View source for Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

{{Short description|US Army Corps of Engineers facility in Hanover, New Hampshire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox laboratory
|name             = Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
|native_name      =
|image            = [[File:USArmyCRREL-LabEntry.jpg|225px]]
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|established      = {{Start date|df=yes|1 February 1961}}
|type             = Cold-regions science and engineering
|budget           =
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|rector           =
|chancellor       =
|president        =
|vice-president   =
|provost          =
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|vice_chancellor  =
|dean             =
|director         = Joseph L. Corriveau<ref>
{{cite press release
|last= Armbrust
|first= Bryan
|date= 15 May 2017
|title= Cold Regions changes Direction
|url=  http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/1179564/cold-regions-changes-direction/
|location= Hanover, NH
|publisher= [[Engineer Research and Development Center]]
|agency= [[US Army Corps of Engineer]]
|access-date= 2017-05-19}}</ref>
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|address          = 72 Lyme Road
|city             = Hanover
|state            = New Hampshire
|province         =
|country          = U.S.A.
|coor             = {{coord|43|43|26|N|72|16|23|W|type:landmark|display=title}}
|zipcode          = 03755-1290
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|website          = {{URL|https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Locations/CRREL/}}
|logo             = [[File:ERDC-USACE-logo.tif]]
|footnotes        =
}}
The '''Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory''' (CRREL) is a [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]], [[Engineer Research and Development Center]] research facility headquartered in [[Hanover, New Hampshire|Hanover]], [[New Hampshire]], that provides scientific and engineering support to the U.S. government and its military with a core emphasis on cold environments. CRREL also provides technical support to non-government customers.
CRREL arose from a consolidation of three antecedent organizations whose purpose was to understand frozen ground, permafrost, snow and ice as factors which were important in strategic northern areas during the [[Cold War]]. In its first 25 years CRREL researchers contributed to the understanding of polar ice caps, permafrost, and the engineering technology for developing natural resources in cold climates, such as Alaska. More recently, CRREL researchers have made contributions to science in climate change, the understanding of wave propagation for sensor systems, the control of snow on structures and ice in navigable waterways, and the [[environmental remediation]] of military installations.
==Mission areas==
The stated mission of CRREL is to "solve interdisciplinary, strategically important problems of the US Army Corps of Engineers, Army, DOD, and the Nation by advancing and applying science and engineering to complex environments, materials, and processes in all seasons and climates, with unique core competencies related to the Earth's cold regions."<ref>{{Citation
| last = Davis
| first = Robert E.
| title = CRREL's Mission
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/crrel/mission.html
| accessdate = 4 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518225539/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/crrel/mission.html
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
[[File:Eagle River Flats Sampling.jpg|thumb|right|Sampling mud sediments for contaminants that were causing waterfowl deaths at [[Eagle River, Anchorage|Eagle River]] Flats, near [[Anchorage, Alaska]].]]
The technical areas that CRREL staff reportedly engage in are:<ref>{{Citation
| title = CRREL Technical Areas
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/home-technicalareas.html
| accessdate = 4 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518203641/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/home-technicalareas.html
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* ''[[Biochemistry|Biogeochemical]] processes in [[soil]]s'' – Encompasses the management and remediation of military training lands and characterizing how microorganisms survive in soils subject to freezing.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Biological processes in earth materials
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/bpem/
| accessdate = 6 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518203709/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/bpem/
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* ''[[Infrastructure]] in cold regions'' – Addresses [[building envelope]]s, [[Road surface|pavement]] technology, [[geotechnical engineering]], the design and repair of aircraft runways, and polar facilities.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Cold Regions Infrastructure
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/cri/
| accessdate = 6 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518204053/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/cri/
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* ''The fate and transport of chemicals in the environment'' – Addresses the detection and the modeling of distribution and movement of chemical contaminants in soils. It includes topics relating to [[permafrost]] degradation.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Environmental fate and transport geochemistry
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/eftg/
| accessdate = 6 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518205633/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/eftg/
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* ''[[Hydrology]] and [[hydraulics]]'' – Encompasses the processes related to ice in rivers, locks and dams and their effects on ships. Supporting this effort is the CRREL Ice Jam Database.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Public Affairs Office
| title = CRREL Ice Jam Database
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/ierd/icejam/icejam.htm
| accessdate = 7 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110218045156/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/ierd/icejam/icejam.htm
| archive-date = 18 February 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> It also addresses snow hydrology by characterizing the distribution and runoff rates of snow, using various investigative techniques.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Hydrology and hydraulics
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/hh/
| accessdate = 6 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518205217/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/hh/
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref><br>
[[File:ProbabilityHelicopterDetection.jpg|thumb|right|Simulation of terrain, depicting the probability of detecting helicopters from the center of the grid.]]
* ''Support of military maneuverability and air operations'' – Addresses the mobility of vehicles over terrain subject to snow, ice, freezing and thawing. It includes the operation of aircraft on minimal improved landing sites. Related work addresses operations in Antarctica, supporting over-ice transport and snow and ice runways.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Maneuver support and sustainment.
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/mss/
| accessdate = 6 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518201707/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/mss/
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* ''Propagation of signals to [[sensor]]s and imaging systems'' – Encompasses the use of ground-penetrating radar, radar, seismic sensors, and acoustic sensors to develop methods to model the propagation of millimeter-wave, seismic and acoustical signals through various media. This research is applied to the detection of [[unexploded ordnance]] and military targets.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Signature physics
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/sp/
| accessdate = 6 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518204247/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/sp/
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* ''Terrestrial and [[Meteorology|meteorological]] processes in cold regions'' – Addresses the state of natural and man-made terrain for modeling their physical characteristics. It encompasses the science of sea ice and glaciers to the micro-scale processes that represent the formation of snow and ice crystals. The scientific problems include global climate change and the influence of weather on aviation and transportation.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Terrain properties and processes
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/tpp/
| accessdate = 6 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518204848/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/tpp/
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* ''[[Geospatial]] applications for tracking [[water resource]]s'' – Emphasizes the use of [[remote sensing]] techniques and the use of mapping imagery to understand environmental and technical problems at a geographic scale.<ref>{{Citation
| title = Water resources geospatial applications
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/wrga/
| accessdate = 6 March 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518205721/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/technical_areas/wrga/
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
==Facilities==
[[File:Ice Engineering Facility Test Basin-CRREL.jpg|thumb|Evaluation of surfactants to control oil on ice-infested water within the refrigerated test basin of the '''Ice Engineering Facility'''.]]
[[File:CREEL permafrost tunnel 1987.jpg|thumb|CREEL permafrost tunnel 1987]]
The main facility is located in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]], north of [[Dartmouth College]]. The facilities include:
* Cold Rooms for experimentation on frozen materials
* A Frost Effects Research Facility (FERF), devoted to the study of large-scale soil systems, like pavements.
* An Ice Engineering Facility (IEF), which is devoted to the study of ice effects in navigable waterways, hydrology and hydraulics problems, flooding, and other matters that may result from ice formation.
* A Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (RS/GIS) facility
* A [[permafrost]] tunnel near [[Fairbanks, Alaska]].<ref name ="Tunnel">{{Citation
| last = CRREL
| title = Permafrost Tunnel Website
| url = http://permafrosttunnel.crrel.usace.army.mil/
| access-date = 6 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722182500/http://permafrosttunnel.crrel.usace.army.mil/
| archive-date = 22 July 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* Facilities for testing coatings exposed to icing and salt environments in Fairbanks and Treat Island, Maine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kuzmitski |first=Holly |title=New cold weather facilities established to test coatings that mitigate ice adhesion, corro |url=https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/3265503/new-cold-weather-facilities-established-to-test-coatings-that-mitigate-ice-adhe/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erdc.usace.army.mil%2FMedia%2FNews-Stories%2FArticle%2F3265503%2Fnew-cold-weather-facilities-established-to-test-coatings-that-mitigate-ice-adhe%2F |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Engineer Research and Development Center |language=en-US}}</ref>
Other laboratories cover chemistry, biology, and civil engineering topics.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Tantillo
| first = Thomas J.
| title = Facilities, Laboratories, and Test Sites
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/facilitieslabstestsites/
| accessdate = 4 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110112012523/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/facilitieslabstestsites/
| archive-date = 12 January 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
CRREL maintains an office at [[Fort Wainwright]], near Fairbanks, Alaska, and an office at the Army Corps of Engineers Alaska District in [[Anchorage, Alaska]].<ref name ="Tunnel"/>
==History==
CRREL was formed on 1 February 1961 from a merger of the earlier [[Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment]] (SIPRE)<ref>[http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Snow,+Ice,+and+Permafrost+Research+Establishment SIPRE (Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment)]</ref> with the Arctic Construction and Frost Effects Laboratory (ACFEL).
===Antecedents and establishment===
[[File:SIPRE-Cold Room-CRREL.jpg|thumb|Cold room for studying snow and ice at SIPRE]]
CRREL's antecedents and establishment were chronicled in an official history.<ref name = "Wright">{{Citation
| last = Wright
| first = Edmund A.
| title = CRREL'S first 25 Years—1961–1986
| journal = CRREL Pamphlet
| pages = 65
| date = June 1986
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/crrel/history.html
| access-date = 5 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110518230321/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/crrel/history.html
| archive-date = 18 May 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> In 1944-53 the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] established three independent organizations that were the antecedents to CRREL. Within its New England Division, the Corps of Engineers founded the Frost Effects Laboratory to "coordinate research on the effects of [[frost]] on the design and construction of roads, airfields and structures in frost-affected areas," based in [[Boston, Massachusetts]], in 1944. The Corps of Engineers' [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|St. Paul]] (Minnesota) District established its Permafrost Division in 1944 to determine design methods and construction procedures for the construction of airfields on [[permafrost]].
The Corps established '''SIPRE''' (the Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment) in 1949, which moved to [[Wilmette, Illinois]], in 1951. Its purpose was to "conduct basic and applied research in snow, ice and frozen ground." In 1953, the Corps merged the Frost Effects Laboratory and Permafrost Division of the St. Paul District to establish '''ACFEL''' (the Arctic Construction and Frost Effects Laboratory) in Boston. In 1959, SIPRE researchers participated in the establishment of [[Camp Century]] in [[Greenland]] to study technical and scientific issues with a facility, based on the Greenland [[ice cap|Ice Cap]]. Having built a new facility for the combined SIPRE and AFCEL organizations, the Corps established CRREL on 1 February 1961 in Hanover, New Hampshire.
===1961-1986===
[[File:Camp Century Drill-CRREL.jpg|thumb|upright|Thermal drill used to bore into the Greenland ice sheet at [[Camp Century]]]]
During its first quarter century, CRREL researchers and staff were active in the [[Arctic]], [[Antarctica]], [[Alaska]] and the [[Great Lakes]], providing climatic history data, addressing resource extraction issues and extending winter navigation.
====Drilling through ice caps====
In 1966, CRREL researchers successfully drilled through the Greenland ice cap to a depth of {{convert|4550|ft}}. The effort took three years, but provided a continuous ice core that represented more than 120,000 years. This extended the ability of scientists to interpret climatic history and became an early source of information about global [[climate change]]. In 1968, the same CRREL team was the first to penetrate the Antarctic ice cap, after drilling through over {{convert|7100|ft}} of ice, providing a climatic record at a second location on the globe.<ref name = "Wright"/><ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Hansen
| first1 = B.L.
| last2 = Landauer
| first2 = J.K.
| title = Some results of ice cap drill hole measurements
| journal=International Association of Scientific Hydrology
| volume = 47
| issue = CRREL Report No: MP 164
| pages = 313–317
| year = 1958
}}
</ref>
====Facilitating Alaska North Slope oil development====
[[File:Winter Trans-Alaska Pipeline-CRREL.jpg|thumb|Trans-Alaska pipeline, supported by [[Heat pipe#Pipelines over permafrost|heat pipes]] traversing discontinuous [[permafrost]] in Alaska]]
The 1967 discovery of oil north of Alaska's [[Brooks Range]] raised two basic questions that CRREL was positioned to answer as a consultant to participating oil companies: how to extract oil from frozen terrain, [[permafrost]], or from under the perennially frozen [[Beaufort Sea]], and how best to transport the [[crude oil]] to the continental U.S. for refining and consumption.
CRREL staff members participated in the exploration of two transportation options, the use of an ice-breaking oil tanker, and the use of an over-land pipeline that would cross much of Alaska over regions of permafrost. As for the Beaufort Sea, CRREL researchers conducted studies of the properties and behavior of arctic [[sea ice]], which would present a problem for off-shore drilling operations.<ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Ackley
| first1 = S.F.
| last2 = Hibler
| first2 = W.D. III
| last3 = Kovacs
| first3 = A.
| first4 = W.F.
| last4 = Weeks
| title = Investigations performed on the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment March 1971
| journal=U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
| issue = CRREL Report No: RR 315
| pages = 66
|date=December 1973
|display-authors=etal}}
</ref> CRREL researchers were active participants in both voyages of the [[ice breaker|icebreaking]] [[oil tanker]] ''[[SS Manhattan (1962)|SS Manhattan]]'' to assess the feasibility of the sea transport option. At the same time, CRREL engineers reviewed and advised the federal inspector of the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System|Trans-Alaska Pipeline]]. During the construction of the pipeline, CRREL researchers studied the engineering implications of foundations and roadways over permafrost and ice.<ref name = "Wright"/><ref>
{{Citation
| last = Crory
| first = F.E.
| title = Construction guidelines for oil and gas exploration in northern Alaska
| journal=U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
| issue = CRREL Report No: CR 91–21
| pages = 83
|date=November 1991
}}
</ref>
====Freshwater navigation====
In the 1970s CRREL supported a Corps of Engineers initiative to extend navigation through the [[Great Lakes]] and [[St. Lawrence Seaway]] throughout the winter. They developed methods to address icing of [[lock (water navigation)|locks]] and the clogging of waterways with floating ice that included booms, bubblers, and coatings of locks.<ref name = "Wright"/><ref>
{{Citation
| last = Harris
| first = R.L. (chairperson)
| title = The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway Winter Navigation Board—demonstration program final report
| journal=U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
| pages = 136
|date=September 1979
}}
</ref>
====Cold War role====
[[File:DYE2 move-CRREL.jpg|thumb|right|Move of DYE 2 radar facility to new foundations on the [[Greenland]] [[ice cap]]]]
CRREL played a role in assisting the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] to establish<ref name="Mock">
{{Citation
| last = Mock
| first = Steven J.
| title = Greenland Operations of the 17th Tactical Airlift Squadron and CRREL
| date = March 1973
| url = http://www.firebirds.org/menu1/mnu1_p12.htm
| accessdate = 4 January 2011}}
</ref> and maintain a system of [[Distant Early Warning Line|Distant Early Warning]] (DEW) Line facilities during the [[Cold War]] era. In 1976, a CRREL researcher was instrumental in the moving of a 10-story-high, 3,300-ton DEW Line facility on the Greenland Ice Cap from a foundation that had been compromised by the movement of the ice on which it was built to a new foundation.<ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Tobiasson
| first1 = W.
| last2 = Tilton
| first2 = P.
| title = Extending the useful life of DYE-2 to 1986. Part 2: 1979 findings and final recommendations
| journal=U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
| issue = CRREL Report No: SR 80–13
| pages = 37
|date=April 1980
}}
</ref>
In 1984, CRREL personnel completed their survey reports for 31 sites of the new [[North Warning System]] that replaced the DEW line.<ref name = "Wright"/><ref>
{{Citation
| last = Hart Crowser Inc
| title = Environmental Assessment for North Warning System (Alaska)
| pages = 82
|date=November 1986
| url = http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA268184
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120527161613/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA268184
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 27 May 2012
}}
</ref>
A continuing scientific exchange between CRREL and Soviet cold regions research institutions began in 1972, these included the [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]] in [[Leningrad]] and Permafrost Research Institute in [[Yakutsk]].<ref name="Wright"/>
===1986-present===
CRREL's second 25 years saw the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]], the end of the [[Cold War]] and a shift in funding that reduced the emphasis of direct appropriations from [[United States Congress|Congress]] to a greater reliance on reimbursement for research from CRREL's customers, as evidenced by the sponsorship of its technical reports.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Hoffmeister
| first = Elizabeth R.
| title = CRREL Technical Publications—Technical Publications by Year
| year = 2009
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/technicalpublications.html
| accessdate = 12 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110420054908/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/technicalpublications.html
| archive-date = 20 April 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Customers funding CRREL research included various components of the U.S. Army, Air Force and Navy. In addition, civilian agencies turned to CRREL for research answers, including the [[National Science Foundation]], the [[Environmental Protection Agency]], and [[NASA]]. In addition, a variety of private organizations funded CRREL research to solve problems that they faced. CRREL's list of technical reports lists 27 topical categories, covering science and engineering.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Hoffmeister
| first = Elizabeth R.
| title = CRREL Technical Publications—Technical Reports by Category
| year = 2009
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/technicalpublications.html
| accessdate = 12 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110420054908/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/technicalpublications.html
| archive-date = 20 April 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
====Military research====
[[File:ArmyMobility-CRREL.jpg|thumb|right|Army vehicle maneuvering in thawing conditions]]
CRREL continued to grow its capability to serve the U.S. military with programs in signal propagation that would facilitate the detection of enemy movements via [[infrared imaging]], [[radar]],<ref>
{{Citation
| first = Koh
| last = Gary
|date=February 1986
| volume = 12
| pages = 51–55
| publisher=Volume 12, Issue 1, February 1986, Pages 51-55
| doi = 10.1016/0165-232X(86)90019-4
| issue = 1
| title = Wavelength-dependent extinction by falling snow
| journal=Cold Regions Science and Technology }}
</ref> [[acoustics]]<ref>
{{Citation
| doi = 10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.05.009
| title=Snow cover effects on acoustic sensors
| last1 = Albert
| first1 = Donald G
| last2 = Decato
| first2 = Stephen N.
| last3 = Carbee
| first3 = David L.
| journal=Cold Regions Science and Technology
| issue=2
| pages=132–145
| volume=52| year=2008
}}
</ref> or [[seismic]]<ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Hestholm
| first1 = Stig
| last2 = Moran
| first2 = Mark
| last3 = Ketcham
| first3 = Stephen
| first4 = Thomas
| last4 = Anderson
| title = Effects of free-surface topography on moving-seismic-source modeling
| journal=Geophysics
| volume = 71
| issue = 6
| pages = T159–T166
|date=November–December 2006
| doi = 10.1190/1.2356258
| last5 = Dillen
| first5 = Meindert
| last6 = McMechan
| first6 = George| bibcode = 2006Geop...71T.159H
}}
</ref> sensors in any meteorological conditions. It served the environmental needs of the U.S. Army by facilitating the identification and clean-up of contaminants on training lands, due primarily to partially detonated explosives<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Howard
| first = Louis
| title = Alaska: Eagle River Flats—Water Quality Restored to Revive Bird Population
| date = 10 September 2008
| url = http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/success/state/ak_eagle.htm
| accessdate = 10 January 2011}}
</ref> or [[unexploded ordnance]] (UXO).<ref>
{{Citation
| last = O'Neill
| first = K.
| title = Ultra-wideband, fully polarimetric ground penetrating radar for UXO discrimination
| publisher=Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP)
| issue = Project 199902
| year = 2005
| url = http://www.serdp.org/About-SERDP-and-ESTCP/About-ESTCP
}}
</ref> Other researchers addressed mobility issues with vehicles over snow and muddy terrain. CRREL researchers participated in defining tactical runway requirements for the [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17]] military transport aircraft.<ref>{{Citation
|last1            = Shoop
|first1           = Sally A.
|last2           = Diemand
|first2          = Deborah
|last3           = Wieder
|first3          = Wendy L.
|title           = Predicting California Bearing Ratio from Trafficability Cone Index Values
|journal         = Opportune Landing Site Program
|issue           = ERDC/CRREL TR–08–17
|date            = October 2008
|url             = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/technicalreports/ERDC-CRREL-TR-08-17.pdf
|display-authors = etal
|access-date     = 11 January 2011
|archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726132633/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/technicalreports/ERDC-CRREL-TR-08-17.pdf
|archive-date    = 26 July 2011
|url-status      = dead
}}</ref>
====Civilian research====
[[File:Ice Station SHEBA-CRREL.jpg|thumb|right|Ice station [[SHEBA]] base, ''[[CCGS Des Groseilliers|Canadian Coast Guard Ship Des Groseilliers]]'' (right) with ''[[CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent]]'']]
[[File:Ponds on the Ocean, ICESCAPE.jpg|thumb|ICESCAPE crew crosses meltwater ponds to retrieve airdropped supplies, July 2011.]]
[[File:C-17 tests Phoenix snow runway for wheeled aircraft at McMurdo Station -- Antarctica -- November 2016.jpg|thumb|Research Civil Engineer monitoring the acceptance tests of the Phoenix Runway for wheeled aircraft at [[McMurdo Station]] as a [[Boeing C-17]] takes off.]]
CRREL staff continued to make a mark in polar research, both in the Arctic and Antarctic. In the Arctic, CRREL researchers were active in modeling shipping in the [[Northern Sea Route]]<ref>{{Citation
|last1            = Mulherin
|first1           = Nathan
|last2           = Eppler
|first2          = Duane
|last3           = Weatherly
|first3          = John
|last4           = Proshutinsky
|first4          = Tatiana O.
|title           = Development and Results of a Northern Sea Route Transit Model
|publisher       = CRREL Report 96-5
|year            = 1996
|url             = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/crrelreports/CR96_05.pdf
|display-authors = etal
|access-date     = 11 August 2012
|archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20130218151540/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/library/crrelreports/CR96_05.pdf
|archive-date    = 18 February 2013
|url-status      = dead
}}</ref> and the [[Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean]] (SHEBA) experiment, conducted in the Arctic Ocean from October 1997 to October 1998 to provide polar input to [[global climate model]]s.<ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Perovich
| first1 = Donald
| last2 = Moritz
| first2 =  Richard C.
| last3 = Weatherly
| first3 =  John
| title = SHEBA: The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean
| publisher=National Science Foundation
| year = 2003
| edition = 03048
| url = https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03048/nsf03048_3.pdf}}
</ref><ref name="Uttal">
{{Citation
| last1 = Uttal
| first1 = Taneil
| last2 = Curry
| first2 = Judith A.
| last3 = McPhee
| first3 = Miles G.
| last4 = Perovich
| first4 = Donald K.
| title = Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean
| journal = Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
| pages = 255–275
| date = February 2002
| volume = 83
| issue = 2
| doi = 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0255:SHBOTA>2.3.CO;2
| bibcode = 2002BAMS...83..255U
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/perovich/DKPpdf/SHEBABAMS.pdf
| id = 12 January 2011
| display-authors = etal
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726132916/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/sid/perovich/DKPpdf/SHEBABAMS.pdf
| archivedate = 26 July 2011  }}
</ref> Other researchers performed traverses of Antarctica and Greenland to collect data, pertinent to [[global climate change]].<ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Albert
| first1 = M.R.
| last2 = Shuman
| first2 = C.
| last3 = Courville
| first3 =  Z.
| title = Extreme Firn Metamorphism: Impact of Decades of Vapor Transport on Near-Surface Firn at a Low-Accumulation Glazed Site on the East Antarctic Plateau
| journal=Annals of Glaciology
| volume = 39
| pages = 73–78
| year = 2004
| doi=10.3189/172756404781814041
|display-authors=etal| bibcode = 2004AnGla..39...73A
| doi-access = free
| hdl = 11603/24292
| hdl-access = free
}}
</ref> In 2010, a CRREL researcher was co-chief scientist on another [[USCGC Healy (WAGB-20)|icebreaker]]-based scientific mission, called "Impacts of Climate Change on Ecosystems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific Environment" or ICESCAPE, to determine "the impact of climate change on the biogeochemistry and ecology of the [[Chukchi Sea|Chukchi]] and [[Beaufort Sea]]s."<ref>{{Citation
| last = Craig
| first = Mike
| publisher = NASA Earth Science Project Office
| title = ICESCAPE Participants
| url = http://www.espo.nasa.gov/icescape/participants.php
| accessdate = 12 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111018192530/http://espo.nasa.gov/icescape/participants.php
| archive-date = 18 October 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
Other CRREL researchers developed ways to upgrade and maintain the research facilities of the U.S. [[National Science Foundation]] in Antarctica, including the design and construction of a new [[South Pole Station]] and developing criteria to allow modern aircraft to land on snow runways.<ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Blaisdell
| first1 = George L.
| last2 = Lang
| first2 = Renee M.
| title = Pegasus: A glacial-ice runway for wheeled flight operations at McMurdo Station
| journal=Antarctic Journal
| volume = 30
| issue = 1–4
| url = http://www.southpolestation.com/oaes/pegasusaj95.pdf
}}
</ref> CRREL staff explored and helped develop a new overland supply route across the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] over the Antarctic Range and the Antarctic ice cap to lower the cost of supplying the South Pole Station.<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Rejcek
| first = Peter
| title = Going for the Pole—Traverse team plans to complete journey to South Pole in January
| newspaper=The Antarctic Sun
| pages = 1, 7
| date = 5 November 2005
| url = http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/pastIssues/2005-2006/2005_11_20.pdf
| accessdate = 11 January 2011}}
</ref><ref>
{{Citation
| last1 = Jacobel
| first1 = R. W.
| last2 = Arcone
| first2 =  S.A.
| last3 = Welch
| first3 =  B.C.
| title = Ice Attenuation and Basal Conditions from Radar Observations Along the US-ITASE Traverse in East Antarctica
| journal=Geophysical Research Abstracts
| volume = 11
| issue = 2577
| year = 2009
| page = 2577
| bibcode = 2009EGUGA..11.2577J
|display-authors=etal}}
</ref> In 2016, CRREL research civil engineers designed, built and tested a new snow runway for the [[McMurdo Station]], called "Phoenix". It is designed to accommodate approximately 60 annual sorties of heavy, wheeled transport aircraft.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=4284
| title = Phoenix Rising – McMurdo Station's Newest Airfield Passes Its Biggest Test
| last = Lucibella
| first = Michael
| date = 21 November 2016
| website = Antarctic Sun
| publisher = National Science Foundation
| access-date = 2016-12-20
}}</ref>
In its Corps of Engineers '''Civil Works''' mission, CRREL researchers developed innovative ways to avoid ice jams and databases to address the widespread occurrence of such problems.<ref>{{Citation
| last = White
| first = K.D.
| title = A new ice jam database
| journal = Journal of the American Water Resources Association
| volume = 32
| issue = 2
| pages = 341–348
| year = 1996
| url = http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/docs/erdc/images/ERDC-CRREL_FS_Product_Ice_Jam_Database.pdf
| doi = 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03456.x
| bibcode = 1996JAWRA..32..341W
| access-date = 11 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090619011910/http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/docs/erdc/images/ERDC-CRREL_FS_Product_Ice_Jam_Database.pdf
| archive-date = 19 June 2009
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> A substantial ice engineering facility was built to support modeling of these problems. A remote-sensing and [[GIS]] (geographic information system) facility and organization were established to better employ the resources of [[satellite imagery]] and mapping of information to address problems worldwide.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Pangburn
| first = Timothy
| title = Remote Sensing / GIS Center
| date = August 2004
| url = http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/rsgisc/
| accessdate = 11 January 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110110195826/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/rsgisc/
| archive-date = 10 January 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Another major facility, the Frost Effects Research Facility, was built to study problems associated with airfields and roadways, subject to freeze-thaw. An automated loading machine was acquired to simulate the passage of vehicle and aircraft tires on pavements.<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Cortez
| first = Edel
| title = Pavement Subgrade Performance Study
| journal=U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
| issue = ERDC – CRREL TR–13228
| pages = 147
|date=January 2007
| url = http://www.pooledfund.org/documents/SPR-2_208/SPR2-208_SubgradeProject_FinalReport.pdf
}}
</ref> In building technology, researchers helped develop statistical means to identify snow and icing loads throughout the United States<ref>{{Citation
| last = ASCE
| title = Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
| publisher = American Society of Civil Engineers
| issue = ASCE/SEI 7–10
| pages = 658
| year = 2010
| url = http://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/Books_and_Journals_-_New/ASCE%20Pubs%202012.pdf
| isbn = 9780784410851
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120809230633/http://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/Books_and_Journals_-_New/ASCE%20Pubs%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 9 August 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> and standards for measuring heat loss,<ref>
{{Citation
| url = http://www.astm.org/Standards/C1041.htm
| doi = 10.1520/C1041-10
| title = Practice for In-Situ Measurements of Heat Flux in Industrial Thermal Insulation Using Heat Flux Transducers
| id = ASTM C1041-10
| publisher=ASTM International
| url-access = subscription
}}
</ref><ref>
{{Citation
| url = http://www.astm.org/Standards/C1046.htm
| doi = 10.1520/C1046-95R07
| title = Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux and Temperature on Building Envelope Components
| id = ASTM C1046 - 95(2007)
| publisher=ASTM International
}}
</ref> roof moisture detection,<ref>
{{Citation
| url = http://engineers.ihs.com/document/abstract/LAZVCBAAAAAAAAAA
| doi = 10.1520/C1041-10
| title = Practice for In-Situ Measurements of Heat Flux in Industrial Thermal Insulation Using Heat Flux Transducers
| id = ASTM C1041-10
| publisher=ASTM International
}}
</ref> and frost-protected shallow foundations.<ref>
{{Citation
| last = ASCE
| title = Design and Construction of Frost-Protected Shallow Foundation, (FPSF)
| publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers
| issue = ASCE 32–01
| pages = 48
| date = 1 December 2001
| url = http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?doc_no=ASCE%7C32_01&product_id=946635
| isbn = 0-7844-0564-6}}
</ref>
====Realignment====
In October 1999, CRREL became a member of an umbrella organization of Corps of Engineers laboratories, called the [[Engineer Research and Development Center]] (ERDC). The consolidation of seven laboratories, the Coastal and Hydraulics, Environmental, Geotechnical and Structures, and Information Technology Laboratories in [[Vicksburg, Mississippi]]; the Construction Engineering Research Laboratory in [[Champaign, Illinois]]; CRREL in New Hampshire; and the [[Topographic Engineering Center]] in [[Alexandria, Virginia]], established the ERDC in four geographic sites around the country.<ref>
{{Citation
| last = ERDC Public Affairs Office
| title = ERDC History
| url = http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/www_org_info.show_page?f_id=39773&f_parent=54984
| accessdate = 9 January 2011
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721195144/http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/www_org_info.show_page?f_id=39773&f_parent=54984
| archivedate = 21 July 2011  }}
</ref>
====Remediation of trichloroethylene spills====
Originally, CRREL cold-room facilities used [[trichloroethylene]] (TCE) as a refrigerant. At the time there were few known environmental hazards attributed to TCE. Subsequently, TCE has been identified as a carcinogen. In 1970, an industrial accident resulted in a spill of approximately 3,000 gallons of TCE. In 1978, TCE was introduced into the ground via an experimental well. After the 1990 discovery of TCE in groundwater, CRREL embarked on a remediation plan, approved by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES), with assistance from the U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency and the Corps of Engineers New England Division. NHDES reports that CRREL no longer stores TCE on site and the remediation of TCE in the groundwater is subject to monitoring in test wells.<ref>{{Citation
| last = NH Department of Environmental Services
| title = US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
| year = 2008
| url = http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/waste/hwrb/fss/dod/crrel.htm
| accessdate = 16 February 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044417/http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/waste/hwrb/fss/dod/crrel.htm
| archive-date = 19 July 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> According to an Army press release cited in the local newspaper,<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Armbrust
| first = Bryan
| title = Sampling Activities at CRREL
| journal = Valley News
| pages = B2
| date = 9 December 2012}}
</ref> the Army expanded monitoring of TCE at other locations on the CRREL campus and found some elevated readings in 2011. Thereafter, they initiated a monitoring well and soil sampling program to map the concentrations of the substance on the site. The information gained should lead to a new cleanup strategy for the site, according to the 2012 report.<ref>
{{cite web
| last = CRREL Public Affairs Office
| title = Trichloroethylene (TCE)
| url = http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/crrel/trichloroethylene
| accessdate = 2012-12-11}}
</ref> Army environmental specialists have detected TCE at neighboring residential and school properties.<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Brubeck
| first = Sarah
| title = Contaminant 'Migrating'
| journal = Valley News
| pages = A1, A3
| date = 27 March 2013
| url = http://www.vnews.com/home/5329487-95/middle-army-crrel-testing
| accessdate =2013-03-27}}
</ref><ref>
{{Citation
| last = Brubeck
| first = Sarah
| title = More Contaminant Found
| journal = Valley News
| pages = A1, A2
| date = 30 March 2013
| url = http://www.vnews.com/search/5365123-95/more-contaminant-found
| accessdate =2013-04-01}}
</ref>
==Awards==
===Army Research and Development===
The Army Research and Development Achievement Award is provided to distinguished researchers working within the Army laboratory system. Some notable CRREL recipients were:<ref name = "Wright"/>
<!---Actual references are commented out for brevity in favor of an encompassing reference--->
* 1967 – Lyle Hanson for ice-core drilling in Greenland and Antarctica. Wilford Weeks for research on the formation and physical properties of sea ice.<ref name=ArmyR&D>
{{Citation| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| journal=Army R&D Newsmagazine
| issue = 1967{{ndash}}2003
}}
</ref><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = June 1967
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1970 – Guenther Frankenstein for ''SS Manhattan'' work and assistance in recovery of a [[1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash|downed B-52]].<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = July–August 1970
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1971 – James Hicks for fog-dispersion techniques for airfields.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = April/May/June 1971
| year = 1971
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1976 – Pieter Hoekstra, Paul Sellmann, Steven Arcone and Allan Delaney for developing subsurface geophysical exploration techniques, related to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Malcolm Mellor for research in the excavating and blasting of snow, ice and frozen ground, allowing rapid excavation of frozen ground and for cutting ice from lock walls, and the controlled blasting of a large ice wall in Antarctica to provide a pier for the docking of supply ships.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = July–August 1976
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1977 – Malcolm Mellor for developing engineering principles instrumental to the design of excavating machines.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = July–August 1977
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1978 – Wayne Tobiasson for the moving of a 10-story-high, 3,300-ton Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line facility on the Greenland Ice Cap, saving an estimated $1.5&nbsp;million.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = July–August 1978
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1979 – Frederick Crory for advice in the construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, related to pile foundations in permafrost.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = July–August 1979
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1980 – Wilford Weeks for establishing a scientific basis for engineering problems pertaining to floating ice, especially sea ice.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = September–October 1981
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1982 – George Ashton for study of river and lake ice thermal processes, allowing control of ice formation with air bubblers and heated water discharges.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = September–October 1982
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
*  1983 – Michael Ferrick for assisting NASA in predicting ice formation on the super-cooled fuel tanks of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia]]. Yoshisuke Nakano, Joseph Oliphant and Allan Tice for use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to investigate water content and transport in frozen soils. David Deck for the design of a frazil ice control structure to mitigate recurrent flooding.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = September–October 1983
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1985 – Richard L. Berg, Edwin J. Chamberlain Jr., David M. Cole, and Thaddeus C. Johnson for techniques that allowed the calculation of heat and moisture flux during the freezing and thawing of pavement systems.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = September–October 1985
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1986 –  John H. Rand and Ben Hanamoto for developing a system for controlling ice on Army Corps of Engineers navigation locks.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = September–October 1986
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1987 – Michael G. Ferrick for developing a theory of hydraulics that described river ice breakup. Thomas F. Jenkins Jr., and Daniel C. Leggett for a standard analytical method that determines residual explosive levels in waste water from Army ammunition plant. Malcolm Mellor, Mark F. Wait, Darryl J. Calkins, Barry A. Coutermarsh, and David A. L'Heureux for techniques to deploy ribbon bridge in rivers with an ice cover. Steven A. Arcone, Paul V. Sellman, and Allan J. Delaney for using geophysical techniques to characterize the subsurface properties of permafrost.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = November–December 1987
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1988 – Edwin J. Chamberlain Jr., Iskander K. Iskander, and C. James Martel for techniques to process sewage sludge, dredged material, and sediments, and for decontamination of hazardous waste sites, using freezing. George L. Blaisdell for research on wheeled vehicles operating in snow. David S. Deck for using cooling pond water from a power generation plant to prevent formation of ice jams on rivers. Frederick C. Gernhard and Charles J. Korhonen for a device that rapidly repairs blisters on built-up roof membranes.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = September–October 1988
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1989 – Rachel Jordon for an analytical model to predict the surface temperature of a snow cover.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = November–December 1989
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1990 – Austin Kovacs and Rexford M. Morey for radar and electromagnetic induction systems that measure the thickness of sea ice and fresh water ice and their electromagnetic properties of sea ice, and an understanding of the rate of global warning.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = March–April 1991
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1991 –  Edgar L. Andreas for furthering understanding the effects of air turbulence on optical transmission.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = January–February 1992
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1995 – Daniel Lawson, Steven Arcone, and Allan Delaney for ground penetrating radar techniques to characterize subsurface hazardous and toxic waste. James Welsh and George Koenig for pioneering synthetic thermal infrared scene generation capability.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = January–February 1996
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1996 – Donald G. Albert for theories that describe acoustic and seismic propagation in the presence of frozen ground or snow.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = July–August 1997
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 1998 – Kathleen F. Jones for a new national standard map for design ice loading on such structures as power lines and communication towers.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = November–December 1998
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 2001 – Robert E. Davis for advancing physical theories associated with state-of-the-ground modeling, hydrology, and remote sensing.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = March–April 2003
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 2004 – D. Keith Wilson for a sound propagation theory and modeling that allows realistic simulations of atmospheric acoustical effects, using quasi-wavelets that describe atmospheric turbulence.<ref name=ArmyR&D/><!---<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Achievement Awards
| date = March–April 2005
| url =
}}
</ref>--->
* 2005 – D. Keith Wilson (with Sandra L. Collier and David H. Martin) for sound propagation theory and modeling, using time-domain theory and numerical methods for sound propagation in porous materials and moving, turbulent fluids, also for incorporation of scattering by atmospheric turbulence calculations of sound propagation.<ref>
{{Citation| title = 2005 Army Research and Development Achievement Awards
| journal=Army AL&T Online
| date = April 2006
| url = http://www.usaasc.info/alt_online/article.cfm?iID=0604&aid=10
| accessdate = 6 March 2011}}
</ref>
* 2008 – Steven Arcone, Yeohoon Koh, and Lanbo Liu for understanding radiowave propagation over terrain, using a Doppler approach to measure forward scattering of radiowaves at near grazing angles. Antonio Palazzo and Timothy Cary for development of new germplasms for use on military training ranges.<ref>{{Citation
| last = ERDC Public Affairs Office
| title = Army R&D Achievement Award recipients named
| journal = ERDC Archived News Releases
| date = 10 October 2010
| url = http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/www_org_info.show_page?f_id=5136541&f_parent=55173
| accessdate = 11 August 2012
}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 2009 – David Cole and Mark Hopkins (with John Peters) for integrating knowledge of granular materials through discrete element modeling as validated by experimental results.<ref>{{Citation| title = ERDC Researchers Win 2009 Army R&D Achievement Awards
| journal = Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer—Midwest Region
| date = Fall 2009
| url = http://www.flcmidwest.org/fall2009_09.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130414203902/http://www.flcmidwest.org/fall2009_09.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2013-04-14
| accessdate = 11 August 2012
}}</ref>
===Army laboratory awards===
As a laboratory, CRREL received Army awards for excellence in 1975 and 1978.<ref name = "Wright"/> In 1991 and 1994 CRREL won the Army Laboratory of the Year award for excellence.<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Awards
| date = September–October 1991
| page = 39
}}
</ref><ref>
{{Citation
| last = RDECOM Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Awards
| date = Winter 2005–2006
}}
</ref> In 1997 the laboratory won the overall Army Laboratory of the Year award.<ref>
{{Citation
| last = Army R&D Newsmagazine
| title = Army R&D Awards
| date = November 1998
| pages = 22–23
}}
</ref> After joining ERDC in 1999, CRREL has been a consistent contributor of accomplishments that allowed ERDC became a frequent winner of the Army Research Laboratory of the Year award, five times in its first eight years.<ref>
{{Citation
| last = ERDC Public Affairs Office
| title = ERDC Named 2009 Army Research Laboratory of the Year – 3rd Consecutive Year
| date = 30 September 2009
| url = http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/www_org_info.show_page?f_id=6448042
| accessdate = 9 January 2011
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110124055444/http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/pls/erdcpub/www_org_info.show_page?f_id=6448042
| archivedate = 24 January 2011  }}
</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203195746/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/ CRREL Web Page]
* [http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default/?rm=%E2%80%A2COLD+REGIONS+0|||1|||2|||true&te=ASSET Digitized CRREL technical reports]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722182500/http://permafrosttunnel.crrel.usace.army.mil/ CRREL Permafrost Tunnel]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222051951/http://snow.usace.army.mil/ CRREL Snow Research]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110518224420/http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/crrel/inthemedia.html CRREL citations in the media]
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cold Regions Research And Engineering Laboratory}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hanover, New Hampshire]]
[[Category:United States Army Corps of Engineers]]
[[Category:Research installations of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Military installations in New Hampshire]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in New Hampshire]]