View source for Clarion (instrument)

{{Short description|Trumpet used in the Middle Ages and Renaissance}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name                  = Clarion
| image                 = Clarion, by Tobias Stimmer, Kulturgeschichtliches Bilderbuch aus drei Jahrhunderten.jpg
| image_size            = 200
| alt                   =
| caption               = Woman playing a ''clareta'' or ''clarion'', from a woodcut by Tobias Stimmer, circa 1575. Possibly a [[slide trumpet]] or trombone.
| background            = brass
| names                 = clairon,<ref name=marcusegeneral>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary |author= Marcuse, Sibyl |date= 1964 |publisher= Doubleday |place= Garden City, N.Y |page=109|entry= Clarino, clarin trumpet, clarion}}</ref> clarin trumpet,<ref name=marcusegeneral/> ''clarino'',<ref name=marcusegeneral/> chiarina
| classification        = [[Brass instrument|Brass]]
| hornbostel_sachs      = 423.121
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Natural trumpets]] – There are no means of changing the pitch apart from the player's lips; end-blown trumpets – The mouth-hole faces the axis of the trumpet.
Some may have been (423.22) [[slide trumpet]]s, in an attempt to gain more notes.
| inventors             =
| developed             = Developed from the [[buisine]] or by experimenting with the idea of a metal tubular instrument with bends to shorten length
| timbre                =
| volume                =
| attack                =
| decay                 =
| range                 =
| pitch                 =
| musicians             =
| builders              =
| articles              =
|sound sample =
<gallery>
File:The Rule (ISRC USUAN1100465).mp3|Courtly,  high, brass sound; clarion-like
File:Añafil.ogg|Sound of the lower pitched [[Añafil]]; braying of a donkey
</gallery>
|related =*[[Bugle]]
*[[Buisine]]
*[[Fanfare trumpet]]
*[[Natural trumpet]]
*[[Nafir]]
*[[Piccolo trumpet]]
*[[Sackbut]]
*[[Slide trumpet]]
}}{{For|the Japanese brand of artificial leather|Clarino}}
'''Clarion''' is a name for a high-pitched [[trumpet]] used in the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]]. It is also a name for a 4' [[Organ stop#Nomenclature|organ reed stop]] that produces a high-pitched or clarion-like sound on a pipe organ in the clarion trumpet's range of notes.<ref name=marcusegeneral/><ref>[[Don Randel|Randel, Don]]. ''The New [[Harvard Dictionary of Music]]''. Cambridge: [[Belknap Press]] of Harvard University Press, 1986. p. 172.</ref>
The word ''clarion'' has changed meanings over centuries and across languages. Today, in modern French'' [[:fr:Clairon|clairon]]'' refers to the [[bugle]],<ref name=marcusegeneral/> while in Italy ''[[:it:Chiarina|chiarina]]'' refers to modern trumpets of historic design, made from bent tubing and without valves, similar to the [[natural trumpet]]. Resembling these instruments is the modern [[fanfare trumpet]], like the ''chiarina'' or natural trumpet, but with the option of using valves.
''Clarion'' became a musical term to refer the upper register of the standard trumpet.<ref name=marcusegeneral/> However, a ''clarin'' trumpet did exist with a narrower bore than the standard trumpet and a "broad, flat mouthpiece," designed to "play the high [[Partial (music)|partial]]s."<ref name=marcusegeneral/>
[[File:Grenville Arms, Bench End, SutcombeChurch, Devon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Clarion (heraldry)|Clarion as heraldic device]] depicted in the coat of arms of [[Richard Grenville (died 1550)|Grenville]], a mid-16th century carving which clearly shows the labium openings in the pipes of a pipe organ. [[Bench end]] in [[Sutcombe]] Church, Devon]]
In war the trumpet historically had a harsh sound, often described as, "like the braying of an [[Donkey|ass]]."<ref name=grovetrumpet>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Grove Music Online |article= Trumpet (Fr. trompette; Ger. Trompete; It. tromba) |author1= Margaret Sarkissian|author2= Edward H. Tarr |url= https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49912 |date= 2001|doi= 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49912 |quote= Herodotus likened the sound of the ancient trumpet to the braying of an ass.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary |author= Marcuse, Sibyl |date= 1964 |publisher= Doubleday |place= Garden City, N.Y |quote= Karranay...curved trumpet of Turkey...sounded like the braying of an ass...}}</ref> As technology improved the ability of trumpets to take pressure and reach more notes and higher notes, that higher-pitched sound became the focus of the term clarion.<ref>{{cite AV media |title= Ghost Music |publisher= British Broadcasting Corporations (BBC) |date= April 2011 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b010dp0s |quote= [Summary: King Tut's trumpets and also close reproductions were tested using modern mouthpieces as well as without a mouthpiece. The latter was how they originally were played.  Using a mouthpiece allowed more notes to be played,  but one of the original trumpets was damaged from the pressure made by playing the highest note. Without the modern mouthpiece, only two notes were playable.}}</ref> By the 14th century, it was described as high-pitched, shrill, or clear sounding.<ref name=Grove84>{{cite encyclopedia |title=The new Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments |article= Clarino |pages= 405–406  |author1= Reine Dahlqvist |author2= Edward H. Tarr}}</ref>
In general (and not all early writers agreed) the clarion was a shorter trumpet with narrower bore.<ref name=Grove84/> For example, a 1606 author named Nicot wrote that while the term clarion had once referred to a group of high pitched trumpets with a narrower bore, by his day it was the higher pitches in a sound range that any trumpet should be able to play.<ref name=Grove84/>
The narrowing of the bore and the manufacturers' control of how gradually it widened changed the tone of new instruments.<ref name=marcusegeneral3>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary |author= Marcuse, Sibyl |date= 1964 |publisher= Doubleday |place= Garden City, N.Y |page=540|entry= Trumpet |quote= The brilliance of the trumpets tone is caused by its narrow, mainly cylindrical bore...}}</ref> Rather than braying, the trumpets took on the sound of courts, sounding much like the modern [[fanfare trumpet]]. During the development process, longer "shrill" trumpets such as the ''[[añafil]]'' or ''buisine'' trumpets were folded into more compact forms. By 1511, Virdung had published engravings of these folded instruments, one labeled "clareta", which became the ''clarion''.<ref name=marcusegeneral/> Tonally, ''clarin'' or ''clarino'' also came to refer to melodic playing in the upper register of the trumpet "with a soft and melodious, singing tone"<ref name=Grove84/>
By 1600 the term ''clarin'' came to be a musical term used by composers for "the highest trumpet part" in Germany and Spain and was limited to German and Spanish composers from the 16th–19th centuries. Clarino was used by Italians,  but not for trumpets.<ref name=Grove84/>
==Trumpet history==
After the fall of Rome, when much of Europe was separated from the remaining Eastern Roman Empire, both straight and curved tubular-sheet-metal trumpets disappeared, and curved horns from natural materials like cowhorn and wood were Europe's trumpet.<ref name=tube>{{cite journal |title= The Looped Trumpet in the Near East |author= Michael Pirker |journal= RIdIM/RCMI Newsletter |date= Spring 1993 |volume= 18 |issue= 1|pages= 3–8 |publisher=  Research Center for Music Iconography, The Graduate Center, City University of New York |jstor= 41604971 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604971 |quote=There is no evidence available on the use of the trumpet in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. It made its appearance again from the Orient, via the Crusades, beginning in the eleventh centuru}}</ref><ref name=GroveTrumpettemp/>
The straight sheet-metal tubular-trumpet persisted in the Middle East and Central Asia as the [[nafir]] and [[karnay]], and during the [[Reconquista]] and [[Crusades]], Europeans began to build them again, having seen these instruments in their wars.<ref name=GroveTrumpettemp>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Grove Music Online |article= Trumpet (Fr. trompette; Ger. Trompete; It. tromba) |author1= Margaret Sarkissian  |author2= Edward H. Tarr |url= https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49912 |date=20 January 2001|doi= 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49912 |quote=According to Sachs, the trumpet disappeared from Europe after the fall of Rome and was not reintroduced until the time of the crusades, when instruments were taken from the Saracens...the Slide trumpet was developed with a mouthpipe that telescoped inside the first length of tubing to enable the player to alter the instrument's length while playing.}}</ref><ref name=BrillBuq>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Farmer |first= H.G. |article= "Būḳ" |title= Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |editor1= P. Bearman |editor2= Th. Bianquis |editor3= C.E. Bosworth |editor4= E. van Donzel |editor5= W.P. Heinrichs |access-date= 13 January 2023 |url= http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0127 |date= 2012 |doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0127 |isbn=9789004161214 |quote= It is generally acknowledged...that the cylindrical bore instruments were borrowed from the East. Perhaps those buccins Turcs and cors sarrasinois which the Crusading chroniclers record included the nafīr and karnā...}}</ref> The first made were the [[añafil]] in Spain and [[buisine]] in France and elsewhere. Then Europeans took a step that hadn't been part of trumpet making since the Roman ([[buccina]] and [[Cornu (horn)|cornu]]); they figured out how to bend tubes without ruining them and by the 1400s were experimenting with new instruments.<ref name=GroveTrumpettemp/><ref name=GroveNafir>{{cite encyclopedia |author= Michael Pirker |article= Nafīr |title=  Grove Music Online|date= 2001 |url= https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/display/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000019529 |quote=The looped trumpet is a European development adopted by Eastern cultures; from the 14th century new forms of trumpets with curved tubes started to appear in Europe, and European instruments then began to supersede the straight trumpet in Islamic societies...}}</ref>
Whole lines of brass instruments were created, including initial examples like the clarion the [[natural trumpet]], slide trumpet and sackbut.<ref name=GroveTrumpettemp/><ref name="Herbert-2019">{{Cite Q|editor-last=Herbert |editor-first=Trevor |author-first=Sabine |author-last=Klaus |chapter=Bugle |p=90–1 |Q114571908}}</ref> These bent-tube variations shrunk the long tubes into a manageable size and controlled the way the instruments sounded.<ref name="Herbert-2019"/>
[[Francis William Galpin|Francis Galpin]] theorized that straight trumpets, business, of different lengths became different instruments.<ref name=Galpin>{{cite book|title= Old English Instruments of Music |first= Franci W. |last=Galpin |place= Chicago |publisher= A. C. McCLURG & CO |date=1911 |url= https://archive.org/details/oldenglishinstru00galp/mode/1up |pages= 199–207}}</ref>  Shorter instruments with narrower tubing became the clarions and field trumpets (the clarions being the narrower of the two).<ref name=Galpin/> Longer, lower pitched trumpets became the trombone.<ref name=Galpin/> Comparing the field trumpet and the clarion, Galpin said both were used in fanfare music, the broader tubed and longer field trumpet taking lower notes,  the clarion the higher notes.<ref name=Galpin/>
European experiments with bent-tube instruments in turn influenced Islamic musical instruments, resulting in the S-curved ''nafir'' or ''karnay'' and the Turkish ''boru''.<ref name=GroveNafir/>
==Etymology==
[[File:Grand Army Plaza Herald.jpg|left|thumb|Straight trumpet, short enough to have clarion notes. High pitched trumpets are shorter instruments.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Natural Trumpet Music and the Modern Performer |publisher= The University of Akron |last=Bloss |first= aura |date= December 2012 |page=3 |url= https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=akron1350316386&disposition=inline}}</ref> In comparison to the [[busine]], the trumpet pictured is shorter. The añafil (Spanish renaming of Arabic ''Nafir'', also called ''buisine'' was between 4 and 7 feet long.<ref name=marcusegeneral4>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Musical instruments; a comprehensive dictionary |author= Marcuse, Sibyl |date= 1964 |publisher= Doubleday |place= Garden City, N.Y |pages= 15, 70–71,356–357|entry= ''Añafil'', ''Buisine'', ''Nafir''.}}</ref> Calling it "clairon," Nicot said the ''nafir'' at 4.25-5 ft long served as treble for the Moore's other trumpets, which sounded tenor and bass tones.<ref name=marcusegeneral4/> Some of those trumpets such as the modern Moroccan ''nafir'' reach about 6 ft long, and the Tajikistani ''karnay'' can reach as long as 6 ft 10 (210 cm).<ref name=Moroccannafir>{{cite web |title= Hoorn van messing - Nafir |trans-title=Horn of brass - Nafir |language= nl |url= https://collectie.wereldculturen.nl/default.aspx?ccid=81299#/query/09df0e0e-d529-401f-9d6c-a3f72f725665 |quote=Horn of brass - Nafir. Culture: Moroccan. Origin: North Africa / Maghreb / Morocco. before 1955. approx. 176cm (69 5/16in.))}}</ref><ref>Д. Раҳимов. Касбу ҳунарҳои анъанавии тоҷикон. – Душанбе, 2014. – С. 40 - 42 (D. Rahimov. Traditional crafts of Tajiks. - Dushanbe, 2014. - p. 40 - 42.)</ref>]]
"Clarion" derives from three [[Latin]] words: the noun {{Lang|la|clario}} (trumpet), the adjective {{Lang|la|clarus}} (bright or clear), and the verb ''{{Lang|la|claro}}'' (to make clear). Throughout [[Europe]], an eclectic set of variations on clarion came into use. The meaning of these variations was not standard. It is not clear whether they are meant to refer to an actual instrument or simply the high register of the trumpet.<ref name=Dahlqvist/>
*In [[France]], the usage evolved into words like "clairin", "clarin", "clerain", "clerin", "clairon", "claroncel", and "claronchiel".<ref name=Dahlqvist>Dahlqvist, Reine, and [[Edward Tarr|Edward H. Tarr]]. "Clarino," ''[[Grove Music Online]]'',  Accessed: November 6, 2011</ref> Clairon become the most commonly used version.<ref name=Dahlqvist/>
*English variants were "claro", "clario", "clarone", "clarasius", "clarioune", "claryon" and "clarion".<ref name=Dahlqvist/> Early ''clarion'' use found in written work in English from 1325 AD.<ref name=marcusegeneral/>
*In [[Spain]], the terminology became "clarín" and "clarón".<ref name=Dahlqvist/>
*Italians used "chiarina", "chiarino", and "claretto", and by 1600, they began to use "clarino" or "chlarino", which became a standard, albeit widely misunderstood, term.<ref name=Dahlqvist/>
*In [[Germany]], the usage was "clareta", and by the middle of the 16th century, "clarin".<ref name=Dahlqvist/>
==Usage of the word==
[[File:Pilaster of Angels Sounding Trumpets from the Parapet of a Pulpit MET DP169508.jpg|thumb|200px|Angels sounding trumpets. With the exception of some early European instruments such as the Greek [[salpinx]] and [[Roman tuba]], [[Cornu (horn)|cornu]] and [[buccina]], pre-13th century European trumpets were [[horn (instrument)|horn]]s, shaped like oxen horns until encounters with Islamic armies' ''[[Nafir (trumpet)|nafir]]s'' inspired creation of instruments such as the Spanish [[:es:Añafil|''añafil'']] and French ''[[buisine]]''.]]
The various iterations of "clarion" occur alongside the idiomatic usage of "trumpet" in the literature and historical records of several countries. The presence of these terms in concert with each other throughout such passages gave rise to a consensus that there must be a clarion trumpet which is distinct in construction from a standard trumpet. In France, historical records include phrases like "à son de trompes et de clarons", for instance. In his French dictionary, [[Jean Nicot]] wrote that the clarion is used among the [[Moors]] and the Portuguese (who adopted the Moors' custom). Nicot defines the clarion as a treble instrument, which is paired with trumpets playing the tenor and bass. Nicot also specifies that the clarion was used by the [[Cavalry]] and [[Marines]].<ref>Chamber, Ephraim. ''Cyclopaedia'', [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=turn&id=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01&entity=HistSciTech.Cyclopaedia01.p0386&q1=clarion p. 232].</ref>
In ''[[The Knight's Tale]]'', [[Chaucer]] writes, "{{lang|enm|Pypes, trompes, nakers, clariounes, that in bataille blowen blody sounes}}", which adds to the notion that clarions must somehow be distinct from trumpets.<ref>Tarr, Edward H. ''The Trumpet''. Portland: [[Amadeus Press]], 1988. p. 41.</ref>
This idea was bolstered by artworks of the time, which show a variety of trumpets in different shapes and sizes. There are even records from trade guilds like the [[Goldsmiths' Company|Goldsmith's Company of London]] which specify that a clarion is 70% lighter than a trumpet. However, there is no precise understanding of what any of these variations meant. The fundamental confusion is over whether or not they refer to an actual instrument or to a style of playing in the high register of the trumpet. Even the Spanish historian [[Sebastián de Covarrubias]] confused the meaning in his ''[[Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española]]'', writing that the clarin was a "trumpetilla", a tiny trumpet capable of playing in the high register or that the term could simply refer to the high register of the trumpet.<ref>Dahlqvist & Tarr.</ref>
===Baroque===
The confusion over the usage of these terms seemed to mainly dissipate in the [[Baroque]] era, when "clarino" (plural: "clarini"), and its variants, came to be specifically understood as the practice of playing the [[natural trumpet]] in its high register.<ref name="Randel, p. 171">Randel, p. 171.</ref>
==Range of notes==
:''See: [[Natural trumpet#History|Natural trumpet]] for history of expanded tonal range.''
{{Multiple images
| image1            = Trumpeter on horseback facing right, a group of horsemen in the background, from 'Various cavalry exercises' (Diverses exercices de cavalerie) MET DP833140.jpg
| caption1          = Cavalry use of short high-pitched trumpet, circa 1642–1645
| width1            = 120
| image2            = Procession, with one man playing a drum atop a horse at front, four men playing trumpets on horses at center, and one man following on foot behind MET DP874726.jpg
| caption2          = Military ensemble, with four straight trumpets and a bent-tube trumpet. The instruments are paired with horse-mounted [[timpani]]. 16th century.
| width2            = 250
}}
Natural trumpets were originally war trumpets used to signal with a short repeating pattern.<ref name=evolution>{{cite journal |title=The Evolution of Trumpet Music up to Fantini |first=Anthony |last=Baines |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association |volume= 101 |date=1974–1975 |pages=1–9  |doi=10.1093/jrma/101.1.1 |jstor=766032 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/766032}}</ref> They were largely the same among European countries, consisting of two tones, a fifth apart.<ref name=evolution/> Calls were started with the lowest.<ref name=evolution/>
Before the modern naming systems were invented that allow us to describe a note with a letter, trumpeters assigned names to notes that their trumpets played.<ref name=grovetrumpet/><ref name=evolution/> The names described a note's relationship to the other notes.<ref name=grovetrumpet/><ref name=evolution/> Similar names were used in different countries, though the changed based on language.<ref name=evolution/>
The first named were the lowest, made by a long horn that could only play one note.  When a second note was added, it was named in relationship to the original note,  as ''the note that follows''.<ref name=evolution/>  Although military in use initially, trumpets were put into trumpet ensembles, with places in the ensemble based on the notes they played. The basic series by the 1600s was:
*1 ''basso'' (also ''gross'' or ''grob''). This was the oldest note, sometimes called ''boss'' or ''master''.  An early trumpet could play only one note well, possibly two. That good note was a low note, and formed the bottom of a series of notes.<ref name=grovetrumpet/><ref name=evolution/>
*2 ''Folgant'', (also: ''vulgano'' or ''vorgano''), the "note that follows", "follower", "attendant". A single note higher than the ''basso''.<ref name=grovetrumpet/><ref name=evolution/>
*3 ''Alto e basso'', ''altebasso'', ''alterbass'', or "up-and-down". 3 notes. Played harmony to the trumpet above it.<ref name=grovetrumpet/><ref name=evolution/>
*4 ''Sonata'', ''quinta'', ''principale''. This became the modern standard trumpet,  with a wide range of low and high notes. In this era it had between four and six notes and created a melody.<ref name=grovetrumpet/><ref name=evolution/>
*5 ''Clarin'', ''claretta'', ''claron'', ''clarion''. High ranging part, flourishes and some melody parts above the quinta. The highest notes were hard to play. When these notes were by a shorter [[nafir]] (they could be long), the effect was not musical but "excruciating".<ref name=grovetrumpet/><ref name=evolution/>
[[File:Harmonie universelle trumpet mute.jpg|thumb|left|1636 illustration from book by [[Marin Mersenne]], showing notes playable in the natural trumpet.  His illustration shows from the 1st to the 13th partial. The clarion range was 8–13 at this time.]]
In the 16th century, a ''clareta'' or "''sopranoor clarino''" in C was tuned to the 8th [[Partial (music)|partial]], ''[[Helmholtz pitch notation|c"]]'' or ''[[Scientific pitch notation|c5]]'',  and might reach as high as the 13th partial.<ref name=Vienna>{{Cite web |title= Trumpet in C |website= Vienna Academy, Vienna Symphonic Library GmbH |url= https://www.vsl.info/en/academy/brass/trumpet-c#:~:text=The%20trumpet%20in%20C%20is,A%20a%20minor%20third%20lower |quote=In the 16th century the trumpet's range increased up to the 13th natural...from the 8th partial upward was called clarino...a special clarino mouthpiece, a narrow-bore cup-shaped mouthpiece with a sharp-angled rim}}</ref><ref name=grovetrumpet2>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Grove Music Online |article= Trumpet (Fr. trompette; Ger. Trompete; It. tromba) |author1= Margaret Sarkissian|author2= Edward H. Tarr |url= https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49912 |date= 2001|doi= 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49912 }}</ref> In a 5-trumpet ensemble of trumpets as long as 8 feet, it would be paired with a standard trumpet. The long trumpet was tuned an octave lower, and called ''sonata'', ''quinta'' or ''principale''). The other trumpets were the ''basso'' trumpet, ''vulgano'' trumpet,    and ''alto e basso'' trumpet.<ref name=grovetrumpet2/>
Trumpets in the 16th century had a narrow range of notes that could be played. The larger straight trumpets,  like the buisine likely played one or two notes. The bent-tube trumpets likely had an increased range of about 4 playable notes in the "Late Middle Ages", the "naturals 1-4."<ref name=Vienna/> Innovations such as the slide trumpet and different mouthpieces helped increase the notes available.<ref name=Vienna/> Better built trumpets also gained notes as they could increasingly be overblown.<ref name=Vienna/>
There was less need of the specialized clarion as trumpets improved in the Baroque period. The principal register of the trumpet extended to the seventh pitch of the [[Harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]]. The trumpet's ''clarino register'' then ran from the eighth to the twentieth pitch in the series.<ref name="Randel, p. 171"/>
Among today's trumpets,  the [[piccolo trumpet]] occupies the same position in relation to standard trumpets that the clarion did, tuned one octave above the standard trumpet.
==Ottoman ''boru''==
[[File:Mehter detail Hazine 1339 folio 103b.jpg|thumb|[[Mehterhâne]], Ottoman miniature circa 1568. The musicians play two [[zurna]], two spiral trumpets (''boru''), a cylinder drum ''[[davul]]'' and a pair of kettle drums (''nakkare''). In 1529, the "Turkish field clamor" reached Vienna for the first time.]]
By the late 1500s, Ottoman armies were playing these new folded trumpets (or [[natural trumpets]]) in place of their former ''[[nefir]]'' trumpets. The ''nefir'' was closely related to the ''añafil''.
In today's Turkish, ''nefir'' means "trumpet/horn" and "war signal".<ref name=GroveNafir/> In military music, the straight natural trumpet ''nefir'' is distinguished from the general Turkic word for "tube" and "trumpet," ''boru''.<ref name=GroveNafir /> ''Boru'' refers to the looped military trumpet, which is due to European influence,<ref name=GroveNafir/> while the derived ''borazan'' ("trumpeter") is understood today in Turkish folk music as a spirally wound bark oboe.<ref>Laurence Picken : Folk Musical Instruments of Turkey. Oxford University Press, London 1975, p. 482</ref>
In the 17th century, when the Ottoman writer [[Evliya Çelebi]] (1611 – after 1683) wrote his travelogue ''[[Seyahatnâme]]'', the ''nafīr'' was a straight trumpet that was played in Constantinople by only 10 musicians and had fallen behind the European ''boru'' (also ''tūrumpata būrūsī''), for which Çelebi states 77 musicians.<ref name=Farmerp28>Henry George Farmer: Turkish Instruments of Music in the Seventeenth Century. In: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, No. 1, January 1936, pp. 1-43, here p. 28</ref> Nefir, or nüfür in religious folk music, was a simple buffalo horn without a mouthpiece, blown by Bektashi in ceremonies and by itinerant dervishes for begging until the early 20th century.<ref name=Farmerp28/>
==Gallery==
<gallery heights="200" widths="170">
File:Musica getutscht und außgezogen 022.jpg|Virdung illustrated (1511 AD) bent trumpets including ''clareta'', thin tubed to produce high notes. ''Thurner horn''; may be ''thürmer'' (tower), as in tower watchmen.<ref>{{cite book |title= A Survey of Musical Instruments |author=Sibyl Marcuse |page= 794| publisher=Harper & Row |place=New York |date=1975 |isbn= 0-06-012776-7}}</ref>
File:Musica getutscht und außgezogen 021.jpg|Virdung illustrated (1511 AD) bent trumpets including ''felttrumet'' (field trumpet) and ''busaun'' ([[sackbut]]).
File:Agricola trumpets.jpg|1529 AD Trumpets from [[Martin Agricola]]'s book ''Musica instrumentalis deudsch''
File:Clarions, Galpin, Francis W., Old English instruments of music.jpg|Clarions displayed in ''Old English instruments of music by'' [[Francis William Galpin]]. Left c. 1400, right early 1400s, England.
File:Frères Limbourg - Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry - mois de mai - Google Art Project cropped.jpg|Clarion trumpet, buisine trumpet, 2 shawms. Painted in France between 1412 and 1416. (upper left corner). ''Clarion'' matches ''felttrumet'' in Virdung's 1511 illustration.
File:Buisine player and clarion player at religious ceremony, Manuscript of Saint-Esprit IRHT 062067 2.jpg|Buisine player and clarion player at religious ceremony, Manuscript of Saint-Esprit, 1450–1460, France. ''Clarion'' matches ''Thurner horn'' in Virdung's 1511 illustration.
File:Early timpani and trumpet.jpg|Painting from [[Munich]], {{Circa|15th century AD}}. S-curved trumpet paired with [[timpani]] kettle drums
File:Emperor Sigismund with the golden rose, ff. 86-87.jpg|1460 AD. A mix of different-sized business (far right) playing ahead of Holy Roman Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]]. One trumpet resembles the ''thurner horn''.
File:Black Trumpeter at Henry VIII's Tournament.jpg|1511. Herald trumpeters of [[Henry VIII]] blowing looped business or clarions. Middle trumpeter is thought to be [[John Blanke]], an African in service to [[Catherine of Aragon]].
File:Frontispiece for Poems by Desmarets MET DP827806.jpg|1641 AD. Woman Holding a clareta or clarion.
File:Death on horseback holding a trumpet, from 'The five deaths' (Les cinq Morts) MET DP817535.jpg|Circa 1648. Death playing a clareta or clarion.
File:Concertino di gentiluomini, by Girolamo Romanino circa 1540s.jpg|Trumpets that appear to be like Virdung's ''busaun''. Possibly slide trumpets. Far right is a curved [[cornett]].
File:Israfel blows the trumpet of Sur.jpg|As European bent-tube instruments spread, Islamic countries began applying the technique to their own trumpets, even in fantastic imagery. 16th century AD.
File:Israfil, the Angel of Resurrection, Blows the Seven-Fold Trumpet, Ottoman miniature.jpg|The Turkish ''boru'', made from bending a trumpet into a loop, also made became an instrument of angels. Late 16th – early 17th century AD.
File:Surname-ı Vehbi (fol. 172a).jpg|Turkish miniature from the ''Surname-ı Vehbi'' (1720 AD) showing ''boru'' trumpets, far left
File:Boru trumpet, 1907.jpg|''Boru'' trumpet, Turkey, 1907, part of the Mehter military band
File:SlideTrumpet.jpg|[[Slide trumpet]] replica. When trumpets only had a narrow range of playable notes, the slide trumpet allowed that range to increase. The tube that slides is where the mouthpiece enters; pulling it in and out changes the length of the trumpet, changing its key.
File:Clarion fingerchart, Museum Musicum Theoretico-Practicum page 40.jpg|By 1732, the clarion had become the natural trumpet in music instruction books. [[Museum musicum theoreticalo practicum]]
File:Natural Trumpet in D MET DP220756.jpg|Natural trumpet, 1790 AD
File:Buisine, clarion, field trumpet, Galpin, 1910.jpg|Buisine, clarion (a [[natural trumpet]]), and field trumpet, from Francis W. Galpin book ''Old English instruments of music''. The latter two instruments are a latter stage of the clarion.
File:Chiarine lg giorni di palio (7).jpg|Italian ''chiarine''. This instrument has no valves.
File:Russian Fanfare Trumpets.jpg|Russian fanfare trumpets, played by Russian soldiers. These trumpets have no valves.
File:Carnavals de montagne Aosta.JPG|A trumpeter in medieval costume plays a trumpet with a piston. This type of single-valved clarion was specially designed for the performance of the "Triumphal March" of Giuseppe Verdi 's Aida.
File:Defense.gov photo essay 080525-N-0696M-146.jpg|Fanfare trumpet used by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets, 2008. These trumpets have valves.
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Wiktionary|clarion}}
*Forsyth, Cecil (1982). ''Orchestration''. Dover Publications Inc. {{ISBN|0-486-24383-4}}
{{Trumpets}}
{{Natural horns and trumpets}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Brass instruments]]
[[Category:Musical terminology]]