View source for Crimes involving radioactive substances

{{short description|Illicit acts involving radioactive material}}
[[File:Radiation warning symbol.svg|thumb|right|The radiation warning symbol (''[[trefoil]]'')]]
This is a list of criminal (or arguably, allegedly, or potentially criminal) acts intentionally involving [[radioactive]] substances. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that anyone involved was guilty of a crime. For accidents or crimes that involved radioactive substances unbeknownst to those involved, see the [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents]].
==Murder and attempted murder==
<!--https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/10/10/pregnant-nih-scientist-calls-radiation-poisoning-deliberate/f0089c13-9579-4ffd-8821-47b160111634/--> <!--bare URL for possible new section-->
===The Karlsruhe plutonium affair===
Johannes M. was convicted of attempting to poison his ex-wife in 2001 with [[plutonium]] stolen from WAK (Wiederaufbereitungsanlage [[Karlsruhe]]), a small scale reprocessing plant where he worked. He did not steal a large amount of plutonium, only rags used for wiping surfaces and a small amount of liquid waste.<ref>{{cite web
|title= Welcome
|publisher= World Information Service on Energy
|url= http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html
|accessdate= 2006-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title= Germany: Plutonium soup as a murder weapon?
|date= October 5, 2001
|publisher= World Information Service on Energy
|url= http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/index.html?http://www10.antenna.nl/wise/555/5321.html
|accessdate= 2006-12-05}}</ref> At least two people (besides the criminal) were contaminated by the plutonium.<ref>{{cite news
|edition= English
|title= Radiation Victim Demands Compensatory Damages
|date= 24 February 2005
|newspaper= German News
|url= http://www.germnews.de/archive/dn/2005/02/24.html#16
|accessdate= 2006-12-05
|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070624125950/http://www.germnews.de/archive/dn/2005/02/24.html
|archivedate= 2007-06-24}}</ref> Two flats in [[Landau]] in the [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] were contaminated, and had to be cleaned at a cost of two million [[euro]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Clean-up of a GIGA-BQ-PU contamination of two apartments |publisher=Hagen Hoefer |url=http://ean.cepn.asso.fr/pdf/program7/Session%20C/C2_HOEFE.pdf |accessdate=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105035029/http://www.ean.cepn.asso.fr/pdf/program7/Session%20C/C2_HOEFE.pdf |archivedate=January 5, 2005}}</ref> Photographs of the case and details of other nuclear crimes have been presented by a worker at the [[Institute for Transuranium Elements]].<ref>{{cite web
|first=Ian
|last=Ray
|title= Nuclear Forensic Science and Illicit Trafficking
|date=
|publisher= [[Institute for Transuranium Elements]]
|location= [[Karlsruhe]] (Germany)
|url= http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int/more_information/infodays/200210_speech/ray.pdf
|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060725122013/http://www.jrc.cec.eu.int/more_information/infodays/200210_speech/ray.pdf
|archivedate= 2006-07-25
|accessdate= 2006-12-05}}</ref>
===The Litvinenko assassination===
{{Main|Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko}}
[[Alexander Litvinenko]] died from [[polonium-210]] poisoning in London in 2006. British officials said investigators had concluded the murder of Litvinenko was "a 'state-sponsored' assassination orchestrated by Russian security services."<ref name="abc">{{cite web
|title= Murder in a Teapot
|publisher= "The Blotter" on ABCNews.com
|date= 26 January 2007
|url= http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/01/it_was_in_the_t.html
|accessdate= 26 January 2006}}</ref> On 20 January 2007 British police announced that they had "identified the man they believe poisoned Alexander Litvinenko," [[Andrei Lugovoi]].<ref>{{cite news
|title= Police match image of Litvinenko's real assassin with his death-bed description
|publisher= Times Online
|date= 20 January 2007
|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2556377,00.html
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080821221510/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2556377,00.html
|url-status= dead
|archive-date= August 21, 2008
|accessdate= 22 January 2006
|location=London
|first1=Daniel
|last1=McGrory
|first2=Tony
|last2=Halpin}}</ref>
On 21 September 2012, a story was posted in various UK newspapers suggesting the existence of an ongoing cover-up by the British Government over the material facts of the case.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
The report suggests that many aspects of the case may "never see the light of day" due to the significant risk to UK/Russian relations and the implications of the declaration that an act of nuclear terrorism took place on British soil.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
===Roman Tsepov homicide===
[[Roman Tsepov]], a politically influential Russian who provided security to [[Vladimir Putin]] and others, fell sick on 11 September 2004 after a trip to Moscow, and died on 24 September. A [[autopsy|postmortem]] investigation found a poisoning by an unspecified [[radioactive material]]. He had symptoms similar to [[Aleksandr Litvinenko]].<ref name=timesonline>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080111095224/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2484298,00.html The Putin bodyguard riddle], [[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]], December 3, 2006</ref><ref name=Polonium>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newspb.org/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=561 |title=Полоний и три Владимира |access-date=2012-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928194759/http://www.newspb.org/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=561 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Svoboda>{{Cite web |url=http://www.svobodanews.ru/articlete.aspx?exactdate=20070112175720537 |title=Расследование отравления радиоактивным изотопом Романа Цепова, бывшего телохранителя Анатолия Собчака и Владимира Путина |access-date=2012-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930170902/http://www.svobodanews.ru/articlete.aspx?exactdate=20070112175720537 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Zheleznodorozhny criminal radiological act===
An unnamed truck driver was killed by five months of radiation exposure to a {{convert|1.3|Ci|GBq}} [[caesium-137]] source (about 15 mg){{NoteTag|1=(1.3 Ci)/(3.215 TBq/g) = 15 mg (where 3.215 TBq/g is the [[Activity (radioactivity)|activity]] of Cs-137)}} that had been put into the door of his truck around February 1995. He died of radiation-induced leukemia on 27 April 1997.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1995RUS3.html
|title= Zheleznodorozhny criminal radiological act, 1995
|author= Wm. Robert Johnston
|date= 24 September 2007
|accessdate= 2 June 2012
}}</ref>
===Vladimir Kaplun radiation homicide===
In 1993, director of the Kartontara packing company Vladimir Kaplun was killed by radioactive material ([[cobalt-60]] and/or cesium-137) placed in his chair. He died of [[radiation sickness]] after a month of hospitalization. The source of the radiation was found after his death.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1993RUS1.html
|title= Moscow radiological homicide, 1993
|author= Wm. Robert Johnston
|date= 22 September 2007
|accessdate= 2 June 2012
}}</ref>
===Karen Silkwood poisoning allegations===
On November 5, 1974, [[Kerr-McGee]] worker and [[labor union]] activist [[Karen Silkwood]] found herself exposed to [[plutonium-239]] after working to grind and polish plutonium pellets by way of a glovebox to be used in nuclear fuel rods at the [[Cimarron Fuel Fabrication Site]] in [[Oklahoma]]. Inspection of the gloves would yield no evidence of external leakage of radioactive contaminant from the glovebox, despite the fact that plutonium had been found on those surfaces of the gloves that had contact with Silkwood's hands, and no other source for a plutonium leak could be ascertained despite thorough inspections of the air vents and surrounding surfaces. However, on November 6, despite Silkwood's prior decontamination and self-inspection, a detection on her part the next day yielded more signs of alpha activity on her hands, while health physics staff at the plant subsequently detected further alpha activity on her right forearm, neck and face. On November 7, Silkwood tested positive for very significant levels of alpha activity, and an inspection of her apartment showed high levels of [[radioactive contamination]]. Thereafter, Silkwood and two other co-workers personally associated with her (roommate Sherri Ellis and boyfriend Drew Stephens) would be tested at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; while the latter two only tested positive for insignificant amounts of plutonium exposure, Silkwood was found to have {{convert|6-7|nCi|Bq|lk=on}} of plutonium-239 in her lungs, though researcher Dr. George Voelz insisted that this amount was still negligible and non-harmful. Later posthumous measurements taken after Silkwood's death under separate but likewise controversial circumstances were shown to be roughly consistent with the initial findings described by Dr. Voelz, but also indicated that she had somehow ingested plutonium prior to her demise. It would also be found that Karen Silkwood would not have had access to plutonium-239 for months after her transfer from metallography to rod assembly.
Allegations that Silkwood's exposure to plutonium-239 was a deliberate act of radiation poisoning are fueled by the fact that she was in possession of potentially compromising evidence that linked Kerr-McGee with egregious safety violations, encompassing unsafe workplace conditions at the plant, faulty manufacture of fuel rod components that posed a potential public safety risk, and even substantial missing plutonium supplies that were unaccounted for; Silkwood also contended that she had evidence that photographs containing evidence of hairline cracks in the fuel rods may have been doctored by company personnel as a cover-up. As Silkwood was coordinating with fellow union members and had been ''en route'' to meet a journalist to present and discuss evidence she had found of Kerr-McGee's actions at the time of her death, unverified assertions that Kerr-McGee or other associated parties may have been involved in her radiation exposure and later fatal car accident have circulated in the following period.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/forensics/karen-silkwood/martyrdom.html
|title= The Life and Mysterious Death of Karen Silkwood
|author= Tricia Romano
|accessdate= 8 October 2013
|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606130123/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/criminal_mind/forensics/karen-silkwood/martyrdom.html
|archivedate= 6 June 2011
}}</ref>
===1972 Texas radiological assault===
After a 1971 divorce involving limited visitation rights, a Texas man, Kerry Andrus Crocker,<ref name="Justia">{{cite web |title=Crocker vs. State |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/texas/court-of-criminal-appeals/1978/54261-3.html |website=Justia |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref> deliberately exposed his 11-year old son to radiological material with the intent to harm. The father, in his role as a petroleum engineer, had access to the cesium-137, as it was used by his company in the oil and gas well industry. On several occasions, the father placed radioactive capsules of [[cesium-137]] on the child's skin while he slept; another time he gave his son headphones to wear that contained the radioactive capsules. The boy developed skin rashes, blisters and lesions from these exposures. The boy also experienced hair loss and radiation-induced castration. This resulted in the child requiring 16 operations, testosterone replacement therapy, and skin grafts. In 1973, the boy was diagnosed with radiation [[necrosis]] with "deep indolent ulceration", a dead tendon, and two irreparably damaged testicles caused by the exposures. The father fled after he was convicted in 1975 for the felonies of castration and disfigurement, and in 1981 he was caught after the FBI investigated the case.<ref name="JA">{{cite web |last1=Johnston |first1=William Robert |title=Texas radiological assault, 1971 |website=Johnston's archive |publisher=Database of radiological incidents and related events |access-date=12 December 2023 |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1972USA1.html}}</ref><ref name="Collins">{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=V.P |last2=Gaulden |first2=M.E. |title=A case of child abuse by radiation exposure in The Medical Basis for Radiation Accident Preparedness |date=1980 |publisher=North Holland |location=New york |pages=197–203 }}</ref><ref name="Bailey">{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Edgar D. |last2=Wukasch |first2=Martin C. |title=A case of felonious use of radioactive materials |journal=IRPA Proceedings 4 |volume=3 |pages=987–990 |url=https://www.irpa.net/irpa4/cdrom/VOL.3/P3_64.PDF |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref>
==Intentional theft or attempted theft of radioactive material==
{{xref|For accidental theft or attempted theft of radioactive materials, see {{slink|Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|Trafficking and thefts}}.}}
===Grozny cobalt theft or attempted theft===
On 13 September 1999, six people attempted to steal radioactive [[cobalt-60]] rods from a chemical plant in the city of [[Grozny]] in the [[Chechen Republic]].<ref>{{cite web
|title= Gronzy orphaned source, 1999
|url= http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1999RUS1.html
|date= 8 April 2005
|accessdate= 27 February 2013
|author= Wm. Robert Johnston
}}</ref> During the theft, the suspects opened the radioactive material container and handled it, resulting in the deaths of three of the suspects and injury of the remaining three. The suspect who held the material directly in his hands died of radiation exposure 30 minutes later. This incident is described as an attempted theft, but some of the rods are reportedly still missing.<ref>{{cite web
|title= Criminal Dies Stealing Radioactive Material
|url= https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/criminal-dies-stealing-radioactive-material/
|date= 14 September 1999
|accessdate= 2 June 2012
|publisher= James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies
|archive-date= 6 October 2021
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211006132919/https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/criminal-dies-stealing-radioactive-material/
|url-status= bot: unknown
}}</ref>
==Clandestine use of X-ray equipment==
Some former [[East German]] dissidents claim that the [[Stasi]] used [[X-ray]] equipment to induce [[cancer]] in [[political prisoner]]s. After the fall of the [[Socialist Republic of Romania]], files released indicated that the [[secret police]], [[Securitate]], had intentionally induced cancer in striking miners.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
Similarly, some anti-[[Fidel Castro|Castro]] activists claim that the Cuban secret police sometimes used radioactive isotopes to induce cancer in "adversaries they wished to destroy with as little notice as possible".<ref>{{cite web|first=Jonathan T. |last=Stride |title=Castro said to be using cancer instigating weapons for warfare |publisher=[[Florida International University]] |date=30 December 1997 |url=http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/cancercastro123097.html |accessdate=2006-12-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060918073336/http://www.fiu.edu/~fcf/cancercastro123097.html |archivedate=September 18, 2006}}</ref> In 1997, the Cuban expatriate columnist [[Carlos Alberto Montaner]] called this method "the Bulgarian Treatment", after its alleged use by the [[Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian secret police]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Montaner |first=Carlos Alberto |title=The Bulgarian Treatment |publisher=Firmas Press |date=28 December 1997 |url=http://www.firmaspress.com/726.htm |accessdate=2006-12-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205111134/http://www.firmaspress.com/726.htm |archivedate=December 5, 2006}}</ref>
==Illicit, fraudulent, and patent medicine==
In the early 20th century a series of products claiming medicinal properties, which contained radioactive elements were marketed to the general public. This does not include certain medications that contain radioactive isotopes (e.g. [[iodine-131]] for its oncological uses) but pertains to elixirs and other medications that made preposterous claims (see below) that were neither scientific nor verifiable.
[[Radithor]], a well known [[patent medicine]] or [[snake oil]], is possibly the best known example of [[radioactive quackery]]. It consisted of triple distilled water containing at a minimum {{convert|1|µCi|kBq}} each of the [[radium]]-226 and radium-228 isotopes.<ref>{{cite web
|title= Radithor (ca. 1918)
|publisher= [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities]]
|url= https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioactive-quack-cures/pills-potions-and-other-miscellany/radithor.html
|accessdate= 2021-10-07}}</ref>
Radithor was manufactured from 1918 to 1928 by the Bailey Radium Laboratories, Inc., of [[East Orange, New Jersey]]. The head of the laboratories was listed as Dr. William J. A. Bailey, not a medical doctor.<ref>{{cite journal
|title= U/A
|journal= [[Literary Digest]]
|date= 16 April 1932}}</ref> It was advertised as "A Cure for the Living Dead"<ref>{{cite web
|title= Radium Cures
|publisher= Museum of Questionable Medical Devices ([[Science Museum of Minnesota]])
|date= 4 February 2000
|url= http://www.mtn.org/~quack/devices/radium.htm
|accessdate= 2006-12-07 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061110040815/http://www.mtn.org/~quack/devices/radium.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate= 2006-11-10}}</ref> as well as "Perpetual Sunshine".
These radium elixirs were marketed similarly to the way opioids were peddled to the masses with [[laudanum]] an age earlier, and electrical cure-alls during the same time period such as the [[Prostate Warmer]].<ref>{{cite web
|title= Prostate Cures
|publisher= Museum of Questionable Medical Devices ([[Science Museum of Minnesota]])
|date= 18 April 1999
|url= http://www.mtn.org/quack/devices/prostate.htm
|accessdate= 2006-12-07 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061206005255/http://www.mtn.org/quack/devices/prostate.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate= 2006-12-06}}</ref>
The eventual death of the [[socialite]] [[Eben Byers]] from Radithor consumption and the associated [[radiation poisoning]] led to the strengthening of the [[Food and Drug Administration]]'s powers and the demise of most{{clarify|date=April 2022}} radiation based patent medication.
==See also==
*[[Nuclear terrorism]]
*[[Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents]]
*[[List of attacks on nuclear plants]]
*[[Radioactive scrap metal]]
*[[Radioactive waste]]
==External links==
*[http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/radevents2.html Johnston's Archive: Criminal acts causing radiation casualties]
*[http://theodoregray.com/periodictable/Elements/088/index.html Theodore Gray's Periodic Table of Elements]
*[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-great-radium-scandal/ Scientific American; August 1993; The Great Radium Scandal; by Roger Macklis]
==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents}}
[[Category:Crimes|radioactive substances]]
[[Category:Nuclear terrorism]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology-related lists]]
[[Category:Radioactive quackery]]