View source for Communist University of the Toilers of the East

{{Short description|University in Moscow, Russia (1921–c. 1939)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Expand Russian|date=June 2016|Коммунистический университет трудящихся Востока}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2010}}
{{about|the defunct Russian university|the television station in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], [[United States]]|KUTV|the television station in [[Kōchi Prefecture|Kōchi]], [[Japan]]|ja:テレビ高知{{!}}Television Kochi}}
The '''Communist University of the Toilers of the East''' ({{langx|ru|link=no|Коммунистический университет трудящихся Востока}}, KUTV; also known as the '''Far East University''') was a revolutionary training school for important [[Communism|communist]] political leaders. The school operated under the umbrella of the [[Communist International]] and was in existence from 1921 until the late 1930s. Part of the university was split into the [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]].
==History==
[[File:Mn roy2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[M. N. Roy]], Indian nationalist revolutionary]]
[[File:Ho Chi Minh 1946.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Ho Chi Minh]]]]
[[File:Deng Xiaoping.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Deng Xiaoping]]]]
[[File:Chiang Ching-kuo 1948.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Chiang Ching-kuo]], President of Taiwan, 1978–1988]]
The Communist University of the Toilers of the East (KUTV) was established in 1921 in Moscow by the [[Communist International]] (Comintern) as a technical college for communist cadres from the Soviet periphery, though it also matriculated students from the Arab world, Africa, and East and South Asia.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Sahadeo|first=Jeff|chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvfc53xb|title=Voices from the Soviet Edge|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1501738203|location=Ithaca|pages=15|chapter=Global, Soviet Cities|jstor=10.7591/j.ctvfc53xb}}</ref> The school officially opened on 21 October 1921. It performed a similar function to the [[International Lenin School]], which mainly accepted students from Europe and the Americas. It was headed in its initial years by [[Grigory Broydo]], later [[First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan]].<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dagkas|first1=Alexandros|last2=Kamaroudis|first2=Stavros|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331802279|title=Éducation et socialisme: Le compte rendu de la scission de l'Association pour l'enseignement, Athènes 1927|publisher=Épicentre|year=2019|isbn=|location=Athens|page=105}}</ref> The curriculum included both theoretical and practical matters, including Marxist theory, party organization and propaganda, law and administration, theory and tactics of [[proletarian revolution]], problems of socialist construction, and trade union organization.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}
From summer 1922, the KUTV had regional branches in [[Baku]] (in [[Azerbaijan]]), [[Irkutsk]] (in [[Siberia]], Russia), and [[Tashkent]] (in [[Uzbekistan]]). The University published ''Revolutionary East'' (Революционный Восток, ''Revoliutsionnyi Vostok''). Amongst those who taught there were [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Anatoly Lunacharsky]], [[Leonid Krasin]], [[Mikhail Pokrovsky]], [[Khalid Bakdash]], Igor Reisner, and [[Boris Shumyatsky]].
In 1928, the Japanese Foreign Ministry estimated that some 1,000 foreign students studied at KUTV, and that the 400 Chinese students comprised the largest group, followed by 350 ethnic minorities within the Soviet Union, and between 30 and 40 Japanese. The Soviet Union solicited working-class Japanese to study at the KUTV without the Japanese government's consent. The Japanese students studied under Sadaki Takahashi and Keizo Yamamoto, along with several Russian instructors. The Japanese students studied economics, the history of [[world revolution]], [[Leninism]], philosophy, labor union theory, and Japanese studies. [[Kyuichi Tokuda]], a member of the [[Japanese Communist Party]], was instrumental in recruiting and sending these Japanese workers to KUTV via [[Shanghai]] and [[Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Imperial Eclipse: Japan's Strategic Thinking about Continental Asia before August 1945|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialeclipsej00kosh|url-access= limited| publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|author=Koshiro, Yukiko|year=2013|page=[https://archive.org/details/imperialeclipsej00kosh/page/15 15]|isbn=9780801451805 }}</ref>
The KUTV published a journal entitled ''[[Revolutsionnyi vostok]]'' (Russian: ''Revolutionary East'') between 1927 and 1938.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Masha Kirasirova|title="Sons of Muslims" in Moscow: Soviet Central Asian Mediators to the Foreign East, 1955–1962|journal=[[Ab Imperio]]|date=January 2011|volume=2011|issue=4|page=110|doi=10.1353/imp.2011.0003|s2cid=162321580|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The University was closed in the late 1930s. A report from the University of Virginia notes:
{{Blockquote|text=KUTV came to an end during the [[Great Purge|Great Terror of 1937-38]], together with many Comintern institutions and cadres. A sizeable proportion of its faculty and Moscow-based alumni was arrested and even executed, dealing a major blow to Soviet expertise.<ref>{{cite web|last=Djagalov|first=Rossen|title=The Communist University for Toilers of the East (KUTV) |url=https://globalsouthstudies.as.virginia.edu/key-moments/communist-university-toilers-east-kutv|website=U. Virginia|publisher=U. Virginia|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>}}
==Notable alumni==
Prominent alumni of the KUTV include: <!---alphabetical list by surname--->
* [[Khertek Anchimaa-Toka]], chairperson of the [[Little Khural]] of [[Tannu-Tuva]]
* [[Khalid Bakdash]], secretary of the [[Syrian Communist Party]] from 1936 until 1995
* [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], President of the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (Taiwan), 1925 class
* [[Deng Xiaoping]], paramount leader of the People's Republic of China, 1925 class
* [[Crisanto Evangelista|Evangelista, Crisanto]], founder of the [[Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930]], class of 1928.
* [[Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev]], architect of Muslim national communism
* [[Hà Huy Tập]], third General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
* [[Harry Haywood]], leading African American member of the [[Communist Party USA]]
* Jane Golden, black American student who died during her time at KUTVA <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHc44CrYKccC&q=jane+golden+communist&pg=PA125|title=A Black Communist in the Freedom Struggle: The Life of Harry Haywood|isbn = 9780816679058|last=Haywood|first=Harry|year=2012}}</ref>
* [[Nâzım Hikmet]], Turkish poet
* [[Ho Chi Minh]], President of [[Vietnam]], 1923 class
* [[Hasan Israilov]], [[Chechen people|Chechen]] insurrectionist
* [[Sen Katayama]] of the American and Japanese Communist Parties
* [[Jomo Kenyatta]], the founding father and first head of state of the Republic of Kenya
* [[Lê Hồng Phong]], second General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
* [[Liu Shaoqi]], President of the People's Republic of China, 1921 class
* [[Magomet Mamakaev]], Chechen writer
* [[Tan Malaka]] of the Indonesian Communist Party
* [[Manabendra Nath Roy]], helped found the Communist Parties of [[Communist Party of Mexico|Mexico]] and [[Communist Party of India|India]]
* [[Muhammad Najati Sidqi]], writer, activist in the Palestinian independence movement, from 1925 to 1928
* [[Ja'far Pishevari]], founder and chairman of communist [[Azerbaijan People's Government]]
* [[Salchak Toka]], [[Tannu Tuva|Tuvan]] government official
* Sbulawelani Shwala, leader of the Young Communist League of South Africa and Revolutionary writer [[Republic of South Africa]]
* [[Trần Phú]], first General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]]
* [[Wang Fanxi]], prominent Chinese Trotskyist
* [[Yusuf Salman Yusuf]], secretary of the [[Iraqi Communist Party]] from 1941 to 1949
* [[Nikolaos Zachariadis]], General Secretary of [[Communist Party of Greece]] and chairman of Greek communist [[Provisional Democratic Government]], 1947 to 1949
==See also==
* [[Moscow Sun Yat-sen University]]
* [[Communist University of the National Minorities of the West]]
* [[List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)]]
* [[Chinese-Lenin School of Vladivostok]]
* [https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/13336624/sun-yat-sen-university-in-moscow-and-the-chinese-revolution-ku- "Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow and the Chinese Revolution: A Personal Account" by Yueh Sheng ]
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{in lang|ru}} [https://archive.today/20070930121919/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/063/468.htm Great Soviet Encyclopedia] entry
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1925/05/18.htm "The Political Tasks of the University of the Peoples of the East"] speech by [[Joseph Stalin]] (Marxists Internet Archive)
{{refend}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist University Of The Toilers Of The East}}
[[Category:Comintern]]
[[Category:Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1921]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Defunct universities and colleges in Russia]]
[[Category:Education in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Moscow]]