View source for Citrus × sinensis

{{Short description|Cultivated trees bearing sweet oranges}}
{{For|other fruit called orange|List of plants known as orange}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = OrangeBloss wb.jpg
| image_alt = Oranges on a tree
| genus = Citrus
| species = × sinensis
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Osbeck]]<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Citrus sinensis'' | access-date=2015-09-29}}</ref>
| range_map = Oranges - whole-halved-segment.jpg
| range_map_alt = Sweet oranges
| synonyms = Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck
}}
'''''Citrus'' × ''sinensis''''' (sometimes written '''''Citrus sinensis'''''), a hybrid between [[pomelo]] (''Citrus maxima'') and [[mandarin orange|mandarin]] (''Citrus reticulata''), also known as the '''sweet oranges''', is a commonly cultivated species of [[Orange (fruit)|orange]] that includes [[Valencia orange]]s, [[blood orange]]s and [[navel orange]]s.<ref name=GRIN/>
==Uses==
The [[orange (fruit)|orange]] fruit is an important agricultural product, used for both the juicy fruit pulp and the aromatic peel (rind). [[Orange blossom]]s (the flowers) are used in several different ways, as are the leaves and wood of the tree.
===Flowers===
* The [[orange blossom]], which is the [[Floral emblem|state flower]] of Florida,<ref>{{cite web|title=Florida State Symbols|url=http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/symbol.cfm?page=1&id=11|publisher=Florida Department of State. Division of Historical Resources|access-date=2015-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083355/http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/symbol.cfm?page=1&id=11|archive-date=2014-04-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> is highly fragrant and traditionally associated with good fortune. It has long been popular in bridal bouquets and head wreaths.
* Orange blossom essence is an important component in the making of perfume.
* Orange blossom petals can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented counterpart to [[rosewater]], known as "orange blossom water" or "orange flower water". It is a common ingredient in French and Middle Eastern cuisines, especially in desserts and baked goods. In some Middle Eastern countries, drops of orange flower water are added to disguise the unpleasant taste of [[hard water]] drawn from wells or stored in {{transliteration|ar|qullahs}} (traditional Egyptian water pitchers made of porous clay). In the United States, orange flower water is used to make orange blossom [[scone (bread)#Americas|scones]] and marshmallows.
* In Spain, fallen blossoms are dried and used to make orange tea.
* [[Monofloral honey#Some types|Orange blossom honey]] (or citrus honey) is obtained by putting [[beehives]] in the citrus groves while trees bloom. By this method, bees also [[pollination|pollinate]] seeded citrus varieties. This type of honey has an orangey taste and is highly prized.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}
===Leaves===
* Orange leaves can be boiled to make [[orange tea]].
===Wood===
* Orangewood {{anchor|orange wood}} sticks <!--"(also spelt orangewood)". Collins entry: one word. It doesn't appear in OED--> are used as cuticle pushers in manicures and pedicures, as [[spudger]]s for manipulating slender electronic wires and as [[peg wood]] in watchmaking.
* Orangewood is used in the same way as mesquite, oak, and hickory for seasoning grilled meat.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Orangerie du château de Versailles le 11 septembre 2015 - 84.jpg|Orange trees in movable pots, so that they can be placed indoors for the winter
File:Orange flowers - Portakal çiçekleri 03.jpg|Orange flowers
File:Unripened orange.JPG|Unripened fruit
File:Oranges and blood oranges (01).jpg|Blood oranges
File:Arancia di Ribera byFigiu.JPG|Oranges on the branch
File:Apfelsinenbaum--Orange tree.jpg|Oranges on a tree
File:Laranxeira Naranjo GFDL.JPG|A mature tree in [[Galicia, Spain]]
</gallery>
== Threats ==
=== Giant swallowtail larva ===
[[Papilio cresphontes|Giant swallowtail]] caterpillars (''Papilio cresphontes'') cause serious damage to this crop, especially to young trees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237833636|title=Giant Swallowtail, Orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)1 (PDF Download Available)|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-11-14}}</ref>
==See also==
* The orange blossom gives its touristic nickname to the ''[[Costa del Azahar]]'' ("Orange blossom coast"), the [[Castellón (province)|Castellón]] seaboard.
* [[Citrus greening disease]] - bacterial disease killing orange trees and other citrus fruits grown
==References==
{{Commons and category|Citrus sinensis|Citrus sinensis}}
{{Wikispecies|Citrus sinensis}}https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:772052-1<nowiki/>{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html |author=Porcher Michel H. |year=1995–2002 |title=Sorting Citrus Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress |publisher=The University of Melbourne, Australia|display-authors=etal}}
* {{citation |author1=Xu, Q. |author2=Chen, L.-L. |author3=Ruan, X. |author4=Chen, D. |author5=Zhu, A. |author6=Chen, C. |author7=Bertrand, D. |author8=Jiao, W.-B. |author9=Hao, B.-H. |author10=Lyon, M.P. |author11=Chen, J. |author12=Gao, S. |author13=Xing, F. |author14=Lan, H. |author15=Chang, J.-W. |author16=Ge, X. |author17=Lei, Y. |author18=Hu, Q. |author19=Miao, Y. |author20=Wang, L. |author21=Xiao, S. |author22=Biswas, M.K. |author23=Zeng, W. |author24=Guo, F. |author25=Cao, H. |author26=Yang, X. |author27=Xu, X.-W. |author28=Cheng, Y.-J. |author29=Xu, J. |author30=Liu, J.-H. |author31=Luo, O.J. |author32=Tang, Z. |author33=Guo, W.-W. |author34=Kuang, H. |author35=Zhang, H.-Y. |author36=Roose, M.L. |author37=Nagarajan, N. |author38=Deng, X.-X. |author39=Ruan, Y. |year=2013 |title=The draft genome of sweet orange (''Citrus sinensis'') |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=59–66 |doi=10.1038/ng.2472 |pmid=23179022 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2229-6-21|pmid=17010212|pmc=1599732|year=2006|last1=Bausher|first1=Michael G|title=The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck var 'Ridge Pineapple': Organization and phylogenetic relationships to other angiosperms|journal=BMC Plant Biology|volume=6|pages=21|last2=Singh|first2=Nameirakpam D|last3=Lee|first3=Seung-Bum|last4=Jansen|first4=Robert K|last5=Daniell|first5=Henry |doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}
{{Citrus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3355098}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Citrus sinensis}}
[[Category:Oranges (fruit)| ]]
[[Category:Citrus hybrids]]
[[Category:Fruit trees]]