View source for Coel Hen

{{Short description|Sub-Roman king in Northern Britain}}
{{redirect|King Cole}}
{{redirect|Coel|the prefix "coel-"|List of commonly used taxonomic affixes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:History of the Kings (f.39.v) Coel.jpg|thumb|right|An illustration depicting Coel from a 15th-century [[Welsh language|Welsh-language]] version of [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'']]
'''Coel''' ([[Old Welsh]]: ''Coil''), also called '''''Coel Hen''''' ('''Coel the Old''') and '''King Cole''', is a figure prominent in Welsh literature and legend since the [[Middle Ages]]. Early Welsh tradition knew of a Coel Hen, a {{circa}} 4th-century leader in [[Roman Britain|Roman]] or [[Sub-Roman Britain]] and the progenitor of several kingly lines in [[Hen Ogledd|Yr Hen Ogledd]] (the Old North), a region of the [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]]-speaking area of what is now [[northern England]] and southern [[Scotland]].
Later medieval legend told of a Coel, apparently derived from Coel Hen. He was said to be the father of [[Helena (empress)|Saint Helena]] and through her the grandfather of Roman Emperor [[Constantine the Great]].
Other similarly named characters may be confused or conflated with the Welsh Coel. The legendary "King Coel" is sometimes supposed to be the historical basis for the popular nursery rhyme "[[Old King Cole]]", but this has been said to be unlikely.<ref name="Opie">Opie and Opie, p. 6: "Because there is said to have been a Prince Cole in the third century A.D.... it does not follow that the song 'Old (or Good) King Cole' dates back to that period, even in the unlikely event of it referring to this chieftain."</ref>
==Name==
Coel's name was rendered "Coil" in [[Old Welsh]]. Rare or unique as a Welsh name, its origin has long been seen as uncertain.<ref>Meredith Cane, 'Personal Names of Men in Wales, Cornwall and Brittany, 400–1400 AD' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 2003), p. 170, citing Elwyn Evans, 'Yr Enwau Personol mewn Saith o Destunau Detholedig' (unpublished MA thesis, University of Wales, Bangor, 1964), p. 260 (which according to Cane "discusses a number of possible origins, but reaches no useful conclusions").</ref> John T. Koch has argued that it is simply the common noun which in Modern Welsh has the form ''coel'', meaning "belief, credence; confidence, reliance, trust, faith" (and the secondary meaning "omen"), derived from [[Proto-Celtic]] {{lang|ang|*kaylo-}} "omen" and ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European]] ''*keh<sub>2</sub>ilo-'' "whole, healthy; blessed with good omen".<ref name=Koch458>Koch, p. 458.</ref><ref>''Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru: A dictionary of the Welsh language'', Volume 1, University of Wales. Board of Celtic Studies, 1950, p. 532</ref><ref>Matasović, Ranko, ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'', Brill, 2009, pp. 197–198</ref> In Koch's view, "these semantic and etymological aspects allow that Coil could be a legendary, or even a mythological, founder" of the dynasties that bear his name rather than a historical figure.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|77}}
It may be the same as the  Coel is often named as "Coel Hen", ''Hen'' being an [[epithet]] meaning "old" (i.e., "Coel the Old"). The genealogies give him an additional epithet or patronym, ''Godebog'' (Old Welsh: ''Guotepauc''), meaning "Protector" or "Shelterer".<ref name=Bromwich256>Bromwich, pp. 256–257.</ref><ref name=":1">John T. Koch, ''Cunedda, Cynan, Cadwallon, Cynddylan: Four Welsh Poems and Britain 383–655'' (Aberystwyth: University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, 2013), {{ISBN|978-1-907029-13-4}}.</ref>{{rp|77}} His name is thus sometimes given as "Coel Godebog" or "Coel Hen Godebog".<ref name=Koch458/> However, some of the [[Harleian genealogies]] list Godebog as Coel's father's name.<ref name=CharlesEdwards386>Charles-Edwards, p. 386.</ref> [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] rendered the name as both ''Coel'' and ''Coillus'' in his ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''. Some modern authors render it as "Cole".<ref>Harbus 2002, pp. 64–65, 89.</ref>
==Context and evidence==
The historian Ben Guy has commented that "Coel Hen's role in medieval texts is solely legendary; there is no merit whatsoever in any attempt to assign him some historically significant role in late Roman Britain, as many over the years [...] have fruitlessly attempted to do".<ref name=":0" /> Coel Hen appears in the [[Harleian genealogies]] and the later pedigrees known as the ''[[Bonedd Gwŷr y Gogledd]]'' (''The Descent of the Men of the North'') at the progenitor of several post-Roman royal families of the [[Hen Ogledd]].<ref name=Bromwich256/> His line, collectively called the '''''Coeling''''', included such noted figures as [[Urien Rheged|Urien]], king of [[Rheged]]; [[Gwallog]], perhaps king of [[Elmet]]; the brothers [[Gwrgi]] and [[Peredur]]; and [[Clydno Eiddin]], king of [[Eidyn]] or [[Edinburgh]].<ref name=Bromwich256/><ref name=MacQuarrie>MacQuarrie, p. 5.</ref>  The poem ''[[Y Gododdin]]'' mentions some enmity between the "Sons of Godebog", possibly a reference to the Coiling, and the heroes who fought for the [[Gododdin]] at the [[Battle of Catraeth]].<ref name=CharlesEdwards386/><ref name=MacQuarrie/>
As an ancestor figure, he compares to [[Dyfnwal Hen]], who is likewise attributed with founding kingly lines in the Hen Ogledd. Hector Boece and Ayrshire folklore both state that Coel and his entire army perished in the [[Battle of Coilsfield]].  According to Welsh tradition the region of [[Kyle, Ayrshire|Kyle]] was named for Coel, and a mound at [[Coylton]] in [[Ayrshire]] was regarded as his tomb.<ref name=Bromwich314>Bromwich, p. 314.</ref> Projections back from dated individuals suggest that Coel Hen would have lived around AD 350–420, during the time of the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|Roman departure from Britain]].<ref name="MacQuarrie"/> In his book ''The Age of Arthur'', historian [[John Morris (historian)|John Morris]] suggested Coel may have been the last of the Roman ''Duces Brittanniarum'' (Dukes of the Britons) who commanded the Roman army in northern Britain, and split his lands among his heirs after his death.<ref>Morris, p. 54.</ref> However, Morris's book has been widely criticized.<ref>N. J. Lacy, ''A history of Arthurian scholarship'' Arthurian studies, 65 (Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2006), pp. 9–10.</ref> It has been suggested that Coel was appointed governor of northern Britain, ruling from [[Eburacum]] (York), by [[Magnus Maximus]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kessler |first1=Peter |title=Magnus Maximus |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishMagnusMaximus.htm |website=The History Files |access-date=Jan 13, 2020}}</ref>
==Colchester legend==
In the twelfth century, a story arose claiming that [[Colchester]] in Essex was named after a man called Coel, who was the father of [[Helena (empress)|Saint Helena]], and therefore the grandfather of [[Constantine the Great]]. Though not initially associated with Coel Hen, the two Coels began to be conflated in Welsh scholarship from the fifteenth century.<ref name=":0">Ben Guy, 'Constantine, Helena, Maximus: On the Appropriation of Roman History in Medieval Wales, c. 800–1250', ''Journal of Medieval History'', 44 (2018), 381–405 (p. 395).</ref> The legend originated from a [[folk etymology]] indicating that Colchester was named for Coel (supposedly from "Coel" and "[[castrum]]", producing "fortress of Coel"). However, the city was actually known as ''Colneceaster'' until the ''n'' was dropped in around the 10th century; its name likely comes from the local [[River Colne, Essex|River Colne]].<ref>Nicolaisen, Gelling & Richard, p. 76.</ref><ref name=Harbus200264>Harbus 2002, pp. 64–65.</ref>
Around the same time, a further development of this legend that King Coel of Colchester was the father of Empress Saint Helena, and therefore the grandfather of Constantine the Great, appeared in [[Henry of Huntingdon]]'s ''[[Historia Anglorum (Henry of Huntingdon)|Historia Anglorum]]'' and [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''.<ref>Henry of Huntingdon, [[wikisource:History of the English/Book 1|''Historia Anglorum'', Book I]], ch. 37.</ref><ref>Greenway, pp. 60–61.</ref><ref name=GeoffreyCoel>Geoffrey of Monmouth, [[wikisource:History of the Kings of Britain/Book 5|''Historia Regum Britanniae'', Book V]], ch. 6.</ref> The passages are clearly related, even using some of the same words, but it is not clear which version was first. Henry appears to have written the relevant part of the ''Historia Anglorum'' before he knew about Geoffrey's work, leading [[John Strong Perry Tatlock|J. S. P. Tatlock]] and other scholars to conclude that Geoffrey borrowed the passage from Henry, rather than the other way around.<ref name="Greenwayciv">Greenway, p. civ.</ref><ref>Harbus 2002, p. 76.</ref> The source of the claim is unknown, but may have predated both Henry and Geoffrey. Diana Greenway proposes it came from a lost hagiography of Helena;<ref name="Greenwayciv"/> Antonia Harbus suggests it came instead from oral tradition.<ref>Harbus 2002, p. 77.</ref>
Geoffrey's largely legendary ''Historia Regum Britanniae'' expands upon Henry's brief mention, listing Coel as a [[King of the Britons]] following the reign of King [[Julius Asclepiodotus|Asclepiodotus]].<ref name="Monmouth1966">Thorpe, p. 17; 131.</ref> In the ''Historia'', Coel grows upset with Asclepiodotus's handling of the [[Diocletianic Persecution]] and begins a rebellion in his duchy of Caer Colun (Colchester). He meets Asclepiodotus in battle and kills him, thus taking the kingship of Britain upon himself. Rome, apparently, is pleased that Britain has a new king, and sends senator [[Constantius Chlorus]] to negotiate with him. Afraid of the Romans, Coel meets Constantius and agrees to pay tribute and submit to Roman laws as long as he is allowed to retain the kingship. Constantius agrees to these terms, but Coel dies one month later.<ref name="Monmouth1966"/> Constantius marries Coel's daughter, Helena, and crowns himself as Coel's successor. Helena subsequently gives birth to a son who becomes the Emperor Constantine the Great, giving a British pedigree to the Roman imperial line.<ref>Harbus, p. 74.</ref>
Local tradition came to suggest that Coel was responsible for some of the ancient buildings in Colchester; a public conduit in the High Street was named "King Coel's Pump", the [[Balkerne Gate]] in the Roman town walls was known as "King Coel's Castle" and the remains of the [[Temple of Claudius, Colchester|Temple of Claudius]] over which [[Colchester Castle]] was built were called "King Coel's Palace".<ref>Bensusan-Butt, p.5</ref>
== Other stories ==
There is an old story told in the North about Coel's last campaign. What is now Scotland was originally inhabited by both Brythonic and [[Picts|Pictish]] tribes. It was during Coel's time that the [[Scoti|Scotti]] tribe began to settle the Western coast around [[Argyle, Scotland|Argyle]]. Coel, fearing that these Northern peoples would unite against his domain south of [[Hadrian's Wall]], sent raiding parties across his northern border to stir up discord between them. The plan, however, backfired for the Picts and the Scots were not taken in. Coel merely succeeded in pushing the two even closer together, and they began to attack the Brittonic Kingdom of [[Strathclyde]]. Coel declared all out war and moved north to expel the invaders. The Picts and Scots fled to the hills ahead of Coel's army, who eventually set up camp at what became Coylton alongside the Water of Coyle (Ayrshire). For a long time, the British were triumphant, while the Scots and Picts starved. Desperate for some relief, however, the enemy advanced an all-or-nothing attack on Coel's stronghold. Coel and his men were taken by surprise, overrun and scattered to the winds. It is said that Coel wandered the unknown countryside until he eventually got caught in a bog at [[Coilsfield]] (in [[Tarbolton]], Ayrshire) and drowned. Coel was first buried in a mound there before being removed to the church at Coylton. The year was about AD 420. After his death, tradition says that Coel's Northern kingdom was divided between two of his sons, [[Ceneu]] and Gorbanian.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EBK: Coel Hen, so-called King of Northern Britain|url=http://www.earlybritishkingdoms.com/bios/coelhnt.html|access-date=2021-12-11|website=www.earlybritishkingdoms.com}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}
==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Bensusan-Butt |first=John  |date=2009 |title=Essex in the Age of Enlightenment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M46nAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1445210544 }}
*{{cite book |last=Bromwich |first=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Bromwich |title=Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2006 |isbn= 0-7083-1386-8}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Greenway |editor1-first=Diana |last=Henry of Huntingdon |title= Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=0-19-822224-6}}
*{{cite book |last1=Harbus |first1= Antonina |title=Helena of Britain in Medieval Legend |publisher=D. S. Brewer |year=2002 |isbn=0859916251}}
*{{cite book |last=Koch|first=John T. |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=1-85109-440-7}}
*{{cite book|last=MacQuarrie|first= Alan |editor1=Grant, A. |editor2=Stringer, K|year=1993|chapter=The Kings of Strathclyde : c.400 - 1018 |title=Medieval Scotland : Crown, Lordship and Community : essays presented to G.W.S.Barrow|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=1–19|isbn=9780748611102}}
*{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=John |title=The Age of Arthur |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=1973 }}
*{{cite book |last1= Opie |first1=I. |last2=Opie |first2=P. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes |publisher=Oxford University Press |year= 1997 }}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Thorpe |editor1-first=Lewis |last=Geoffrey of Monmouth |title=The History of the Kings of Britain |publisher=Penguin |year=1966 |isbn=0-14-044170-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkingsof00geof }}
{{s-start}}
{{s-reg | leg }}
{{s-bef | before = [[Julius Asclepiodotus|Asclepiodotus]] }}
{{s-ttl | title  = [[List of legendary kings of Britain|King of Britain]] }}
{{s-aft | after  = [[Constantius Chlorus|Constantius]] }}
{{s-end}}
{{Geoffrey of Monmouth}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coel, King}}
[[Category:British traditional history]]
[[Category:Northern Brythonic monarchs]]
[[Category:Cornish folklore]]
[[Category:4th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Diocletianic Persecution]]