View source for Congoli

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{use Australian English|date=June 2020}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image              = FMIB 45716 Pseudaphritis urvillii.jpeg
| image_caption      = Waite, Edgar R. (1921) Illustrated Catalogue of the Fishes of South Australia. (Freshwater and Marine Image Bank).
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|author=Bice, C.|author2= Gilligan, D. |author3= Koehn, J. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2019 |title= ''Pseudaphritis urvillii'' |page= e.T122913501A123382361 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T122913501A123382361.en |access-date= 2 May 2024}}</ref>
| grandparent_authority = [[Allan Riverstone McCulloch|McCulloch]], 1929<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp | year = 2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268078514 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 001–230 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | access-date = 9 September 2021| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| parent_authority    = [[Francis de La Porte Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1872<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family | family = Pseudaphritidae | access-date = 14 September 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Pseudaphritis urvillii
| authority = ([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1832)
| display_parents = 3
| synonyms = * ''Aphritis urvillii'' <small>Valenciennes, 1832</small>
* ''Eleginus bursinus'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1830</small>
* ''Pseudaphritis bursinus'' <small>(Cuvier, 1830)</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = FishBase>{{FishBase|Pseudaphritis|urvilli|month=June|year=2021}}</ref>
}}
The '''congoli''' ('''''Pseudaphritis urvillii'''''), also known as the  '''freshwater flathead''', '''marble fish''', '''marbled flathead''', '''sand trout''', '''sanding''', '''sandy''', '''sandy whiting''' or '''tupong''',<ref name=foa>{{cite web | title=Pseudaphritis urvillii|website=Fishes of Australia | date=30 June 2020 | url=https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/403 | access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> is a species of marine [[ray-finned fish]]. It is the only species of fish in the [[Monotypy|monotypic]] [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Pseudaphritidae''' and the [[genus]] ''Pseudaphritis''.  It was initially classified as a member of the family [[Bovichtidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Last, PR|display-authors=etal|date=2002|title=Halaphritis platycephala (Notothenioidei: Bovichtidae): A New Genus and Species of Temperate Icefish from Southeastern Australia|journal=Copeia|volume=2002|issue=2|pages=433–440|doi=10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0433:hpnban]2.0.co;2}}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
The congoli was first formally [[Species description|described]] as ''Aphritis urvillii'' in 1832 by the French [[zoologist]] [[Achille Valenciennes]] but the name ''Aphritis'' was a junior [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of the [[Diptera]] genus ''[[Aphritis]]'' named by [[Pierre André Latreille]] in 1805. The genus ''Pseudaphritis'' was described by the French zoologist [[Francis de La Porte Castelnau]] in 1872.<ref name = CofF/> The family Pseudaphritidae was first named by the Australian [[ichthyologist]] [[Allan Riverstone McCulloch]] in 1929.<ref name = VDLEF/> The Pseudaphritidae are the sister family of the [[Bovichtidae]] and [[Eleginopidae]] and these are all sister to the rest of the families in the [[Notothenioidei]] which have been placed in the suggested [[Superfamily (biology)|superfamily]] [[Cryonotothenioidea]].<ref name = NGOD>{{cite journal | author1 = Thomas J. Near | author2 = Ava Ghezelayagh | author3 = F. Patricio Ojeda | author4 = Alex Dornburg | year = 2019 | title = Recent diversification in an ancient lineage of Notothenioid fishes (''Bovichtus'': Notothenioidei) | journal = Polar Biology | volume = 42 | issue = 5 | pages = 943–952 | doi = 10.1007/s00300-019-02489-1| s2cid = 85455434 }}</ref> Pseudaphritidae is one of two families of the suborder Notothenioidei with a primarily non-Antarctic distribution, the other being Bovichtidae.<ref>{{cite book | author = Eastman, Joseph | year = 1993 | chapter = Pseudaphritidae | title = Antarctic Fish Biology: Evolution in a Unique Environment | publisher = Academic Press Inc. San Diego, California | isbn = 978-0122281402}}</ref> The congoli is the only species in its genus and family.<ref name = FishBase/>
The genus name ''Pseudoaphritis'' is a compound of ''pseudo'' which means “false” and ''aphritis'', a name which dates back to [[Aristotle]], who used it for a type of [[anchovy]] or [[whitebait]]. Valenciennes originally used ''Aphritis'' as the name of the genus but this name was unavailable as [[Pierre Andre Latreille]] had used it for a [[Diptera|fly]] genus ''[[Aphritis]]'' in 1804. [[Lev Berg]] proposed a replacement name, ''Phricus'' but this was a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of Castelnau's earlier ''Pseudaphritis''. the specific name honours the explorer [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]], leader of the [[French Antarctic Expedition|Astrolabe expedition]] (1826- 1829), in the course of which [[Type (biology)|type]] was collected. [[Gerorges Cuvier]]'s ''Eleginus bursinus'' is a senior synonym of ''Pseudaphritis urvillii'' but has been disregarded due to the prevailing usage of ''P. urvillii''.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = https://etyfish.org/perciformes7/ | title = Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1= Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp |date = 12 April 2021 | access-date = 15 September 2021 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
The congolli is found in fresh, brackish  and marine waters around south-eastern Australia, including [[Tasmania]], and is [[endemic]] to Australia. It lives mostly in slow-moving waters of [[estuaries]], rivers and streams.<ref name=foa/> Water temperatures in its habitat range from {{convert|5 to 20|°C|F}}. This fish will inhabit areas with log snags, overhanging banks, and leaf litter.<ref name=foamore>{{cite web | title=Pseudaphritis urvillii | date=1 July 2020|website=fishes of Australia | url=https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/403#moreinfo | access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
Between late April and August, it migrates south to estuaries and sea to breed.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase| genus=Pseudaphritis|species=urvillii|month=January|year=2015}}</ref><ref name=atlas>{{cite web | title=Species: Pseudaphritis urvillii (Congolli) | website=Atlas of Living Australia | url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:f838e33f-0de7-4a4a-b7ba-cfd98a3b8222 | access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
In 2017, congolli were recorded in five rivers on [[Kangaroo Island]] in [[South Australia]] for the first time, thanks to a project conducted by [[Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources]] (DEWNR)  and carried out by a number of [[citizen science]] volunteers.<ref>{{cite web | title=Congolli (Pseudaphritis urvillii) discovered in five freshwater rivers across Kangaroo Island  | website=Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc. | date=6 December 2017 | url=http://mlssa.org.au/2017/12/06/27-congolli-have-been-discovered-in-five-freshwater-rivers-across-kangaroo-island-for-the-first-time/ | access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>
Tupongs have made a recovery in the [[Glenelg River (Victoria)|Glenelg River]] in south-western [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], after years of absence.<ref>{{cite web | last=Johnson | first=Sian | website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | title=Australian grayling found in Glenelg River after 'vanishing' a century ago | date=24 February 2021 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-24/grayling-fish-re-emerges-glenelg-river-century-after-vanishing/13182958 | access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
==Description==
The congolli is a slender, mottled fish, with a silvery-white underside. Its head is slightly flattened, with eyes positioned towards the top and the snout is pointed. It has two separate [[dorsal fin]]s.<ref name=foa/> The colour varies according to where it lives: it may be bluish, purplish or reddish-brown, marbled with greenish-brown above, and a yellowish white to silvery colour below. Juvenile fish have black saddles on their dorsal surfaces.<ref name=foamore/>
The largest adult measured is about {{convert|36|cm|in}} long. Usually, adults grow up to {{convert|17|cm|in}} long.<ref name=fishbase/>
==Diet==
The congolli is a carnivorous ambush [[predator]], and feeds on insects (especially in freshwater), fish, [[crustacean]]s (especially in estuaries), worms, [[molluscs]], and other [[invertebrate]]s.<ref name=foamore/><ref name=fishbase/><ref name=atlas/>
==Behaviour==
The congolli is an ambush predator that usually buries itself in the substrate.<ref name="fishbase" />
==Reproduction==
Congolli are [[catadromous]] – they live in freshwater habitats as adults, and migrate downstream to estuaries to spawn.<ref name=foamore/> Adults migrate south to estuaries reproduce between late April and August.<ref name="fishbase" /><ref name=atlas/> The larvae are carried out to sea, and slowly move upstream as they grow; the larger adults live furthest upstream.<ref name=foamore/>
==Importance to humans==
[[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal peoples]] living in the area used to eat Congolli, and the flesh is today considered "excellent eating". However the fish are rarely large enough and no longer important in commercial fishing, although once a minor part of [[lower Murray]] fisheries.<ref name=foamore/>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book|url=https://www.mdba.gov.au/sites/default/files/archived/mdbc-NFS-reports/2202_factsheet_native_congolli.pdf|title=Fishes of the Murray-Darling Basin: An introductory guide|last=Lintermans| first=M. |chapter=Native species: Congolli (tupong, Sandy)|date=2007|series=MDBC Publication No. 10/07|isbn =978-1-921257-20-9|publisher=Murray-Darling Basin Commission 2007|pages=94–95}}
*{{cite web | title=How native congolli fish have been given a lifeline in South Australia | website=Department for Environment and Water|publisher=Government of South Australia | date=26 March 2020 | url=https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/goodliving/posts/2020/03/lower-lakes-congolli }}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q2491398|from2=Q1532194|from3=Q3409560}}
[[Category:Notothenioidei]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1832]]