View source for Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City

{{Short description|Police and security force of Vatican City}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname        = Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State
| nativename        = {{nativename|it|Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano}}
| logo              = Flag of the Vatican City (2023–present).svg
| motto             = Fides et Virtus
| mottotranslated   = Faith and courage
| formedyear        = 1816
| budget            =
| country           = Vatican City State
| governingbody     = [[Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State|Governorate of the Vatican City State]]
| national          = Yes
| sizearea          = {{cvt|0.49<ref name=agostini1945>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZpJXsBX_6uUC&q=vaticano De Agostini Atlas Calendar], 1945–46, p. 128. {{in lang|it}}</ref>|sqkm}}
| sizepopulation    = 836 (2012)
| police            = yes
| gendarmerie       = yes
| headquarters      = via del Pellegrino, <br> [[Vatican City]]
| sworn             = 122 (in 2022)
| chief1name        = [[Gianluca Gauzzi Broccoletti]]
| chief1position    = [[Inspector General]]
| anniversary1      = 29 September
| website           = {{URL|1=https://www.vaticanstate.va/it/servizi/direzione-dei-servizi-di-sicurezza-e-protezione-civile/corpo-della-gendarmeria.html|2=Corpo della Gendarmeria}}
}}
The '''Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State''' ({{langx|it|Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano}}; {{langx|la|Corpus Gendarmeriae Urbis Vaticanae}}) is the [[gendarmerie]], or [[military police]] and [[security force]], of [[Vatican City]], [[Holy See]] and [[extraterritorial properties of the Holy See|its extraterritorial properties]]. It was founded in 1816 as Corps of Gendarmes by [[Pope Pius VII]], renamed the Central Security Office in 1970, the Security Corps in 1991, and was restored to its original name in 2002.<ref>{{cite web | quote=Il personale del Corpo garantisce la sicurezza e l'ordine pubblico anche nelle zone extraterritoriali di proprietà della Santa Sede. |url= http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/it/servizi/direzione-dei-servizi-di-sicurezza-e-protezione-civile/corpo-della-gendarmeria.html|title=Corpo della Gendarmeria|publisher=Stato della Città del Vaticano|language=it|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>
The corps numbered 130 in 2017. It is led by [[Inspector General]] [[Gianluca Gauzzi Broccoletti]], who has served on the Vatican gendarmerie since 1995 and who was made deputy leader in 2018. He was appointed by [[Pope Francis]] on 15 October 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-10/pope-francis-appoints-broccoletti-commander-vatican-gendarmerie.html | access-date = 17 October 2019 | date= 15 October 2019| title= Pope appoints new Commander of the Vatican Gendarmerie}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Képi gendarmerie pontificale.jpg|thumb|right|The headdress for the Gendarmerie is a Kepi cap (similar to this French example). The current Gendarmerie one has the Vatican City State badge.]]
In 1816, after the dissolution of the [[Napoleon]]ic empire, [[Pope Pius VII]] founded the Papal Carabinieri Corps for the service of the [[Papal States]].
In 1849, under [[Pope Pius IX]], it was renamed, first as the Papal Velites Regiment, and then as the Papal Gendarmerie Corps. It was charged with ensuring public security and passed from dependence on the Ministry of the Army to dependence on the [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. It took an active part in the battles that finally led to the complete conquest of the [[Papal States]] by the victorious [[Kingdom of Italy]].
After the [[capture of Rome]] in 1870, a small group of officers of the Corps continued to serve in the papal residence and the gardens.
In 1929, the force was expanded to deal with its duties in the newly founded [[Vatican City State]] and in the buildings and other areas over which the [[Holy See]] had extraterritorial rights.
When in 1970 [[Pope Paul VI]] abolished all the military bodies in Papal service except the [[Pontifical Swiss Guard|Swiss Guard]]s, the Gendarmerie was transformed into a Central Security Office, with the duties of protecting the Pope, defending Vatican City, and providing police and security services within its territory.
Its name was changed in 1991 to Security Corps of Vatican City State and in 2002 to Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State.<ref name=gendarmes>{{cite web|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/it/servizi/direzione-dei-servizi-di-sicurezza-e-protezione-civile/corpo-della-gendarmeria.html|title=Corpo della Gendarmeria|publisher=Stato della Città del Vaticano|access-date=2016-08-30|language=it}}</ref>
[[File:Citta del Vaticano.svg|thumb|Map of Vatican City, the barracks of the Gendarmerie is shown top-right]]
== Organization ==
[[File:Gendarmerie Vatican City July 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Vatican gendarme standing guard]]
The corps is responsible for security, [[public order]], [[border control]], [[road traffic control|traffic control]], [[criminal procedure|criminal investigation]], and other general police duties in Vatican City.
The Vatican Gendarmerie includes two special units, the Rapid Intervention Group ({{lang|it|Gruppo Intervento Rapido}}; G.I.R.) and an Anti-Sabotage Unit ({{lang|it|Unità Antisabotaggio}}).<ref name=gendarmes/> Since 2000 an [[Control room|operations and control room]], staffed 24 hours a day, coordinates the response of the Vatican security services in the case of an emergency.<ref name="Interpol">{{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Europe/Vatican-City-State|title=Vatican City State – Vatican City State Gendarmerie|publisher=[[INTERPOL]]|access-date=2016-08-30|archive-date=2016-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408152039/http://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Europe/Vatican-City-State|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Interpol National Central Bureau for Vatican City, tasked with collecting and sharing relevant information on crime and security with [[Interpol]], an organisation of which Vatican City is a full member since 2008, is also part of the Vatican Gendarmerie.<ref name=Interpol/>
While the protection of the Pope's person is primarily the [[Swiss Guard]]'s responsibility, the gendarmes ensure public order at the audiences, meetings and ceremonies at which he is present. In Italian territory and other countries, this is done in liaison with the [[Law enforcement in Italy|local police authorities]].<ref name=gendarmes/>
In 2015, the Gendarmerie made eight arrests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2017/10/vatican-city-pd-gendarmes-continue-centuries-old-military-tradition/|title = Vatican City PD: Gendarmes continue centuries-old military tradition|date = 26 October 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Vatican police officers Saint Peter&#039;s square 20141004.jpg|thumb|Vatican police officers Saint Peter's square, in short sleeved every-day uniform (October 2014)]]
===Numbers===
There are a number of different roles within the Gendarmerie. Ranks are shown in the structure below.
Some members of the Gendarmerie are officers, some are gendarmes.
*99 officers;
* three department heads
* eight police chiefs
* 16 police commissioners
* 32 inspectors
* 40 vice-inspectors
* 94 gendarmes.<ref name="Vatican-gb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.force-publique.net/sources/Annuaire/Vatican-gb.html|title=Vatican-gb|access-date=2021-10-28|archive-date=2022-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817225356/https://www.force-publique.net/sources/Annuaire/Vatican-gb.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Gendarmes ==
To qualify for enrollment as a gendarme, a person must be an unmarried male, between the ages of 21 and 24, of good health and a practising Catholic. There are also minimum requirements of height and education—standing at least {{Convert|5|ft|8|in|abbr=on}}, and being a high school graduate.
Military service is not a requirement, but is advantageous (in Italy there are two national military police forces in addition to civilian police forces).<ref>{{cite news | work= Crux | access-date = 17 October 2019 | url = https://cruxnow.com/church/2015/03/02/vatican-security-chief-says-isis-threat-to-pope-is-real/ | date=2 March 2015 | title = Vatican security chief says ISIS threat to pope is real| first = Inés | last = San Martín}}</ref>
The Gendarmerie's patron saint is [[Michael (archangel)|Saint Michael the Archangel]].<ref name=gendarmes/> Since 1977, the [[oratory (worship)|oratory]] of [[San Pellegrino in Vaticano]] serves as the chapel of the Gendarmerie. The church previously served as the chapel of the [[Pontifical Swiss Guard]].{{Cn|date=July 2021}}
== Band ==
The Band of the Gendarmerie ({{Langx|it|Banda musicale del Corpo della Gendarmeria}}) is a uniformed band of musicians that serves at Gendarmerie events and also serves as the official [[marching band]] of Vatican City.
In October 2007, the band is the heir to the Papal Gendarmerie band founded in 1851 and in turn descended from the musical formations of the body of the Pontifical Velites. The band is made up of about 100 musicians and volunteers coming from the Italian military bands such as the [[Italian Army Music Band]] and the [[Italian Carabinieri Bands|National Carabinieri Band]].{{Cn|date=July 2021}}
== Training and operations ==
The Gendarmerie are responsible for policing the whole of [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]] (however the Italian [[Polizia di Stato]] and sometimes Italian [[Carabinieri]] patrol St. Peter's Square) and one of the two that provide security for the [[Pope]] within the Vatican along with [[Swiss Guard|Swiss Guards]], as well as during the Pope's international travels accompanied by the country's local protection agencies and law enforcement.
20 of the 138 Vatican officers have received special training for anti-terrorist actions. Some of these officers accompany the Pope during his international travels for security.
The Vatican has an operational centre "of high technological level", and thousands of surveillance cameras, as well as in extraterritorial Vatican properties.
== Rapid Intervention Group (GIR) ==
The Gendarmerie has a Rapid Intervention Group (''Gruppo di Intervento Rapido''; GIR, ''Celeris Interventio Cohors''; CIC), a [[police tactical unit]] trained for various situations to respond to threats more effectively:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Addestramento congiunto con il GIR - Esercito Italiano |url=http://www.esercito.difesa.it/comunicazione/pagine/vaticano_add_180619.aspx |access-date=Jul 1, 2020 |website=www.esercito.difesa.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Jun 18, 2018 |title=La Gendarmeria Vaticana si dota dei taser? Speriamo che non sia vero |url=http://www.farodiroma.it/la-gendarmeria-vaticana-si-dota-dei-taser-speriamo-che-non-sia-vero/ |access-date=Jul 1, 2020}}</ref>
*shooting procedures
*combat in a restricted environment
*anti-sabotage
*breaching
== Other security services in the Vatican ==
The Commandant of the Gendarmerie Corps is the head of the Directorate of Security and Civil Protection Services, which also oversees the [[Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State|Vatican fire brigade]].<ref name=gendarmes/>
Security in Vatican City is also provided by the [[Pontifical Swiss Guard]], a [[military unit]] of the [[Holy See]], not Vatican City State. The Swiss Guard are responsible for the security of the Pope, dignitaries and all papal buildings. The Swiss Guard have maintained a centuries-long tradition of carrying swords and spears, unlike the Gendarmerie Corps.{{Cn|date=July 2021}}
== Relationship with Italy ==
As Vatican City State is a country within another country and due to the nature of the policing duties of the Gendarmerie, the Vatican Government and Gendarmerie maintain strong links with the [[Law enforcement in Italy|Italian police and authorities]]. Sometimes, they will visibly assist each other in times of crisis, such as the earthquake in 2016, when the Pope reportedly sent some gendarmes to assist in the rescue but also keeping law and order. The gendarmes sent were in their uniform and carrying their firearms, as it was reported that there were [[Looting|looters]] in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/aiuti-e-carit-papa-manda-i-suoi-soldati-1299754.html|title=Aiuti e carità: il Papa manda i suoi soldati|first=Fabio Marchese|last=Ragona|date=Aug 27, 2016|website=ilGiornale.it|access-date=Jul 1, 2020}}</ref> Members of the [[Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State|Vatican Fire Brigade]] and [[Swiss Guard|Pontifical Swiss Guard]] were also sent to help.
Likewise, the Italian Arma dei [[Carabinieri]] (Italian state military police) and [[Polizia di Stato]] (Italian national civil state police) are seen in and around St. Peter's Square (Vatican territory) policing the crowds and carrying out protective duties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/boss-19/35213100953/|title=Carabinieri Mitsubishi I-Miev & Polizia Stradale Alfa Romeo Sportswagon Q4|date=Apr 25, 2017|access-date=Jul 1, 2020|via=Flickr}}</ref>
== Equipment and vehicles ==
===Weaponry===
The Gendarmerie is equipped with weapons to protect Vatican City State and the Pope.
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:center; background:#acc;"|Weapon
! style="text-align: center; background:#acc;"|Origin
! style="text-align:l center; background:#acc;"|Type
|-
| [[Glock 17]]
| {{flag|Austria}}
| Standard issue sidearm <ref name="Vatican-gb"/>
|-
| [[Beretta M12]]
| {{flag|Italy}}
| In use<ref name="Vatican-gb"/>
|-
| [[Heckler & Koch MP5]]
| {{flag|Germany}}
| In use<ref name="Vatican-gb"/>
|-
| [[Carbon 15]]
| {{flag|USA}}
| Used by the Rapid Intervention Group (GIR)
|-
| [[Heckler & Koch FABARM FP6]]
| {{flag|Germany}}
| Used by the Rapid Intervention Group (GIR)
|-
|}
===Vehicles===
In 2010, [[Ducati]] presented two police motorbikes to the Gendarmeria, designed in the white and yellow colors of the Vatican.<ref>{{cite news|work= La Repubblica |language=it | access-date = 17 October 2019 | date= 15 September 2010 | title =Due Ducati per il Papa| url = https://www.repubblica.it/motori/motori/2010/09/15/foto/due_ducati_per_il_papa-7102374/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.motorcyclistonline.com/two-ducati-multistradas-presented-for-popes-motorcade/ | access-date = 17 October 2019 | title = Two Ducati Multistradas presented for the Pope's motorcade| date = 20 September 2010 | work = Motorcyclist}}</ref>
In September 2012, the Gendarmerie was equipped with one [[Renault Kangoo#Kangoo Maxi ZE|Kangoo Maxi ZE]] electric car.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en.html|title=News from the Vatican - News about the Church - Vatican News|website=www.vaticannews.va|access-date=Jul 1, 2020}}</ref>
Later, in 2012 the donations of a [[Fiat Bravo]] and a [[Renault Kangoo]] led to the debut of a blue livery with a white-gold band, initially with the words "Gendarmeria Vaticana" then simply changed to "Gendarmeria".
[[File:Vaticano - Smart elettrica Gendarmeria 20231230.jpg|thumb|[[Smart electric drive]]]]
[[File:Renault Kangoo Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano.JPG|thumb|A Gendarmerie car in the [[Vatican Gardens]] ]]
*Ducati motorbikes (marked) (2) (SCV064 and SCV065)
*Harley-Davidson Road King motorbikes (marked) (2)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motoblog.it/post/156203/festa-harley-davidson-a-roma-due-road-king-police-donate-al-papa-in-beneficienza|title=Festa Harley-Davidson a Roma: due Road King Police donate al Papa in beneficienza|date=Jun 18, 2013|website=Motoblog.it|access-date=Jul 1, 2020}}</ref> (SCV0176 and SCV0177)
*Four-person buggy
*[[Volkswagen Up|Volkswagen E-up!]] electric cars (marked) (2)<ref>{{cite tweet|number=846659163178586114|user=volkswagen|title=Electrifying: #VW Italia has...|date=28 March 2017}}</ref>
*Fiat Bravo (marked) (1)
*Smart ForTwo (marked) (2) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.06blog.it/post/12151/la-gendarmeria-ecosostenibile-del-vaticano|title=La gendarmeria ecosostenibile del Vaticano|date=Oct 23, 2011|website=06blog.it|access-date=Jul 1, 2020|archive-date=August 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820153124/https://www.06blog.it/post/12151/la-gendarmeria-ecosostenibile-del-vaticano|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Renault Kangoo]] Maxi ZE electric car (marked) (1)
*[[VW Passat]] cars for escort work (unmarked) (2)<ref name=mt>{{cite news | date= 29 May 2012 | title = Gendarmeria Vaticana | first = Matteo | last = Tamburrino| language= it | url   =https://issuu.com/tambetti/docs/tnm_10/59 | work = Tactical News Magazine | via= Issu.com }}</ref>
*[[Fiat Ducato]] van (control/communications unit) (1)<ref name=mt/>
*[[Iveco Daily]] Anti-sabotage unit van and trailer (1)<ref name=mt/>[[File:Fiat Bravo Gendarmeria Vaticana.png|thumb|Fiat Bravo Gendarmerie vehicle]]
*[[Mercedes-Benz G-class]] open-top pickup (GIR) (1)<ref name=mt/>
All of these vehicles are registered in Vatican City State with 'SCV' preceding the numbers on all vehicle registration plates (the Pope's vehicles wear 'SCV1').
The vehicles are equipped with blue [[emergency vehicle lighting]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/E-c-T0a4cRg Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307002431/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-c-T0a4cRg Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E-c-T0a4cRg| title = Vatican police show off new hardware on feast day | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
===Other equipment===
Radios are carried and used with earpieces and microphones on duty.
Against possible riots, they are supplied with batons, tasers,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalist.it/world/2018/06/18/taser-alla-gendarmeria-vaticana-aumenta-l-allerta-attorno-al-papa-2026445.html|title=Taser alla gendarmeria vaticana: aumenta l'allerta attorno al Papa|website=Globalist|date=18 June 2018 |access-date=Jul 1, 2020}}</ref> pepper sprays<ref name="Vatican-gb"/> and tear gas.
Swords are carried for ceremonial duties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/Stock-Images/Rights-Managed/MDO-04513907|title=The book launch of La Gendarmeria Vaticana. Dalle origini ai giorni nostri by Sandro...|website=agefotostock|access-date=Jul 1, 2020}}</ref>
==Uniforms==
Before 1970, the 180 Pontifical Gendarmes wore elaborate ceremonial uniforms of 19th-century origin. These included [[bearskin]] headdresses with red plumes, black [[coatee]]s with white-fringed [[epaulette]]s, white doeskin breeches and knee-high riding boots. In service dress [[bicorne]]s and blue trousers were substituted.<ref>D'Ami, Rinaldo (1970). ''World Uniforms in Colour'', Volume 1 - The European Nations, p. 12. Patrick Stephens Ltd. London, SBN 85059 031 0.</ref>
The present-day Vatican City gendarmes wear dark blue modern police uniforms. There are different orders of dress for different occasions and seasons (as well as weather). However, rank, insignia and decorations do not differ between uniforms.
'''Everyday dress'''
*Blue kepi (cap) with cap badge
*White shirt
*Black tie
*Blue tunic with four pockets or long black jacket or short black bomber jacket
*Pocket badge
*Blue trousers with a black stripe down the side
*Black boots.
[[File:Gendarme Vatican City 20141005 113826.jpg|thumb|Gendarme showing the everyday uniform (tunic configuration). Notice the Italian-style pistol holster, worn on the left for cross-draw purposes]]
'''Dress-down uniform'''
*(worn when the above is impractical/unsuitable)
*Light blue polo shirt
*Dark blue trousers
*V-neck jumper
*Jacket
*Baseball cap
*Black boots/shoes
'''Special/practical duties'''
*Dark blue shirt-jacket
*Dark blue cargo trousers
*Helmet
*Square baseball cap
*Beret
*Black boots
'''Plain clothes'''
*A dark suit may be worn when gendarmes carry out close protection duties (e.g. assisting the Swiss Guard with protecting the Pope)
'''Ceremonial dress'''
*Blue kepi (cap) with cap badge
*White shirt
*Black tie
*Blue tunic with four pockets
*Pocket badge
*Blue trousers with a black stripe down the side
*Dark blue cape with clasp (wintertime)
*Black waist belts with belt badge over tunic (with or without closed pistol holster or sword)
*Officers wear gold and yellow shoulder sash
*White gloves
*Medals are worn on the left breast (if any)
*Black boots
==Ranks==
The ranks of the Corps of Gendarmerie was adopted in 2002 with the renaming of the Security Corps.<ref name=Corpo>[http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/sp_ss_scv/informazione_generale/gendarmeria_it.html "Sostituzione della denominazione Corpo di Vigilanza dello Stato della Città del Vaticano in   Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano." ''Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano''.] Retrieved 2020-03-29.</ref><ref name=Gradi>[http://www.iagiforum.info/viewtopic.php?t=8515 "Diretto da un Ispettore Generale, coadiuvato da un Vice ispettore vicario e da un vice ispettore, era formato da cento uomini ripartiti nei gradi di : agente, agente scelto, vice assistente, assistente, vice sovrastante, sovrastante e sovrastante maggiore, oltre che dai dirigenti gia menzionati. Queste sono le qualifiche gerarchiche che sono in vigore tutt'ora." ''Corpi Armati Pontifici''.] Retrieved 2020-03-29.</ref> {{failed verification||date=August 2021}}
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
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{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Vatican Gendarmerie}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Vatican Security Corps}}
|}
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Vatican Gendarmerie}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Vatican Security Corps}}
|}
==Commanders==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2021}}
* [[Arcangelo De Mandato]] (1922-1942)
* [[Adolfo Soleti]] (1942-1944)
* [[Mario Pericoli]] (1944-1958)
* [[Francesco Saverio Bernado]] (1959-1961)
* [[Spartaco Angelini]] (1961-1971)
* [[Camillo Cibin]] (1 August 1972 – 2 June 2006 )
* [[Domenico Giani]] (3 June 2006 – 14 October 2019 )
* [[Gianluca Gauzzi Broccoletti]] (15 October 2019 – present)
==See also==
* [[Crime in Vatican City]]
* [[Index of Vatican City-related articles]]
* [[Swiss Guards]]
* [[Papal Army]]
* [[Military of Vatican City]]
* [[Noble Guard (Vatican)]]
* [[Palatine Guard]]
* [[Pontifical Swiss Guard]]
* [[Papal Zouaves]]
* [[Corsican Guard]]
* [[Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Gendarmerie (Vatican City)}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/corpo-della-gendarmeria.html}}
{{Vatican City topics}}
{{Europe topic|Law enforcement in}}
{{Border protection agencies}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Gendarmerie|Vatican City]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Vatican City]]
[[Category:1816 establishments in the Papal States]]
[[Category:Religion and politics]]