View source for Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)

{{Short description|Federal political party in Canada}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Communist Party of Canada]]}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)
| native_name      = Parti communiste du Canada (marxiste–léniniste)
| abbreviation     = CPC(M-L)
| logo             = CPC (ML) logo.png
| leader           = Anna Di Carlo
| president        = Rolf Gerstenberger
| founder          = [[Hardial Bains]]
| first_secretary  = Sandra L. Smith
| foundation       = {{start date and age|1970|03|31}}
| headquarters     = P.O. Box 666, Station C,<br />[[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]<br />H2L 4L5
| newspaper        = ''The Marxist–Leninist Monthly''
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap
| [[Communism]]
| [[Marxism–Leninism]]
| [[Anti-revisionism]]
| '''Historical:'''
| [[Maoism]] (1970–1977)
| [[Hoxhaism]] (1977–1992)
}}
| position         = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
| student_wing     =
| youth_wing       = Communist Youth Union of Canada (Marxist-Leninist), Youth for Democratic Renewal
| membership       =
| membership_year  =
| colours          = Red and yellow
| colors           =
| colorcode        = #F5191A
| seats1_title     = [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|0|105|hex=#F5191A}}
| seats2_title     = [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|0|338|hex=#F5191A}}
| website          = {{URL|https://www.cpcml.ca/}}
| country          = Canada
| state            = Canada
| parties_dab1     = List of federal political parties in Canada
| elections_dab1   = List of Canadian federal general elections
| footnotes        =
}}
The '''Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)''' ([[Abbreviation|abbr.]] '''CPC (M-L)''') is a [[List of federal political parties in Canada|federal political party]] in [[Canada]]. It was founded in 1970 by [[Hardial Bains]], a staunch [[Stalinist]] and [[anti-revisionist]]. The CPC (M-L) has been registered with [[Elections Canada]] as the '''Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada''' ('''MLPC''') since 1974, as the party is prohibited from using the name "Communist Party of Canada" in [[Canadian elections]] to avoid confusion among voters. The party is not an offshoot of the [[Communist Party of Canada]]; its early membership came from student-led organizations active in the 1960s. After a period of alignment with [[Maoism]] and [[China]], the CPC (M-L) pursued a [[Hoxhaism|Hoxhaist]], pro-[[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]]n line until the early 1990s. At present, the party directs most of its public support to [[Cuba]] and [[North Korea]].
Bains led the CPC (M-L) from its founding in 1970 until his death in 1997. Bains' widow Sandra L. Smith succeeded her late husband as [[Secretary (title)|First Secretary]] following his death. Elections Canada lists Anna Di Carlo as the head of the electorally-registered organization. None of the party's candidates have been elected. Since the 1970s, the party has had a larger electoral campaign presence than the CPC. It ran its largest number of candidates in [[1980 Canadian federal election|1980]] when it nominated 177 candidates, contesting 63 percent of the country's electoral districts.
The party publishes an [[online newspaper]] named ''The Marxist–Leninist Monthly''.
== Origins ==
The CPC (M-L) developed from a progression of student-led organizations during the 1960s. It was created primarily as a result of the efforts of Indo-Canadian Marxist student activist [[Hardial Bains]], who was the founder and national leader of the CPC (M-L) until his death in 1997. The CPC (M-L) was not created from a split from the [[Communist Party of Canada]] (CPC). The party emerged during a period of growing student and youth activism. At this time the CPC was still struggling to break out of isolation it faced during the [[Cold War]], and from a major rupture in the international communist movement between the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Soviet Union]], the latter of which the CPC had traditionally supported.
=== Hardial Bains and the Sino-Soviet split ===
Bains came from [[Mahilpur]] in [[Hoshiarpur District]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. His family were members or supporters of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)<ref name="First Anniversary">{{Cite web |title=More on the charlatan Hardial Bains |url=http://www.leninism.org/stream/98/hardial-1st-anniv.htm |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.leninism.org}}</ref> and he joined its youth wing.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The CPI that Bains knew as a teenager was a mass and militant party. Operating underground for part of the 1950s, the CPI won back its legality in time for the general elections of 1957, where it emerged as the largest opposition party in the country and held state government in [[Kerala]]. By this time, however, a young Bains had apparently quit the CPI in protest of its acceptance of [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s criticisms of [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref name="Short History">{{Cite web |title=Irish Left Review-Discover Iceland-Hotels Reykjavik |url=https://www.hotel-reykjavik.com/de/irishleftrevieworg/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.hotel-reykjavik.com}}</ref> Bains, according to the CPC (M-L)'s official biography, immigrated to Canada from India two years later in 1959 at age nineteen. In Vancouver, he pursued post-graduate studies at the [[University of British Columbia]] from 1960 to 1965,<ref name="Official Bains Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Leaders/HardialBains.html |title=CPC(M-L): Hardial Bains |access-date=October 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809063043/http://cpcml.ca/Leaders/HardialBains.html |archive-date=August 9, 2011 }}; Hardial Bains, Party founder and leader</ref> in [[bacteriology]].<ref name="Short History"/>
During this time, the international communist movement went through a major internal crisis and upheaval with the [[Sino-Soviet split]]. Developing from 1960 on, sharp polemics over revolutionary strategy were exchanged between the two countries. Then, in 1962, the [[Sino-Indian War]] broke out and the CPI was again repressed by the Indian government. Over differences in attitude to the war, the CPI fractured and Bains' parents joined the pro-China [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name="First Anniversary"/>
In Canada, the Sino-Soviet split was less sharply divisive than demoralizing for the communists. In the ensuing 15 years, the CPC had lost all of its limited gains in parliament under the pressure of the [[Cold War]], and communist MP [[Fred Rose (politician)|Fred Rose]] was jailed for sedition. Anti-communism in the labour movement resulted in the expulsion of all communist-led unions from the house of labour, and communists in general were treated as traitors. Following the 1956 revelations by Soviet premier [[Nikita Khrushchev]] ("[[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences]]") about the crimes of [[Joseph Stalin]], the CPC suffered many resignations, and its youth organization, the [[Young Communist League of Canada|National Federation of Labour Youth]], fell apart briefly. By the time it was reorganized as the Socialist Youth League in the late 1950s, the CPC had lost much of its prior visibility on university campuses—including the [[University of British Columbia]] (UBC).
=== The Internationalists ===
Bains arrived at UBC in this vacuum of visible, public revolutionary politics on campus and just as a new generation of student activism was radicalizing. Mass student protests reacted to the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in October 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/ubyssey/UBYSSEY_1964_11_20.pdf;|title="New Red Leaders Need China Pact," November 20, 1964, pg. 2|website=ubc.ca|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050128010415/http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/ubyssey/UBYSSEY_1964_11_20.pdf|archive-date=January 28, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bains became actively involved in the political movement of the time and was elected President of the BC Students' Federation in 1964.<ref name="Official Bains Biography"/> While he apparently applied to join the CPC during his time as a student activist, Bains never held membership in that party,<ref>Letter, "On the CPC (ML)," CPC Central Committee, 2001</ref> a claim which is not contradicted by the CPC (M-L).<ref name="Official Bains Biography"/> Bains was, afterall, drawing different conclusions than the CPC and taking inspiration from [[Mao Zedong]] and Chinese communism, not the [[Soviet Union]].
Bains played a key role in founding the predecessor to the CPC (M-L) on March 13, 1963, as the "Internationalists", a student group at the UBC championing what they described as [[anti-revisionism]]. "If you like to talk, join the Internationalists", opined the UBC student newspaper under the headline "Hot air types form own group."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marxist-Leninist Daily |url=https://www.cpcml.ca/Tmld2013/D43034.htm |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.cpcml.ca}}</ref> But while co-organizer Mayling Weaver spoke of welcoming "students of any race, religion, or political beliefs", and both asserted that "the university is a coffee-shop", Bains was setting for itself much more adventurous goals than just "an extension to the extra-curricular programme" with "free-wheeling, year-round academic symposiums".<ref>http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/pdfs/ubyssey/UBYSSEY_1963_10_03.pdf; Ubyssey, "Hot air types form own group," October 3, 1963</ref> Bains desired in The Internationalists to form a future communist movement, founded on what he considered orthodox Marxist revolutionary theory, including opposition to [[de-Stalinization]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/PartyMonument/41stAnnivInternationalists.htm|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041708/http://www.cpcml.ca/PartyMonument/41stAnnivInternationalists.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He fused his writings and lectures on Marxism with certain ideas that were [[existentialist]] and current with radical youth in the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Movement for the Party |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.secondwave/ocw-ml/2-b.htm |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>
Bains wrote what would become one of the main ideological texts of the CPC (M-L) at this time, ''The Necessity For Change'', which developed from a speech and study guide into what the CPC (M-L) would term "NFC analysis".<ref name="NFC Preface">{{Cite web |title=The Marxist-Leninist Weekly |url=https://cpcml.ca/Tmlw2012/W42033.HTM |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=cpcml.ca}}</ref> Summarizing the text, Irish author Connor McCabe notes that:
:"The main thrust of Necessity for Change appears to be towards students and academics, in that its criticisms are of intellectual production, and the intellectual industry, in the Western world. The control of ideas, of history, of 'common sense' by the ruling class needs to be challenged, first by a cadre who have un-taught themselves the prevailing ideas and have begun to see the world based on reality rather than the dominant, right-wing, intellectual discourse; then by the working class who will benefit from the intellectual and individual gains made by the cadre once these new ideas, and this new way of thinking, make their way into the working class through the actions of the cadre itself."<ref name="Short History"/>
These ideas became a foundation as the group developed into a party or, as Bains himself would later say, "the analysis that lays down ideological remoulding as the key to the uninterrupted advance and victory of revolution."<ref>NFC Preface</ref>
The CPC (M-L) was not therefore born from a fracture within the CPC by supposed "breakaway hardliners"<ref name="Fringe Parties"> JJ's Complete Guide to Canada, "Fringe Parties", No date.</ref> but from the growing radical student movement in Canada of the mid-1960s.<ref name="Hopper">{{cite news |last1=Hopper |first1=Tristin |title=Communist parties battle for few Marxist votes: No will to unite Canada's far left |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/communist-parties-battle-for-few-marxist-votes-no-will-to-unite-canadas-far-left |access-date=April 11, 2016 |work=National Post |date=August 11, 2015 |language=en-CA}}</ref> Within a few years Bain's group had succeeded in recruiting several hundred members across Canada, including Quebec, without the help of prominent former CPC leaders who had left the CPC and sided with China, such as former MP [[Dorise Nielsen]] or labour activist [[Jack Scott (activist)|Jack Scott]].<ref name=Encyclopedia>"The Second Wave of Anti-Revisionism, 1971-1981," Encyclopedia of Revisionism On Line</ref> Meanwhile, and throughout the 1960s, the CPC was struggling to make its presence felt and grasp what its General Secretary [[Leslie Morris]] called "the Challenge of the 60s". The CPC's youth organization experimented with a more decentralized model until the late 1960s when it reorganized. One of the few instances of CPC members quitting for the CPC (M-L) was that of a CPC youth activist from UBC who was accused of stealing a magazine subscription list and funds, and then joining the CPC (M-L).<ref>Ben Isitt, Militant Minority: British Columbia Workers and the Rise of a New Left, U of T Press, 2011</ref> In many places, in size and particularly youthfulness, the CPC (M-L) was beginning to rival the CPC.
== Maoism ==
In 1968, the Internationalists renamed themselves the "Canadian Student Movement" and then the "Canadian Communist Movement (Marxist–Leninist)". On March 31, 1970, they declared themselves a formal political party, adopting the name "Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)". After a legal challenge from the CPC because of confusion at the ballot, Elections Canada ruled that the party's preferred name was too close to that of the CPC, and since that time the party has been known electorally as the Marxist–Leninist Party. The party ran candidates for the [[House of Commons of Canada]] during the [[1974 Canadian federal election|1974 federal election]] under the name of the "Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada". Because of the upsurge of left nationalism in Quebec, two separate parties were maintained until 1974 when the PCQ (ML) was folded into the CPC (M-L). The Quebec party defined a twin struggle against "Anglo-Canadian colonialism" and U.S. imperialism.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/>
Historians of [[anti-revisionism]] in Canada have described the CPC (M-L) as standing out among the Canadian left because of its dedication to China and Mao Zedong – with slogans such as "China's path is our path" and "China's chairman is our chairman." The CPC (M-L) made a point of presenting its leader almost as a brand. Chairman Bains was the public face and spokesperson of their party, and consistently described with accolades of praise in the party press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpcml.ca/PartyMonument/song.html;Song|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315095217/http://www.cpcml.ca/PartyMonument/song.html|archive-date=March 15, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The CPC (M-L)'s publications were seen by many to copy of the writing style of ''Peking Review''.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> At this time, China [[Chile–China relations|diplomatically supported]] the junta of [[Augusto Pinochet]] due to the latter's continued endorsement of the One China Policy and so the CPC (M-L) was silent on the overthrow of Pinochet. Later, the CPC (M-L) supported [[UNITA]] forces in Angola, which were also supported by the United States and white minority-ruled South Africa.<ref name="First Anniversary"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/spart-cpc-angola.htm;|title=Maoists front for Angolan anti-communists|website=marxists.org|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530215906/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/spart-cpc-angola.htm|archive-date=May 30, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bains and the CPC (M-L) strongly criticized the Soviet Union and Cuba as "social imperialist".<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Projecting themselves as more militant, marxist, revolutionary and youthful than the older CPC, the CPC (M-L) embraced a strident, "vigorous" or even righteous rhetoric, projecting a two-stage struggle for liberation from US imperialist domination and "self-determination for the Canadian people".<ref>https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.secondwave/bu-albania/part18.htm;Bolshevik {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716235757/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.secondwave/bu-albania/part18.htm |date=July 16, 2018 }} Union, "The Party of Labor of Albania Came to Canada Under a Stolen Flag," Proletarian Revolution, Vol. l, No. 8, December 1978</ref>
=== International relations ===
Despite the self-proclaimed allegiance of the CPC (M-L) to the People's Republic of [[China]], the [[Communist Party of China]] never recognized the CPC (M-L) as its official representative in Canada. By the mid-1970s there were at least five anti-revisionist, pro-China parties in Canada which debated forcefully with each other and—in particular—strongly condemned the CPC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn from the Teachers by Negative Example |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/learnfromtheteachers/learnfrom.htm |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> This included Quebec-based {{lang|fr|[[:fr:En lutte !|En lutte!]]|italics=no}} and the [[Workers' Communist Party of Canada]] which also drew primarily from students (and not always from working-class backgrounds, such as [[Pierre Karl Péladeau]]). For a few years until this pro-Maoist wave of youthful political action fell apart in the early 1980s, the combined membership of pro-China communist parties also outnumbered the CPC.<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/index.htm "The First Wave of Anti-Revisionism, 1964–1970"], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line</ref>
While the CPC (M-L) was unsuccessful uniting these tendencies together, Bains was very active forming similar anti-revisionist ML groupings around the world which were influenced by his writings and theory. Pro-Chinese ML groups came together in Ireland, Britain, Trinidad and Tobago, India and the USA. In 1967, Bains' "Necessity for Change" conference in London saw most of the Irish delegation reportedly walk out. Those who stayed went on to form the [[Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)]] and the [[Communist Party of England (Marxist–Leninist)|Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)]]. Bains was a friend of well-known ''avant garde'' British composer [[Cornelius Cardew]], who was linked to the British party, and the CPC (M-L) hosted Cardew on tour in Canada with a youth concert and variety show. (Bains also contributed the lyrics to Cardew's signature song from his later period, "We Sing for the Future".)
In the United States, the CPC (M-L) likewise sought out fraternal allies. Bains helped found and work with a succession of variously named groups which evolved into the [[Marxist–Leninist Party, USA]]. Reflecting the divided political landscape characterizing many of the [[New Left]] groups, Bains's group did not work with similarly named [[Communist Party USA (Marxist–Leninist)]] of [[Michael Laski]] or [[Michael Klonsky]]'s [[Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist) (United States)]].
But the CPC (M-L)'s efforts were perhaps most successful in India. Bains and the CPC (M-L) maintained close links with Indian politics through the growing Indian immigrant community in Canada. In 1970, the party helped found the Hindustani Ghadar Party – Organisation of Indian Marxist–Leninists Abroad group. Initially pro-[[Naxalite]], the group later developed into an Indian-based political party over the course of the decade. Bains also founded a business enterprise in New Delhi.<ref name="First Anniversary"/>
== Turn to Albania ==
By 1976, CPC (M-L) began to support the criticisms of [[History of foreign relations of China|Chinese foreign policy]] and the "Theory of Three Worlds" made by the [[Party of Labour of Albania]] (PLA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hardial Bains and his so-called "Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist), Part 1 |url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/erol/ca.firstwave/bu-cpcml/section-1.htm |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=marxists.architexturez.net}}</ref> By 1977, one year after the [[Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong|death of Mao Zedong]], the CPC (M-L) declared that China had degenerated into revisionism, and later that Mao was not a Marxist–Leninist.<ref name="Sixth Conference">https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/6th-2.pdf;People's {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401122708/https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/6th-2.pdf |date=April 1, 2016 }} Daily News, "Sixth Consultative Conference of the CPC(ML)," April 2, 1979</ref> Unlike the Chinese government, the government of Albania publicly recognized CPC (M-L) as the [[vanguardism|vanguard party]] in Canada, and delegations made many visits to Albania prior to the collapse of the PLA and the overturn of socialism in Albania.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> In 1978, the CPC (M-L) held a large international rally – a tactic popular with pro-Albania parties at the time – in Montreal that included a delegation from the PLA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPC(M-L)’s International Conference Doing everything to be recognized by other parties |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.secondwave/doing-everything.htm |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>
The following year the CPC (M-L) organized an international conference with a number of anti-revisionist forces, with the PLA holding a prominent position. Also in attendance were parties from Italy, France, Iran, India, Great Britain, Portugal, the United States, Chile, and Venezuela.<ref>Sixth Conference</ref> These conferences firmly cemented the CPC (M-L)'s position as the official pro-Albania party in Canada and its bookshops all carried regular literature from the Albanian government.{{cn|date=June 2022}}
Unlike the strategy of the CPC, which engaged itself with existing labour and people's movements including those were more inclined to support the [[New Democratic Party]], the CPC (M-L) favoured forming front organizations which it fully controlled. This approach, and contrarian attitude to the position of most anti-war forces at the time, left the CPC (M-L) disconnected from the peace and labour movements<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> as the party set up various rival committees. At times, other leftist groups accused the CPC (M-L) of attacking them in protests and rallies with sticks and bats.<ref name="Agent-Provocateurs">{{Cite web |title=The CPC(ML), Chapter 4 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/isoncpc/chapter4.htm |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref>
The new party continued to fare much better among students, winning influence over the editorial boards of a number of student newspapers and organizing several campus groups which were subject to police surveillance, harassment and repression. ''[[The Ontarion]]'' at the [[University of Guelph]] and ''[[The Chevron]]'' at the [[University of Waterloo]] carried a pro-CPC (M-L) editorial line for a time during the 1970s.<ref>https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/spartacist-canada/013_1977_02-SpartCan.pdf;Spartacist {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315154358/http://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/spartacist-canada/013_1977_02-SpartCan.pdf |date=March 15, 2014 }} Canada, "Free Speech and the Chevron Affair," February 1977.</ref> Over time, the CPC (M-L) was ousted from all of these student newspapers, as flamboyant leftist politics began to disappear from the Canadian campus landscape in the 1980s. The party also made gains in the Indo-Canadian community especially through the East Indian Defense Committee (EIDC). Also in 1980, the Canadian-based Hindustani Ghadar Party became the [[Communist Ghadar Party of India]].
The CPC (M-L) continued to participate in most federal elections, following their entrance on the federal scene with 104 candidates in 1974. In the 31st general election held in May 1979, the party fielded 144 candidates. In the 32nd general election held in February 1980, there were 170 Marxist–Leninist candidates. In the 33rd general election held in September 1984, the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada did not field any candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Tmld2006/D36153.htm#1|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229175919/http://www.cpcml.ca/Tmld2006/D36153.htm#1|archive-date=February 29, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Crisis of the anti-revisionist parties ===
By the early 1980s, many of the anti-revisionist parties of the 1960s and 1970s in Canada and internationally began to fade.<ref name="Encyclopedia"/> Partly, the rigorous discipline demanded of members of these groups including [[tithes]] for membership dues, frequent long meetings, confrontation with the police and harassment, all took its toll and as young students became the parents of young families. As neo-conservatism rose, the revolutionary optimism which seemed justified a few years ago started to appear less realistic. Many of the smaller anti-revisionist groups simply folded. In 1983, Roger Rashi's Workers' Communist Party imploded over the question of [[Cambodia]] and [[Pol Pot]] as well as alleged internal party sexism within the leadership. In Struggle! ({{lang|fr|En Lutte!}}) had already suffered a similar fate in 1982.
The CPC (M-L), however, generally lasted through these ideological, political and organization crises. One guiding light was the party's relationship with the [[Party of Labour of Albania]] (PLA), the only party in North America to have an official relationship with the PLA as the Albanian government somewhat distanced itself from U.S. pro-Albanian groups fearing of "CIA infiltration".<ref>https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-5/;U.S {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425090424/http://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-5/ |date=April 25, 2014 }}. Anti-Revisionism, The New Communist Movement: Crises, Splits and More New Parties, 1977-1980</ref> Another base was the parties work in the Indo-Canadian community and its anti-racist work.
=== East Indian Defence Committee ===
In addition to the East Indian Defence Committee (EIDC), founded to oppose "state-organized racist attacks", the CPC (M-L) also launched a West Indian Peoples' Organization (WIPO), Canadian Peoples' Defence Committee, and Peoples Front (PF) against racist and fascist violence. These organizations worked implement the slogans "an injury to one is an injury to all" and "an attack on one is an attack on all" and "all for one and one for all" and "self-defence is the only way". Active, popular and with a large following, these front groups were well known for their opposition to racism by the end of the 1970s.<ref name="First Anniversary"/>
By the 1980s, community centres for the EIDC had been established in Winnipeg, Toronto and Vancouver under the name "Desh Bhagat Temple" (DBT).<ref name="Agent-Provocateurs"/> Housed in relatively large buildings which were purchased with money contributed by ordinary people, mainly from the East Indian community, they were managed by the EIDC and owned by a trust set up by the EIDC. The centres were regularly used for CPC (M-L) meetings, and rented at cost for other social occasions.<ref name="First Anniversary"/>
=== Canadian Cultural Workers' Committee ===
As one of the many [[Front organization|front organizations]] of the CPC (M-L), the Canadian Cultural Workers' Committee released an album, titled ''The Party is the Most Precious Thing''. The albums had 10 songs, including "Here is the Rose," about the history of the CPC (M-L); "Oh Albania, Red Star that Burns Bright" about [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] and her government's [[Anti-revisionism (Marxism–Leninism)|anti-revisionist]] stance; and "Levesque Doesn't Wear His Specs," criticizing [[Quebec sovereignty movement|Quebec separatist]] [[René Lévesque]] following him accidentally running over a homeless man in the middle of the night because he was not wearing his glasses. The album was part of a greater attempt to use Canadian culture to rally support for the CPC (M-L).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1979 |title=Canadian Cultural Workers' Committee – Party Is The Most Precious Thing And Other Canadian Revolutionary Songs |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/10094046-Canadian-Cultural-Workers-Committee-Party-Is-The-Most-Precious-Thing-And-Other-Canadian-Revolutionar |website=Discogs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rothermel |first=Jay |date=2011-12-13 |title=Marxist update: Cultural worker |url=http://marxistupdate.blogspot.com/2011/12/cultural-worker.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Marxist update}}</ref>
== Shift to "democratic renewal" and support of Cuba ==
Serious problems in the socialist movement, however, developed in the late 1980s with the crisis in and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. "Many [communist] parties, especially in the West, have gone over from 'because it is socialism it can have no problems' position to 'because so many problems emerged, it is socialism which does not work'!" Bains wrote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reflections-shivanand.blogspot.ca/2007/07/book-review-communism-1989-1991-by.html;|title=Shivanand Kanavim The Weekend Observer, February 1992.|website=reflections-shivanand.blogspot.ca|date=July 26, 2007}}</ref> But soon it became clear that these developments were not only threatening the future of the [[Soviet Union]]. Almost immediately following [[Enver Hoxha]]'s death in 1985, reform movements sprung up in Albania which was the last [[Eastern Bloc]] country to [[Fall of communism in Albania|overturn socialism]] in 1992.
The overturn of socialism in Albania and the Soviet Union had negative impacts for the CPC (M-L). In the 34th General Election in November 1988, it fielded 58 candidates whose names appeared on the ballot as non-affiliated due to the party's failure to meet the time-line registration provisions of the Canada Elections Act at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Tmld2006/D36153.htm|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229175919/http://www.cpcml.ca/Tmld2006/D36153.htm|archive-date=February 29, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> During this time, the party began to liquidate the EIDC centres generating about $2 million in profit from the sales of the properties.<ref name="First Anniversary"/> There had already been considerable speculation about the CPC (M-L)'s high levels of funding for some time by other left groups. (Like all registered parties the MLPC's finances are available to the public and annually audited in accordance to Elections Canada regulations.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.secondwave/bu-albania/part19.htm|title=The Party of Labor of Albania Came to Canada Under a Stolen Flag|author=EROL|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref>
In response, during the late 1980s, the CPC (M-L) adopted the slogan "We are our own models", and began to seek a new ideological approach, eventually talking less about socialism and taking a positive view of both [[Cuba]] and [[North Korea]]. Bains visited Cuba several times in the 1990s which led him (and the CPC (M-L)) to reconsider his earlier views of Cuba as [[Marxist revisionism|revisionist]].
The CPC (M-L) was closely aligned with the [[Canadian Party for Renewal]] in 1993. On January 1, 1995, the party put forward a broad program of work, which it named the ''Historic Initiative''. This was further elaborated during its Seventh Congress.
During the 1990s, the party called for a popular referendum on the budget cuts initiated by the federal Liberal government of [[Jean Chrétien]]. The language of the CPC (M-L) has increasingly centred on its concept of "democratic renewal" oriented on electoral reform and "empowerment of the people", dropping its earlier sharp polemics against labour, social movements, and the Communist Party of Canada.
=== Bains' death and legacy ===
Bains died in 1997; his widow, Sandra L. Smith, replaced him as the leader of the CPC (M-L). Bains' funeral was a significant occasion for the party who have held several memorials in his honour and, although he was cremated, purchased a grave plot in [[Beechwood Cemetery|The National Cemetery of Canada]] in Ottawa, Canada's national cemetery (which is also the national cemetery for the Canadian Forces and RCMP). The party eulogy said:
:"Comrade Bains, the twinkle in your eyes, your mischievous smile, your beautiful artistic hands, your fine mind, your tender love for all of us they all combined to work a magic. Who could resist your purity, your sincerity, your drive to bring out the best in everyone you met, in everyone you worked with, no matter what their age, what their standing in life, what their ideas or opinions? Meeting you was like falling in love at first sight, over and over and over again, just as you too fell in love with the best in everyone, bringing out whatever they had to offer to make this world, 'where tears are hung on every tree', a better place&nbsp;..."<ref>[https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ca.firstwave/bains-eulogy.pdf "Oh Comrade, Dear Comrade, Beloved Comrade"], ''TML Weekly'' September 14–20, 1997.</ref>
According to the CPC (M-L) website, the 8 by 5{{half}} foot memorial is made of granite quarried in [[Jhansi]], [[India]]. The monument is emblazoned with a hammer and sickle and star of CPC (M-L) and inscribed with the slogan "Workers of All Countries Unite!" and, on the other side, the party's motto and a prominent plaque to Bains. Also carved on the monument are the lines "Vous êtes le rouge de notre drapeau – Lal Salaam" (You are the red of our flag – Red Salute) and the names of other past veteran members.<ref name="cpcml.ca"/>
Following his death, the CPC (M-L) established the Hardial Bains Party School on Journalism. The party continues to reproduce his works on its website and honour his memory, and he is also remembered somewhat in India.
== Current positions ==
After Bains's death, the party shrunk considerably. The Manitoba wing of the CPC (M-L) has not run candidates in Manitoba for several years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enr.elections.ca/National.aspx?lang=e;Elections|title=Election Night Results - National|author=2013 - Élections Canada|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> and is no longer a registered provincial party.<ref>[http://www.electionsmanitoba.ca/pd/Political_Participation/Registered_Political_Parties; Elections Manitoba, Registered Parties]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2008, Anna Di Carlo became the leader of the party's electoral arm, the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada (MLPC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Leaders/AnnaDiCarlo.html|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> while Smith remains First Secretary of the CPC (M-L) and president of the MLPC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Leaders/SandraLSmith.html|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002743/http://www.cpcml.ca/Leaders/SandraLSmith.html|archive-date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>
The CPC (M-L) currently sees as its immediate goal the "vesting of sovereignty in the people so that they can exercise control over their lives"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Leaders/HardialBains.html |title=Hardial Bains, party founder and leader |publisher=CPC (ML)|access-date=October 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809063043/http://cpcml.ca/Leaders/HardialBains.html |archive-date=August 9, 2011 }}; "," No date.</ref> and "organizing Canadians to empower themselves".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleredumbrella.com/2011/05/fringe-party-profiles-communist-party.html;The|title=Little Red Umbrella, "Fringe Party Profiles: The Marxist Leninist Party of Canada", (Interview with Anna Di Carlo), 2011|website=littleredumbrella.com}}</ref> The party's motto is, "The issue is not to wave the red flags, but to show our colours through our deeds."<ref name="cpcml.ca">{{cite web|url=http://cpcml.ca/PartyMonument/Memorial01.html|title=CPC(M-L): The Party Memorial|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819160305/http://www.cpcml.ca/PartyMonument/Memorial01.html|archive-date=August 19, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Today, the CPC (M-L) tends to be supportive of North Korea's right to [[self-determination]], although it does not promote [[Kim Il Sung]] and [[Kim Jong-il]] or ''[[juche]]'' in the manner that it promoted [[Enver Hoxha]] and Mao Zedong in previous years. However, it issued a statement mourning the death of Kim Jong-il.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201112/news27/20111227-38ee.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 2, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529130702/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201112/news27/20111227-38ee.html |archive-date=May 29, 2012 }}</ref> The CPC (M-L) has become strongly supportive of Cuba and the [[Cuban Revolution]] and now has close relations with the Cuban Embassy in [[Ottawa]]. It prints the English language edition of the [[Communist Party of Cuba]]'s newspaper, ''[[Granma (newspaper)|Granma]]'', for Canadian distribution.
CPC (M-L) members are active in several [[trade union]]s, particularly the [[Canadian Union of Postal Workers]] and the [[United Steelworkers of America]] whose [[Stelco]] local (Local 1005) in [[Hamilton, Ontario]] was led by party vice-president Rolf Gerstenberger, until he retired on May 5, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thespec.com/news-story/5474818-local-1005-acclaims-howe-as-new-president/|title=Local 1005 acclaims Howe as new president|newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator|date=March 12, 2015|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> Local 1005 is one of several USWA locals at Stelco.
CPC (M-L) members have also been active in the movement against the wars in [[Iraq]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Tmld2009/D39059.htm|title=The Marxist-Leninist Daily|author=cpcml|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Tmld2014/D44054.htm|title=The Marxist-Leninist Daily|author=cpcml|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref>
The party has adopted its own "Contemporary Marxist–Leninist Thought". Its Eighth Party Congress was to be held in 2005 with the theme "Laying the Foundations for the Mass Communist Party",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpcml.ca/Tmld2005/D35052.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711232218/http://cpcml.ca/Tmld2005/D35052.htm|title=The Marxist-Leninist Daily|archive-date=July 11, 2008|access-date=April 11, 2016}}</ref> but the congress was delayed because of the federal election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Tmld2006/D36046.htm|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803235121/http://cpcml.ca//Tmld2006/D36046.htm|archive-date=August 3, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The congress was held in September 2008.
The CPC (M-L) has a news-sheet, ''The Marxist–Leninist Daily'', and a youth wing, the Communist Youth Union of Canada (Marxist–Leninist). It operates the "Workers Centre" which helps educate and organize trade unionists through discussion groups, and a magazine, ''Worker's Forum''. The party often conducts broader political activity under the name "People's Front" and uses that name for its [[People's Front (British Columbia)|provincial wing in British Columbia]]. In [[Ontario]], CPC (M-L) supporters ran as [[Independent Renewal candidates, 2003 Ontario provincial election|Independent Renewal candidates]] in the 2003 provincial election.
== Current relationship with the CPC ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=September 2021}}
For much of the CPC (M-L)'s history, it has strongly condemned the CPC, an attitude which was more or less reciprocated. The CPC and CPC (M-L) remain apart. They appear to continue to have significant differences in their evaluation of international, Canadian and Quebec politics; approach, style of work; historic interpretations of the role of the parties in the past; and conclusions about immediate action and the road to socialism in Canada. Some of these differences include:
* Different strategies. The CPC (M-L) has a short concise programme entitled "Stop Paying the Rich, Expand Social Programmes" emphasizing "democratic renewal" and "renewal of international relations", creating "a new, modern, truly democratic society in which people are sovereign" as its goal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcml.ca/Program/Program.html|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820013012/http://www.cpcml.ca/Program/Program.html|archive-date=August 20, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the CPC presents a detailed and lengthy programme entitled "Canada's Future is Socialism" and putting forward "the road to socialism" including a phase of struggle involving a democratic, anti-imperialist and anti-monopoly coalition as the route to socialism;
* These different levels of detail and emphasis were also reflected in the respective parties 2015 electoral platforms;
* The CPC (M-L) in Quebec advocates a pro-independence position, while the CPC supports a new constitution including the right to separate for Quebec but is against independence under current conditions;
* The CPC (M-L) does not have an official position on either the Soviet Union or contemporary China while the CPC made a short analysis of both countries around 2001;
* The CPC (M-L) maintains an independent position and does not participate in any regular grouping or international while the CPC is a member of the [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties]];
* The CPC (M-L) does not have active campus groups, while the CPC has a handful of YCL clubs on campuses, mainly in Ontario and Quebec;
As a result, the CPC and CPC (M-L) are not moving towards forming a united party.<ref name="Hopper"/> The CPC has also cited lack of self-critical historical evaluation of the CPC (M-L)'s past (i.e., admitting to mistakes) and what it calls the political inconsistency of CPC (M-L) activists, as barriers to prioritizing any discussion about unity. Nevertheless, the two parties work together on a variety of issues including Cuba and Latin American solidarity and, for example, supported the CPC (M-L) leadership in Local 1005 of the Hamilton Steelworkers.
As of 2017, the MLPC and CPC (M-L) continue to strongly back their [[anti-revisionist]] ideology.
== Party leaders ==
* [[Hardial Bains]] (1970–1997)
* Sandra L. Smith (1998–2008), widow of Bains
* Anna Di Carlo (2008–present)
== Election results ==
In the 2015 federal election, the CPC (M-L) ran 70 candidates—44 more than the CPC. Its twelve-plank party platform called for rewriting the Canadian constitution, increasing social spending, repealing anti-terrorism legislation such as Bill C-51, withdrawal from free trade deals and military involvement abroad, establishing "nation-to-nation" relations with Aboriginal peoples, and government action on climate change.<ref name="mlpc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://mlpc.ca/2015/program-marxist-leninist-party-of-canada/|title=Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=April 11, 2016|archive-date=December 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222172200/http://mlpc.ca/2015/program-marxist-leninist-party-of-canada/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At public forums, some CPC (M-L) candidates have advocated voting Liberal or New Democratic Party to defeat the Conservative Party.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
The party has run candidates in Canadian federal elections since 1972. The number of candidates in any election has ranged from as few as 51 and as many as 177. Most of its candidates have run in the provinces of Ontario and [[Quebec]]. It was most prominent in the [[1979 Canadian federal election|1979 federal election]] and [[1980 Canadian federal election|1980 federal election]], running under the slogan "Make the rich pay."
Its slogan in the [[2004 Canadian federal election|2004 federal election]] was "Annexation no! Sovereignty yes!"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! Election
! Leader
! Candidates
! Seats won
! Votes
! %
|-
! [[1974 Canadian federal election|1974]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Hardial Bains]]
| {{Composition bar|104|264|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| '''16,261'''}}
| align="right" | '''0.17%'''
|-
! [[1979 Canadian federal election|1979]]
| text-align="right" | {{Composition bar|144|282|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 14,231}}
| {{center| {{decrease}} 0.12%}}
|-
! [[1980 Canadian federal election|1980]]
| text-align="right" | {{Composition bar|177|282|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 14,697}}
| {{center| {{increase}} 0.13%}}
|-
! [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993]]
| text-align="right" | {{Composition bar|51|295|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 5,202}}
| {{center| {{decrease}} 0.04%}}
|-
! [[1997 Canadian federal election|1997]]
| text-align="right" | {{Composition bar|65|301|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 11,468}}
| {{center| {{increase}} 0.09%}}
|-
! [[2000 Canadian federal election|2000]]
| rowspan="4" | Sandra L. Smith
| {{Composition bar|84|301|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 12,068}}
| {{center| {{steady}} 0.09%}}
|-
! [[2004 Canadian federal election|2004]]
| {{Composition bar|76|308|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 8,696}}
| {{center| {{decrease}} 0.06%}}
|-
! [[2006 Canadian federal election|2006]]
| {{Composition bar|69|308|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 8,980}}
| {{center| {{steady}} 0.06%}}
|-
! [[2008 Canadian federal election|2008]]
| {{Composition bar|59|308|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 8,565}}
| {{center| {{steady}} 0.06%}}
|-
! [[2011 Canadian federal election|2011]]
| rowspan="4" | Anna Di Carlo
| {{Composition bar|70|308|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 9,925}}
| {{center| {{increase}} 0.07%}}
|-
! [[2015 Canadian federal election|2015]]
| {{Composition bar|70|338|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 9,105}}
| {{center| {{decrease}} 0.05%}}
|-
! [[2019 Canadian federal election|2019]]
| {{Composition bar|50|338|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 4,124}}
| {{center| {{decrease}} 0.02%}}
|-
! [[2021 Canadian federal election|2021]]
| {{Composition bar|36|338|hex={{Canadian party colour|CA|Marxist-Leninist}}}}
| {{center| 0}}
| {{center| 4,532}}
| {{center| {{increase}} 0.03%}}
|}
;By-elections
* September 8, 1980: 0 elected
** Hamilton West: 30,960 total votes, 120 votes received (0.39%)
* February 13, 1995: 0 elected
** [[Ottawa—Vanier (federal electoral district)|Ottawa—Vanier]]: 19,843 total votes, 61 votes received (0.30%)
** [[Saint-Henri—Westmount]]: 16,697 total votes, 47 votes received (0.28%)
* September 14, 1998: 0 elected
** [[Sherbrooke (federal electoral district)|Sherbrooke]]: 36,446 total votes, 72 votes received (0.19%)
;Average number of votes per candidate
{{Graph:Chart
| width = 390
| height = 130
| xAxisTitle =
| yAxisTitle = Votes per candidate
| type = rect
| xAxisFormat = %
| x = 1974, 1979, 1980, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2021
| y = 156, 99, 83, 102, 176, 144, 114, 130, 145, 142, 130, 82, 126
| colors = #CD5C5C
| showValues = offset:4
}}
== 2015 election platform ==
The party announced its 2015 election platform on its website, which addressed four themes: Economy & Trade, Constitutional Reform, Foreign Policy, and [[Climate Change]]. The one-page document does not provide any financial information on how the program might be financed.<ref name="mlpc.ca"/>
'''Economy & trade'''
* State control of industry
* Economic growth powered by the manufacturing and natural resource sectors
* An end to subsidies and tax cuts for wealthy Canadians and private corporations
* Increased social spending on childcare, recreation, education, health care, seniors care, and pensions
* Cancellation of all free trade deals that allow foreign businesses and corporations to exploit Canada's national resources
'''National constitutional reform'''
* Rewrite the [[Canadian constitution]] to eliminate colonial, imperialist, and racist elements
* Guarantee the rights of non-citizens and refugees
* Guarantee freedom of conscience rights in the Constitution
* Repeal [[Anti-terrorism Act, 2015|Bill C-51]] and other surveillance and counter-terrorism legislation to guarantee civil rights
* Guarantee [[Quebec's right to self-determination]], including the right to separate
* Establish nation-to-nation relations with [[Canada's Aboriginal peoples]]
'''Foreign policy'''
* Immediate withdrawal from [[NATO]], [[NORAD]] and any other military interventions abroad, such as those in [[Operation Impact|Syria]] and [[Canada and the Iraq War|Iraq]]
* Using diplomacy to end the displacement of people from their home countries
* Strict respect for national sovereignty
* Provide humanitarian aid to refugees and those affected by natural disasters
'''Climate change'''
* Devolve responsibility for reducing harmful emissions such as greenhouse gases and pollution, as well as environmental destruction to the workers' organizations (unions, associations, cooperatives) in these industries
== See also ==
{{Portal|Canada|Politics}}
* [[Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)]]
* [[Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.mlpc.ca/}}
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/227/*/http://cpcml.ca/ Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist) — Canadian Political Parties and Political Interest Groups] — web archive created by The University of Toronto Libraries
{{Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)}}
{{Pro-Albanian communist parties}}
{{Canadian federal political parties}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party Of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)}}
[[Category:Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)| ]]
[[Category:Communist parties in Canada]]
[[Category:Far-left politics in Canada]]
[[Category:Federal political parties in Canada]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Montreal]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Canada]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1970]]