View source for Choros (Oirats)

{{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}}
{{Short description|Historical ethnic group}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
[[File:Map of the Oirat Confederation.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Location of the Choros in the [[Oirat Confederation]].]]
[[File:Dawachi surrendering to Qing general Zhaohui at Ili in 1755. Painting by Jesuit painter at the Qing court, Ignatius Sichelbart, 1764.jpg|thumb|The Choros Oirat leader [[Dawachi]] surrendering to [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] general Zhaohui at [[Ili River|Ili]] in 1755. Painting by Jesuit painter at the Qing court, [[Ignatius Sichelbart]], 1764]]
[[File:Dawa.jpg|thumb|The Choros Dawa (达瓦) in Qing costume, after the [[Dzungar-Qing War]].]]
'''Choros''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|tʃ|ɔːr|ə|s}}; [[Chakhar Mongolian|Chakhar]]: {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠣᠷᠣᠰ}} {{IPA|mn|ˈtɕʰɔɾɔ̆s|}} or '''Tsoros''' ([[Khalkha Mongolian|Khalkha]]: {{lang|mn|Цорос}} {{lang|mn|Coros}} {{IPA|mn|ˈtsʰɔrɞ̆s|}}; {{zh|t=綽羅斯}}) was the ruling clan of the [[Olot people | Ööld]] and [[Dörbet Oirat]] and once ruled the whole [[Four Oirat]]. They founded the [[Dzungar Khanate]] in the 17th century. Their chiefs reckoned their descent from a boy nourished by a sacred tree.
== History ==
In the late 14th century, the [[Oirats]] emerged as the dominant power opposing the [[Khalkha Mongols]]. The ruling clan of the [[Four Oirat]] was Choros at the time. Under their leadership, the Western Mongols established [[Dzungar Khanate]].
In 1455 other Oirat tribes overthrew the Choros Khan, [[Esen Taishi]], who had enthroned himself [[Khagan]] of the [[Mongols]]. About 1620 the Choros scattered after bitter fighting with the [[Altan Khan of the Khalkha]]. The Khalkha and southwestern [[Inner Mongolia]]n princes repeatedly raided them from 1552 to 1628, forcing them to migrate further west. Some of the Choros fled with a group of the [[Dörbet Oirat]] northward into [[Siberia]] and present-day [[Barnaul]]. But they crushed the Khalkha Altan Khan; and made an alliance with the northern Khalkhas in 1640.
By 1690 three Oirat states had emerged: the [[Khoshut]], the [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] and the [[Dzungar Khanate]]. The majority of the Choros with the Dörbet and the Khoids settled in the region of the Black Irtysh, the [[Ulungur River]], the [[Emil River]], and the [[Ili River]], forming the Dzungar Khanate.<ref>Fred Walter Bergholz-The partition of the steppe, p.353</ref> The Dzunghar Khanate was ruled by the Dörbet and the Choros, displacing the Khoshut in from their homeland [[Dzungaria]]. Although they reached their peak in the late 17th century, they began to disintegrate after [[Galdan Boshugtu Khan]]'s wars with the Qing. The Choros were defeated in 1697 and 1771 and they were annexed by the [[Qing dynasty]].
<gallery widths="150px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Ili_region_Taiji_(Mongol_Prince)_and_his_wife,_Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu,_1769.jpg|Oirat Choros Prince (''Taiji'', {{lang-zh|台吉}}) from [[Ili River|Ili]], and his wife. ''[[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]]'', 1769.<ref>伊犂等處台吉</ref>
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Mongol tribal leader (Zaisang, 宰桑) from Ili and other regions, with his wife.jpg|Oirat Choros tribal leader (Zaisang, 宰桑) from [[Ili River|Ili]], with his wife. [[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]], 1769.<ref>伊犂等處宰桑</ref>
File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, commoner from Ili and other regions, with his wife.jpg|Oirat Choros commoners from [[Ili River|Ili]] region. [[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]], 1769.<ref>伊犂等處民人</ref>
</gallery>
==References==
* Хойт С.К. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170905063906/http://www.rfh.ru/downloads/Books/154193053.pdf Этническая история ойратских групп. Элиста, 2015. 199 с.]
* Хойт С.К. [https://www.academia.edu/35593677/Данные_фольклора_для_изучения_путей_этногенеза_ойратских_групп  Данные фольклора для изучения путей этногенеза ойратских групп] // Международная научная конференция «Сетевое востоковедение: образование, наука, культура», 7-10 декабря 2017 г.: материалы. Элиста: Изд-во Калм. ун-та, 2017. с. 286-289.
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{{Mongol_Yastan}}
[[Category:Mongol dynasties]]
[[Category:Dzungar Khanate]]
[[Category:Oirats]]