View source for Cromañón nightclub fire

{{Short description|Deadly 2004 fire in Buenos Aires}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=May 2012}}
{{Expand Spanish|República Cromañón|topic=culture|date=January 2009}}
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{{Infobox event
| title = Cromañón nightclub fire tragedy
| image = Encendiendo velas por las víctimas del incendio de República Cromañón.jpg
| caption = Relatives of the deceased in the fire light candles in a public protest against the perceived lack of control by the government.
| date = {{Start date|2004|12|30|df=yes}}
| time = 22:40 ([[UTC-3]])
| venue = República Cromañón nightclub
| location = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|33|S|58|24|35|W|region:AR-C_type:landmark|display=title, inline}}
| type = Fire
| cause = [[List of fireworks accidents and incidents|Indoor fireworks fire]]
| reported deaths = 194
| reported injuries = 1,492+
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| arrests =
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| sentence =
}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}[[Image:Puesto Cromagñon.JPG|thumb|250px|Makeshift memorial for the dead]]
A fire broke out in the crowded '''República Cromañón nightclub''' in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina on 30 December 2004, killing 194 people and leaving at least 1,492 injured.<ref name="7 Members">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/21/world/americas/21briefs-7MEMBERSOFBA_BRF.html?_r=1|title=Argentina: 7 Members of Band Convicted in Club Fire|date=April 20, 2011|access-date=19 March 2012|work=[[nytimes.com]]}}</ref> The direct cause was the indoor pyrotechnics igniting the ceiling. It was a [[List of fireworks accidents and incidents|fireworks-related fire]] and a [[nightclub fire]].
==The nightclub==
República Cromañón (''Cro-Magnon Republic'') was a venue that held concerts and events, on 3060-3066-3070 Bartolomé Mitre street in the [[Balvanera]] neighbourhood of Buenos Aires. It was operated by [[Omar Chabán]], and opened on 12 April 2004 with a concert by the band [[Callejeros]], the same band that played on the night of the fire.
The club was in a two-story building, with a main entrance with six doors behind it leading into the main area of the nightclub. On the night of the fire, four of the six doors were locked. There was also a connection to a nearby hotel, an emergency exit that was locked, and another emergency exit that was blocked by a fence in front of the stage.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Strick|first=Jonathan|date=2014|title=Development of Safety Measures for Nightclubs|url=http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=4522713&fileOId=4522718|journal=International Master of Science in Fire Safety Engineering|pages=27–30}}</ref> There were hardly any fire safety measures, with no reports of a fire detection or alarm system, emergency lighting, or fire suppression equipment; ten of the fifteen fire extinguishers were unusable, with no pressure. The nightclub's fire safety license had run out the month before the fire.<ref name=":3" />
==Fire==
The venue was hosting [[rock and roll|rock]] group [[Callejeros]], with an audience of around 4,000 people, almost three times the venue's capacity of 1,500.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/argentine-nightclub-fire-kills-175/|title=Argentine Nightclub Fire Kills 175|date=31 December 2004}}</ref> The fire started when a pyrotechnic flare, a popular device in [[New Year's Eve]] celebrations, was set off and ignited foam in the ceiling. The [[List of fireworks accidents and incidents|fireworks accident]] quickly spread as the materials used in the building for decoration were flammable: mostly [[wood]], [[styrofoam]], acoustic panels and a plastic net (''media sombra''<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=media+sombra&safe=off&hl=en&as_qdr=all&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&biw=1022&bih=1022 ''media sombra'' – images]</ref>).  The net was hung from the ceiling and caught fire first, melting into a rain of fire. In some parts of the building, teddy bear stuffing was used as a cheap alternative to wool fiber. The owner and the band's lead singer had told the patrons not to use flares inside the building.
Four of the six doors, some of which were [[fire exit]]s, were chained shut<ref name=":0" /> so that "people would not enter without paying", according to [[Mayor]] [[Aníbal Ibarra]]. Most of the victims died from [[smoke inhalation|inhaling poisonous gases]] and [[carbon monoxide]].{{cn|date=December 2021}} After the fire the technical institution [[National Institute of Industrial Technology|INTI]] found that, due to the materials and volume of the building, the concentration of [[Cyanide poisoning|cyanide]] in the air would have been about 225&nbsp;[[Parts per million|ppm]],  sufficient to cause death within minutes of inhalation.<ref name=Biller>{{cite book
|title=Interface of neurology and internal medicine
|edition=illustrated
|first1=José
|last1=Biller
|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
|year=2007
|isbn=978-0-7817-7906-7
|chapter=163
|page=939
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRIvmTVcYBwC&pg=PA939}}
</ref> Many of the victims were identified to be in their teens and 20s, but rescue workers clearing the club also found children and babies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://portugalresident.com/argentina-mourns-victims-of-nightclub-blaze|title=Argentina mourns victims of nightclub blaze|last=algarveresident|date=2005-01-07|work=Portugal Resident|access-date=2018-05-14|language=en}}</ref> Survivors reported that a bathroom in the nightclub had been used as a nursery, where parents could leave their children while watching the show.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sunjournal.com/families-identify-blaze-victims/|title=Families identify blaze victims - Lewiston Sun Journal|date=2005-01-02|work=Lewiston Sun Journal|access-date=2018-05-14|language=en-US|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044128/http://www.sunjournal.com/families-identify-blaze-victims/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
Following the disaster, an Argentine judge issued a national and international arrest order against [[Omar Chabán]], local businessman and owner of República Cromañón and other nightclubs, including one called Cemento that had been closed by court orders many times before. Chabán was arrested at one of his houses in the neighbourhood of [[Montserrat, Buenos Aires|Montserrat]].
Police are still seeking those responsible for setting off the flare.{{Update inline|date=December 2021}} The guilty parties could face eight to twenty years in [[prison]].
[[President of Argentina|President]] [[Néstor Kirchner]] decreed three days of [[national mourning]], and city authorities forbade concerts and closed all nightclubs in [[Buenos Aires]] during the mourning period, only to open again, one by one, after they had been checked and approved by the fire department. Pope John Paul II expressed his condolences to victims families in a message sent to officials in Argentine churches.<ref name=":0" />
=== Tributes ===
The parents of many of the victims have worked to keep the victims' memories alive, by planting 194 trees in honor of the deceased, and creating a traveling exhibition of the victims' photographs. A ceramics factory donated memorial plaques to be dispersed across the country.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/11/06/2003278995|title=Buenos Aires still mourns those lost in nightclub fire - Taipei Times|website=www.taipeitimes.com|date=6 November 2005|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
==Investigation==
It later became known that República Cromañón had been overdue for a fire hazard inspection since late November 2004. Although Buenos Aires Mayor [[Aníbal Ibarra]] blamed the Fire Department of the [[Policía Federal Argentina|Argentine Federal Police]] (responsible for the inspections), several flaws in the city's inspection system soon surfaced. In addition to the city's poor planning for a disaster of this magnitude, critics pointed to Ibarra for failing to reorganize Buenos Aires' inspection system. A few days after the fire, Ibarra reshuffled the entire Buenos Aires security and emergency administration. The City Legislature announced that Mayor Ibarra was going to face a questioning session, but failed to achieve the necessary votes to force his questioning. Shortly thereafter, Ibarra voluntarily submitted to a questioning session, and announced a recall referendum to decide whether he would remain in office or not.
Relatives and friends of the dead organized several marches to [[Plaza de Mayo]]<ref name=":1" /> demanding the resignation of [[Aníbal Ibarra]] as Mayor of Buenos Aires, the conviction of Omar Chabán, and a more efficient inspection system. Some of these marches ended with incidents between protesters and the police.
On 14 November 2005, an [[impeachment]] jury formed by the Buenos Aires Legislature suspended Mayor Ibarra for four months, pending an investigation of his performance that could lead to his removal. He accused the opposition of manipulating the families of República Cromañón's victims in order to ruin his career. On 7 March 2006, after four months of deliberations, the impeachment jury voted to remove Ibarra from office.
==Trial==
A trial started on 19 August 2008 and lasted a year. The judges heard from over 300 witnesses, who said that young fans had lit a flare that struck the ceiling. It was revealed that the band was in charge of the concert's organization, security and entry into the club that night. It was deemed that the band was not at fault for the club being given a permit although it lacked basic fire safety measures such as fire extinguishers, working emergency exits and nonflammable walls and ceilings.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Argentine nightclub owner guilty in deadly fire |last=WARREN |first=MICHAEL |newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune |date=19 August 2009 |agency=Associated Press |url= https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-lt-argentina-nightclub-fire-081909-2009aug19-story.html}}</ref>
The defendants were sentenced as follows:
*[[Omar Chabán]]: 20-year prison sentence<ref name=":2" />
*Raúl Villarreal: 1-year suspended prison sentence
*Members of [[Callejeros]]: Acquitted, then retried in 2011: 11-year prison sentence (reduced to 7 years in 2012)
*Diego Argañaraz (manager of Callejeros): 18-year prison sentence
*Fabiana Fiszbin (ex Control secretary): 2-year prison sentence
*Ana María Fernández (ex Buenos Aires government servant): 2-year prison sentence
*Subcommissioner Carlos Díaz: 18-year prison sentence
*Commissioner Miguel Belay: acquitted
The band members of Callejeros were absolved in the 2009 trial, but the 2011 appeals court ruled that they shared responsibility for the fire: witnesses said that the band had encouraged the audience to fire flares.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/21/argentinian-band-the-callejeros-convicted-nightclub-fire|title=Argentinian band convicted over nightclub fire|last=Carroll|first=Rory|date=2011-04-21|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-05-14}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Argentina}}
*[[List of fireworks accidents and incidents]]
*[[List of nightclub fires]]
== References ==
<references/>
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.quenoserepita.com.ar/what_happened_in_cromanon Documentary Video explaining several government flaws that led to the tragedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101102431/http://www.quenoserepita.com.ar/what_happened_in_cromanon |date=1 January 2007 }}
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/go/ext/track/news/-/http://c.moreover.com/click/here.pl?z252289399&z=50237902 Fire at Buenos Aires Nightclub Kills 174"] at ABCNEWS.com
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4136625.stm "Scores die in Argentina club fire"] at [[BBC]] news
*[http://www.quenoserepita.com.ar Que No Se Repita] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060629064317/http://www.quenoserepita.com.ar/ |date=29 June 2006 }}: Main organization that groups victim and survivor families and is undertaking legal actions.
*[http://www.quenoserepita.com.ar/victimas_de_cromagnon The official list of death in the tragedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518040249/http://www.quenoserepita.com.ar/victimas_de_cromagnon |date=18 May 2006 }}
*[http://www.lospibesdecromagnon.org.ar/ Los pibes de Cromañón] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118125251/http://www.lospibesdecromagnon.org.ar/ |date=18 January 2007 }} Memoria y Justicia por Nuestros Pibes – Grupo de Familiares, amigos y sobrevivientes de Cromañón.
{{Club fires}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Republica Cromanon Nightclub Fire}}
[[Category:Balvanera]]
[[Category:Fires in Argentina]]
[[Category:2004 in Argentina]]
[[Category:Concert disasters]]
[[Category:History of Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes]]
[[Category:Nightclub fires started by pyrotechnics]]
[[Category:Presidency of Néstor Kirchner]]
[[Category:2000s in Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:December 2004 events in South America]]
[[Category:2004 disasters in South America]]
[[Category:Filmed deaths]]