View source for Colonisation (biology)

{{Short description|A species spreading to new areas}}
{{For|the same species living closely together|Colony (biology)}}
[[File:Biofilm-growth.svg|thumb|Diagram showing bacteria growing and forming into a biofilm on a surface]]
'''Colonisation''' or '''colonization''' is the spread and development of an organism in a new area or habitat. Colonization comprises the physical arrival of a species in a new area, but also its successful establishment within the local community. In [[ecology]], it is represented by the symbol ''λ'' (lowercase [[lambda]]) to denote the long-term intrinsic growth rate of a population.
Surrounding theories and applicable process have been introduced below. These include dispersal, colonisation-competition trade off and prominent examples that have been previously studied.
One classic [[scientific model]] in [[biogeography]] posits that a species must continue to colonize new areas through its [[Biological life cycle|life cycle]] (called a ''[[taxon cycle]]'') in order to persist. Accordingly, colonisation and extinction are key components of [[island biogeography]], a theory that has many applications in ecology, such as [[Metapopulation|metapopulations]]. Another factor included in this scientific model is the competition-colonisation trade off. This idea goes into the driving factors of colonisation through many species that all share a need to expand.
==Scale==
Colonisation occurs on several scales. In the most basic form, as [[biofilm]] in the formation of communities of [[microorganism]]s on surfaces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Toole |first1=George |last2=Kaplan |first2=Heidi B. |last3=Kolter |first3=Roberto |title=Biofilm Formation as Microbial Development |journal=Annual Review of Microbiology |date=October 2000 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=49–79 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.49 |pmid=11018124 }}</ref>
This microbiological colonisation also takes place within each animal or plant and is called [[microbiome]].
In small scales such as colonising new sites, perhaps as a result of [[environmental change]]. And on larger scales where a species expands its [[range (biology)|range]] to encompass new areas. This can be through a series of small encroachments, such as in [[woody plant encroachment]], or by long-distance [[Biological dispersal|dispersal]]. The term '''range expansion''' is also used.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yackulic |first1=Charles B. |last2=Nichols |first2=James D. |last3=Reid |first3=Janice |last4=Der |first4=Ricky |title=To predict the niche, model colonization and extinction |journal=Ecology |date=January 2015 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=16–23 |doi=10.1890/14-1361.1 |pmid=26236885 |bibcode=2015Ecol...96...16Y }}</ref>
== Dispersal ==
Dispersion in biology is the dissemination, or scattering, of organisms over periods within a given area or over the Earth. The dispersion of species into new locations can be inspired by many causes. Often times species naturally disperse due to [[physiological adaptations]] which allows for a higher survival rate of [[Progeny (genetic descendant)|progeny]] in new ecosystems. Other times these driving factors are environmentally related, for example [[global warming]], [[disease]], [[competition]], [[predation]]. Dispersion of different species can come in many forms. Some prime examples of this is flight of species across long distances, wind dispersal of plant and fungi progeny, long distance of travel in packs, etc.
== Competition-Colonisation Trade-off ==
The competition-colonisation trade-off refers to a driving factor that has a large influence over diversity and how it is maintained in a community. This is considered a driving factor because all species have to make a decision to entertain competition with others in the community or disperse from the community in hopes of a more optimal environment. This can span from available nutrient sources, light exposure, oxygen availability, reproduction competition, etc.. These trade offs are critical in the explanation of colonisation and why it happens.
[[File:Pioneer species colonization leading to primary sucession.svg|thumb|1. Bare rock 2. New species introduced 3. Death and accumulation of top soil 4. New species introduction displacing pioneer species 5. More nutrients and soil accumulation creates opportunities for larger species colonisation]]
==Use==
The term is generally only used to refer to the spread of a species into new areas by ''natural'' means, as opposed to ''unnatural'' [[Introduced species|introduction]] or [[Species translocation|translocation]] by humans, which may lead to [[invasive species]].
==Colonisation events==
[[File:Egretta garzetta tree Greece.jpg|thumb|The range of the [[little egret]] (''Egretta garzetta'') has expanded since the 20th century, with the species having colonised most of the New World.]]
Large-scale notable pre-historic colonisation events include:
===Arthropods===
*the colonisation of the Earth's land by the first animals, the [[arthropod]]s. The first fossils of land animals come from [[millipede]]s. These were seen about 450 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dunn |first1=Casey W. |title=Evolution: Out of the Ocean |journal=Current Biology |date=March 2013 |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=R241–R243 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.067 |pmid=23518055 |bibcode=2013CBio...23.R241D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== Humans ===
* the [[early human migration]] and colonisation of areas outside Africa according to the [[Recent African origin of modern humans|recent African origin]] paradigm, resulting in the extinction of [[Pleistocene megafauna]], although the role of humans in this event is controversial.
=== Birds ===
* the colonisation of the [[New World]] by the [[cattle egret]] and the [[little egret]]
* the colonisation of [[United Kingdom|Britain]] by the [[little egret]]
* [[File:Iguana iguana Portoviejo 04.jpg|thumb|Image of the green Iguana that colonized Anguilla.]]the colonisation of western North America by the [[barred owl]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Livezey |first1=Kent B. |title=Range Expansion of Barred Owls, Part I: Chronology and Distribution |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |date=January 2009 |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1674/0003-0031-161.1.49 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Livezey |first1=Kent B. |title=Range Expansion of Barred Owls, Part II: Facilitating Ecological Changes |journal=The American Midland Naturalist |date=April 2009 |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=323–349 |doi=10.1674/0003-0031-161.2.323 }}</ref>
* the colonisation of the [[Atlantic Seaboard|East Coast]] of [[North America]] by the [[Brewer's blackbird]]
* the colonisation-westwards spread across [[Europe]] of the [[collared dove]]
* the spread across the eastern USA of the [[house finch]]
* the expansion into the southern and western areas of [[South Africa]] by the [[Hadeda Ibis]]
=== Reptiles ===
* the colonisation of [[Anguilla]] by [[Green iguana]]s following a [[Oceanic dispersal|rafting event]] in 1995
* the colonisation of [[Burmese python]]s into the Florida Everglades. The release of snakes came from the desire to breed them and sell them as exotic pets. As they grew people became unable to care for the animals and began to release them into the Everglades.
=== Dragonflies ===
*the colonisation of Britain by the [[small red-eyed damselfly]]
===Moths===
*the colonisation of Britain by [[Blair's shoulder-knot]]
=== Land Vertebrates ===
* The colonisation of Madagascar by [[Vertebrate land invasion|land-bound vertebrates]].
=== Plants ===
* The colonisation of ''[[Pine|Pinus]]'' species through wind dispersion.
==See also==
*[[Colony (biology)]]
*[[Invasive species]]
*[[Pioneer species]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Wiktionary|colonise}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Edward O. |title=The Nature of the Taxon Cycle in the Melanesian Ant Fauna |journal=The American Naturalist |date=May 1961 |volume=95 |issue=882 |pages=169–193 |doi=10.1086/282174 }}
* {{cite web |title=Dispersion {{!}} Definition, Types & Examples {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/dispersion-biology |website=Britannica }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Shao-peng |last2=Cadotte |first2=Marc W. |last3=Meiners |first3=Scott J. |last4=Hua |first4=Zheng-shuang |last5=Jiang |first5=Lin |last6=Shu |first6=Wen-sheng |title=Species colonisation, not competitive exclusion, drives community overdispersion over long-term succession |journal=Ecology Letters |date=September 2015 |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=964–973 |doi=10.1111/ele.12476 |pmid=26189648 |bibcode=2015EcolL..18..964L }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Jason R. |last2=Hedges |first2=S. Blair |title=The colonisation of Madagascar by land-bound vertebrates |journal=Biological Reviews |date=October 2023 |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=1583–1606 |doi=10.1111/brv.12966 |pmid=37142264 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wyse |first1=Sarah V. |last2=Hulme |first2=Philip E. |title=Competition–colonisation trade-offs are found among but not within wind-dispersed Pinus species |journal=Functional Ecology |date=April 2022 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1023–1035 |doi=10.1111/1365-2435.14004 |bibcode=2022FuEco..36.1023W }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Shao-peng |last2=Cadotte |first2=Marc W. |last3=Meiners |first3=Scott J. |last4=Hua |first4=Zheng-shuang |last5=Jiang |first5=Lin |last6=Shu |first6=Wen-sheng |title=Species colonisation, not competitive exclusion, drives community overdispersion over long-term succession |journal=Ecology Letters |date=September 2015 |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=964–973 |doi=10.1111/ele.12476 |pmid=26189648 |bibcode=2015EcolL..18..964L }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-65909-1_3 |pmc=7123297 |chapter=Colonization of Parasites and Vectors |title=Disease Ecology |series=Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands |date=2018 |last1=Bataille |first1=Arnaud |last2=Levin |first2=Iris I. |last3=Sari |first3=Eloisa H. R. |pages=45–79 |isbn=978-3-319-65908-4 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wyse |first1=Sarah V. |last2=Hulme |first2=Philip E. |title=Competition–colonisation trade-offs are found among but not within wind-dispersed Pinus species |journal=Functional Ecology |date=April 2022 |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=1023–1035 |doi=10.1111/1365-2435.14004 |bibcode=2022FuEco..36.1023W }}
[[Category:Community ecology]]
[[Category:Ecological processes]]
[[Category:Ecology terminology]]