View source for Clemens von Pirquet

{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Clemens von Pirquet
|image             = Pirquet.jpg
|image_size       =
|caption           = Clemens von Pirquet (1906)
|birth_date        = {{Birth date|1874|05|12|df=y}}
|birth_place       = Hirschstetten near [[Vienna]]
|death_date        = {{Death date and age|1929|02|28|1874|05|12|df=y}}
|death_place       = Vienna
|residence         =
|citizenship       =
|nationality       = [[Austria]]n
|ethnicity         =
|field             = {{unbulleted list|[[pediatrics]]|[[bacteriology]]|[[immunology]]}}
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater        =
|doctoral_advisor  =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for         = [[tuberculosis]]<br/>[[allergy]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences        =
|influenced        =
|prizes            =
|religion          =
|footnotes         =
}}
'''Clemens Peter [[Freiherr]]<ref>{{German title Freiherr}}</ref> von Pirquet''' (12 May 1874{{spaced ndash}}28 February 1929) was an [[Austria]]n scientist and [[pediatrics|pediatrician]] best known for his contributions to the fields of [[bacteriology]] and [[immunology]].
==Career==
Born in [[Vienna, Austria|Vienna]], he studied theology at the [[University of Innsbruck]] and philosophy at the [[Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)|University of Leuven]] before he enrolled at the [[University of Graz]] where he became a [[physician|doctor of medicine]] in 1900. He started practicing at the Children's Clinic in Vienna.
In 1906 he noticed that patients who had previously received injections of horse serum or [[smallpox]] vaccine had quicker, more severe reactions to a second injection.  He coined the word '''[[allergy]]''' (from the Greek ''allos'' meaning "other" and ''ergon'' meaning "work") to describe this [[hypersensitivity]] reaction.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=von Pirquet |first=Clemens |date=1906 |title=Allergie |journal=Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift}}</ref>
Soon after, the observation with smallpox led Pirquet to realize that [[tuberculin]], which
[[Robert Koch]] isolated from the [[bacterium|bacteria]] that cause [[tuberculosis]] in 1890, might lead to a similar type of reaction. [[Charles Mantoux]] expanded upon Pirquet's ideas and the [[Mantoux test]], in which tuberculin is injected into the skin, became a diagnostic test for tuberculosis in 1907.
In 1909 he declined proposals to take a position at the [[Pasteur Institute]] in Paris and to become a professor at the [[Johns Hopkins University]]. In 1910 he returned to Europe taking positions in [[Breslau]] (now Wrocław) and then Vienna.
==Suicide==
On 28 February 1929 Clemens von Pirquet and his wife committed suicide with [[potassium cyanide]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ipIrT1Hf-dYC&dq=%22Clemens+von+Pirquet%22+suicide&pg=PA155 Thomas M. Daniel ''Pioneers of Medicine and Their Impact on Tuberculosis, Part 184'']</ref>
==See also==
* [[Guido von Pirquet]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
*[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2382.html Who Named It - Pirquet]
*[https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/pirquet141.html  U.S. National Library of Medicine – History of medicine]
*[http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v1/n6/full/ni1200_453.html  Arthur M. Silverstein, ''Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet: Explaining immune complex disease in 1906'' (Nature – Immunology 1, p.453–455, 2000)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930093555/http://www.cvpfoundation.eu/ EAACI – Clemens von Pirquet FOUNDATION]
*[http://szczepienia.wybudzeni.com/2016/06/21/allergie-clemens-von-pirquet/ Clemens von Pirquet, Allergie 1910]
*{{Citation
|pmid = 17186166
|last=Huber
|first=Benedikt
|publication-date=Dec 2006
|year=2006
|title=[100 years of allergy: Clemens von Pirquet--his concept of allergy and his basic understanding of the disease: 2: The Pirquet concept of allergy]
|volume=118
|issue=23–24
|periodical=Wien. Klin. Wochenschr.
|pages=718–27
|doi = 10.1007/s00508-006-0712-0
|s2cid=40283841
|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/318231/files/508_2006_Article_701.pdf
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 17136331
|last=Huber
|first=Benedikt
|publication-date=Oct 2006
|year=2006
|title=[100 years of allergy: Clemens von Pirquet - his idea of allergy and its immanent concept of disease]
|volume=118
|issue=19–20
|periodical=Wien. Klin. Wochenschr.
|pages=573–9
|doi = 10.1007/s00508-006-0701-3
|s2cid=46144926
|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/318231/files/508_2006_Article_701.pdf
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 16910402
|last=Bergmann
|first=K C
|publication-date=Jul 20, 2006
|year=2006
|title=[Clemens Freiherr von Pirquet, developer of the concept of allergy]
|volume=148
|issue=29–30
|periodical=MMW Fortschritte der Medizin
|pages=24–5, 27
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 11980437
|last=Bukantz
|first=Samuel C
|publication-date=Apr 2002
|year=2002
|title=Clemens von Pirquet and the concept of allergie
|volume=109
|issue=4
|periodical=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
|pages=724–6
|doi=10.1067/mai.2002.123049
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 7051906
|last=Slavin
|first=R G
|publication-date=Sep 1982
|year=1982
|title=The 10th annual Clemens von Pirquet lectureship. Clinical disorders of the nose and their relationship to allergy
|volume=49
|issue=3
|periodical=Annals of Allergy
|pages=123–6
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 6800919
|last=Bendiner
|first=E
|publication-date=Oct 1981
|year=1981
|title=Baron von Pirquet: the aristocrat who discovered and defined allergy
|volume=16
|issue=10
|periodical=Hosp. Pract. (Off. Ed.)
|pages=137, 141, 144 passim
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 6989119
|last=Wyklicky
|first=H
|publication-date=Feb 15, 1980
|year=1980
|title=[Thoughts on the history of allergy. In memoriam Clemens von Pirquet]
|volume=130
|issue=3
|periodical=Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
|pages=123–5
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 379734
|last=Kapus
|first=G
|publication-date=Jun 3, 1979
|year=1979
|title=[In memory of Clemens v. Pirquet]
|volume=120
|issue=22
|periodical=Orvosi Hetilap
|pages=1327–30
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 379746
|last=Asperger
|first=H
|publication-date=1979
|year=1979
|title=[50th anniversary of the death of Clemens von Pirquet]
|volume=14
|issue=2
|periodical=Pädiatrie und Pädologie
|pages=I–II
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 347265
|publication-date=Apr 7, 1978
|year=1978
|title=[Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift/24 July 1906: Allergy by Clemens v. Pirquet, Vienna]
|volume=120
|issue=14
|periodical=MMW, Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift
|pages=474
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 4597514
|last=Székely
|first=S
|publication-date=May 19, 1974
|year=1974
|title=[Clemens von Pirquet]
|volume=115
|issue=20
|periodical=Orvosi Hetilap
|pages=1175–7
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 4588535
|last=Rapaport
|first=H G
|publication-date=Oct 1973
|year=1973
|title=Clemens von Pirquet and allergy
|volume=31
|issue=10
|periodical=Annals of Allergy
|pages=467–75
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 14290647
|last=TREIMAN
|first=V V
|publication-date=Mar 1965
|year=1965
|volume=28
|issue=
|periodical=Sovetskaia Meditsina
|pages=151–3
|title=Clemens Pirquet, an Outstanding Austrian Man of Medicine
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 14130490
|last=WAGNER
|first=R
|publication-date=Mar 1964
|year=1964
|volume=40
|issue=3
|periodical=Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
|pages=229–35
|pmc = 1750523
|title=Clemens von Pirquet, Discoverer of the Concept of Allergy
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 13998265
|last=WAGNER
|first=R
|publication-date=Apr 5, 1963
|year=1963
|title=[Clemens von PIRQUET.]
|volume=75
|issue=
|periodical=Wien. Klin. Wochenschr.
|pages=241–3
}}
*{{Citation
|pmid = 13169763
|last=KUNDRATITZ
|first=K
|publication-date=Apr 2, 1954
|year=1954
|title=[Researches and theories of Clemens von Pirquet.]
|volume=66
|issue=13
|periodical=Wien. Klin. Wochenschr.
|pages=217–20
}}
==External links==
* {{YouTube|lmxSWM3a2vQ|Prof. Pirquet an der Kinderklinik in Wien, 1928.}}
* [http://news.coinupdate.com/baron-clemns-von-pirquet-euro-gold-coin-0352/ Clemens von Pirquet on 50 Euro Gold Coin]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pirquet, Clemens von}}
[[Category:Austrian barons]]
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1929 suicides]]
[[Category:Joint suicides]]
[[Category:Austrian pediatricians]]
[[Category:Austrian immunologists]]
[[Category:Jewish physicians]]
[[Category:Jewish biologists]]
[[Category:Austrian bacteriologists]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]
[[Category:Physicians from Austria-Hungary]]