Houston, Texas, so that Dallas-based customers may fly on its services to and from Houston.<ref>"[http://www.evaair.com/en-us/check-in-baggage-and-airports/shuttle-bus-service/dallas-houston-dallas-free-shuttle-service-schedule/ Dallas – Houston – Dallas Free Shuttle Service Schedule]." [[EVA Air]]. Retrieved on February 29, 2016.</ref>
==Notable people==
* [[Angie Chen Button]] (politician)
* [[Laura Gao]] (cartoonist, author of ''[[Messy Roots]]'') - From [[Coppell, Texas|Coppell]]<ref name="kirkusinterview">{{cite news |last1=Enjeti |first1=Anjali |title=From Wuhan to America: A Cartoonist's Story |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/laura-gao-messy-roots-interview/ |access-date=March 8, 2022 |work=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=March 6, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wang Zhizhi]] (basketball player)
== See also ==
* [[History of Chinese Americans]]
== References ==
* Brettell, Caroline B. '"Big D" Incorporating New Immigrants in a Sunbelt Suburban Metropolis' (Chapter 3). In: Singer, Audrey, Susan Wiley Hardwick, and Caroline Brettell. ''Twenty-First Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America'' (James A. Johnson metro series). [[Brookings Institution Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|0815779283}}, 9780815779285. Start p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bduAC5GaLScC&pg=PA53 53].
* Solamillo, Stanley. "From Half a World Away: The First Chinese in Dallas: 1873 - 1940." ''[[Legacies: A History Journal for Dallas and North Central Texas]]'', Volume 19, Number 02, Fall, 2007. p. [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/18/ 16]-[http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth35087/m1/24/ 22].
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
* Rhoads, Edward J.M. "The Chinese in Texas." ''[[Southwestern Historical Quarterly]]'' 81 (July 1977): 1, 36; 6–7.
==External links==
* [http://www.dallasccc.org/ Dallas Chinese Community Center]
* [http://www.ocadfw.org Organization of Chinese Americans, Inc. Dallas/Fort Worth Chapter] (OCA-DFW)
* [http://www.cie-dfw.org/ Chinese Institute of Engineers/USA-DFW Chapter] (CIE/USA-DFW; 美洲中國工程師學會)
* [http://bbs.facss.us/index.php Friendship Association of Chinese Students and Scholars at UTDallas] (UTD-FACSS; 中国留学生学者会)
* [http://www.acpdfw.org ACP Foundation] (达福地区美中专业人士协会, formerly Association of Chinese Professionals, Dallas / Fort Worth)
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