View source for Cultural depictions of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor

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[[File:Statue of Sigismund by Péter Gáspár (2003) in the Europe Place, Komárno.jpg|thumb|Statue of Sigismund by Péter Gáspár (2003) in the Europe Place, Komárno]]
'''[[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]]''', from the [[House of Luxembourg]], was the holder of five European royal crowns (Germany, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Italy, thus an "imperial association" stretching "from the North and Baltic Seas to the Mediterranean and the Black Seas") in his lifetime and played an important role in the history of [[East-Central Europe]].{{sfn|Irgang|2014}} For a long time though, technical difficulties like linguistic barriers, misunderstandings caused by lack of materials and political conditions made Sigismund unattractive as a research subject for historians. His morality has also been regarded as questionable, especially concerning his relationship with the [[Hussites]]. Modern historiography now generally considers him a determined, capable and visionary ruler, though not without mistakes and undesirable traits. In Hungary and Czechia in particular, his image as a ruler and cultural figure has improved.
==Historiography==
[[File:COA Sigismund HRE (Budapest-Matthias Church).jpg|thumb|Coat-of-arms of Sigismund ([[Matthias Church]] in [[Budapest]])]]
According to historian Ansgar Frenken, for a long time, Sigismund was not even considered a subject worthy of his own field of research, due to both the lack of resonance in the public and scholarly circles, as well as technical difficulty (studying the polyglot emperor, who himself was fluent in six languages, requires skills in Latin, German, Polish, Czech, Hungarian and more). The Germans considered him, although a successful "crown collector", an unsuccessful ruler with unrealistic utopian plans and little strength in times of need. The Hungarians associated him with the loss of access to the Mediterranean and little success in controlling the Turkish threat. His image was even worse in Czech, where he was considered an usurper and traitor who brought [[Jan Hus]] to the stake, and the enemy of the [[Hussites]], who have become the object of national identification from the nineteenth century onwards.<ref name=Frenken>{{cite book |last1=Frenken |first1=Ansgar |title=M. Pauly u.a. (Hrsg.): Sigismund von Luxemburg / Buchrezensionen |url=https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-9374 |publisher=Philipp von Zabern Verlag |access-date=2 July 2022 |date=2006|isbn=978-3-8053-3625-3 }}</ref> In Germany during the nineteenth century, only [[Joseph Aschbach|Joseph von Aschbach]] offered a notable study, and only a century and a half later did the researcher {{ill|Jörg K. Hoensch|de}} write another scientifically qualified biography (1997). In Hungary, already in 1984, in Elemér Mályusz produced an important study (later translated as ''Kaiser Sigismund in Ungarn, 1387-1437'' in German) but it hardly found any international response. For multiple reasons, the elaborate exhibition "Emperor Sigismund and his time in the arts", organized in 1987 by the Budapest History Museum (''{{ill|Budapesti Történeti Múzeum|hu}}'') in collaboration with the Institute for Art History (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), was met with little resonance too. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bogyay |first1=Thomas von |title=Kaiser Sigismund und seine Zeit in der Kunst: Eine Ausstellung des Museums für Geschichte der Stadt Budapest unter Mitwirkung des Instituts für Kunstgeschichte der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 29. Mai—November 1987 |url=https://doi.org/10.11588/kc.1988.6.76390 |journal=Kunstchronik. Monatsschrift für Kunstwissenschaft |access-date=2 July 2022 |pages=281–285 |language=de |doi=10.11588/kc.1988.6.76390 |date=1988|volume=Museumswesen und Denkmalpflege }}</ref><ref name=Frenken/>
Only with the [[fall of the Berlin Wall]], the greater mobility between Eastern Europe and Western Europe, the process of European integration and the efforts of German Bohemists like [[Peter Moraw]] and {{ill|Ferdinand Seibt|de}} did the situation change.<ref name=Frenken/> Sigismund's reign in Hungary has been reexamined and now considered largely successful.<ref name=Frenken/> Even if his reputation is overshadowed by those of Matthias Corvinus and the Angeline kings, it is recognized that this great ruler made the country, especially Buda, the centre of a Europe-wide empire and transformed it into a vibrant cultural center.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feldherr |first1=Andrew |last2=Woolf |first2=Daniel |last3=Rabasa |first3=José |last4=Sato |first4=Masayuki |last5=Hardy |first5=Grant |last6=Hesketh |first6=Ian |last7=Tortarolo |first7=Edoardo |title=The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 3: 1400-1800 |date=2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-921917-9 |page=306 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcVZeiGg4awC&pg=PA306 |access-date=3 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hungary's grand exhibition: "Art and Culture in the Era of King Sigismund of Luxembourg" |url=https://english.radio.cz/hungarys-grand-exhibition-art-and-culture-era-king-sigismund-luxembourg-8620966 |website=Radio Prague International |access-date=3 July 2022 |language=en |date=7 April 2006}}</ref> New perspectives allow changes also in historiography on his career in Bohemia and even the struggle with the Hussites. With very limited resources and scope of action, no real ''Hausmacht'' ("domestic power") in Germany and little help from the Electors, it was hardly possible for Sigismund to get any better results. The Czech historian {{ill|Josef Válka|cs}} observes that from an "implacable enemy", Sigismund is now understood as "one of the most important and interesting rulers of this period".<ref name=Frenken/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Irgang |first1=Winfried |date=2014 |title=SEHEPUNKTE - Rezension von: Kaiser Sigismund (1368-1437) - Ausgabe 14 (2014), Nr. 11 |url=https://sehepunkte.de/2014/11/26191.html |website=sehepunkte.de}}</ref>
Jorg K.Hoensch presents Sigismund as a ruler who made the most out of his situation – lacking resources and facing constant advances of his enemies, he maintained his authority and gained respect from opponents, except the Czechs. He gained control of Hungary, ended the Great Schism with the Council of Constance, attained the imperial coronation in Rome and got accepted as king of Bohemia. Eltis David notes that Hoensch fairly assesses "Sigismund's many failings, ranging from unpunctuality to dishonesty", and also "his failure to produce a workable system for maintaining the public peace in Germany and to provide a lasting and effective defensive system against the Turks."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eltis |first1=David |title=Kaiser Sigismund. Herrscher an der Schwelle zur Neuzeit, 1368-1437 |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=googlescholar&id=GALE%7CA54050270&v=2.1&it=r&sid=AONE&asid=f9b906df |website=The English Historical Review |access-date=3 July 2022 |pages=162–163 |language=English |date=1 February 1999}}</ref>
[[File:Entrée solennelle de l'empereur Sigismond à Strasbourg en 1414 (3).jpg|thumb|350px|left|''Entrée solennelle de l'empereur Sigismond à Strasbourg en 1414'' by [[Leo Schnug]]]]
Mályusz examines the evolution of societal structure at the turning point between the 14th and 15th centuries in relations with the evolution of power balance between the king and the barons. Starting with a precarious position as king (he only gained the throne with help from other Luxembourg family members, having been opposed by [[Mary, Queen of Hungary|Mary]], her mother and a number of the greats), Sigismund tried to liberate himself from the tutelage of the barons by choosing as his advisors people outside these circles (like Stibor, a Pole, or Eberhard, a [[Rhineland|Rhenish]], which caused dissatisfaction among the barons, but by marrying [[Barbara of Cilli]] and using marital alliances to gain the support of [[Nicholas II Garai]], he managed to defeat the League of Kaniszai in 1403. In the later half in his reign, with the [[Order of the Dragon]], he managed to bring the barons together while at the same time opening up the route of civil service for people of both noble and bourgeois descent. In his foreign relations, even though he lost the Dalmatian coast to the Venetians, he succeeded in building diplomatic relationships with peoples east of the Ottoman Empire and thus forced the Ottomans to concentrate on protecting their eastern provinces instead of invasion plans directed at Hungary. He was also an important actor in cultural life, even though he neglected literary patronage in favour of architecture and decorative arts, which leads Mályusz to the reflection that he deprived himself of the best way of self immortalization. Michèle Populer praises Mályusz's work for opening up a wealth of information especially for readers not familiar with the Hungarian language and historical context, but criticizes the author on some questions, notably regarding the effects of Sigismund's economic management and the baron's fiscal practices on commoners.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Populer |first1=Michèle |title=Mályusz (Elemér). Kaiser Sigismund in Ungarn 1387-1437 |journal=Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire |date=1993 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=953–957 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1993_num_71_4_3918_t1_0953_0000_2 |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref>
Thomas Brady Jr. praises the emperor's vision especially regarding the reform project for both the Church and the Empire, but criticizes him for making too many mistakes, especially in Bohemia: "In August 1436, King Sigismund, now seventy years old, rode into Prague for the first time since 1420. Even in victory he made a mistake typical of his regnal style. His vengeful execution of rebel hold-outs sealed Sigismund's reputation as "the murderer of the Czechs." Three months later, death relieved King Sigismund, "elected by divine providence to be a head of Christendom", from the torture of gout. He was the last of tens of thousands of dead from the wars his political folly had begun. Pursuant to his orders, the king-emperor's body, clad in Imperial robes and crown, sat on the throne for three days, so that all could see that the world had lost its rightful lord. With him ended the Luxemburg line and its Imperial project. As for his opponents, during the following 180 years no king could rule against the Bohemian nobles' will. Under their leadership and because of their victory, Bohemia had become a kingdom ruled by king and estates, among which the nobles had the preponderant voice. When this outcome was next threatened, generations later, it led to war."{{sfn|Brady|Brady|2009|pp=78-19}}
Duncan Hardy opines that the late medieval Empire as governed by Sigismund, similar in many respect to the early modern Empire, "can be understood as a world of personal relationships framed and maintained by symbolic communication and conventional and negotiatory institutions and associations", in which the emperor proved a master at staging performative and representational communication: "More generally, as we have seen, Sigismund's name and features were embedded in the collective memory of many different communities in the Holy Roman Empire as symbols of the imperial monarchy at its most energetic and impressive. If he was sometimes noted for his vengeful and deceitful manner and his perpetual impecuniousness, Sigismund nonetheless achieved a kind of posthumous immortalization as the epitome of a charismatic Roman king and emperor. His charismatic reputation was unparalleled amongst later medieval monarchs, at least before Maximilian I and the explosion of new media which facilitated that ruler's propagandistic program of self-representation."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hardy |first1=Duncan |chapter=9. The Emperorship of Sigismund of Luxemburg (1410-37): Charisma and Government in the Later Medieval Holy Roman Empire |title=Faces of Charisma: Image, Text, Object in Byzantium and the Medieval West |date=1 January 2018 |pages=311–314 |doi=10.1163/9789004363809_011 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004363809_011 |access-date=17 October 2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004363809 |language=en}}</ref>
He was a brave and accomplished knight, who spoke seven languages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chisholm |first1=Hugh |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information |date=1911 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Company |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vstAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67 |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Military-wise, he was not exceptionally talented himself but had an eye for talents, and he rewarded good service and loyalty well. One of his most important supporters was [[Albert II of Germany|Albert of Habsburg]], who married Sigismund's daughter [[Elizabeth of Luxembourg]] and became his heir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curtis |first1=Benjamin |title=The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty |date=18 July 2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4411-0053-5 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I37jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The others included the Hungarian hero [[John Hunyadi]] and especially the Italian military leader and financial expert [[Pippo Spano]] (Filippo Scolari), who he acquired in [[Florence]] and would become a lifelong intimate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sedlar |first1=Jean W. |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500 |date=1 March 2013 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-80064-6 |page=232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA232 |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Florescu |first1=Radu R. |last2=McNally |first2=Raymond T. |title=Dracula, Prince of Many Faces: His Life and His Times |date=11 November 2009 |publisher=Hachette+ORM |isbn=978-0-316-09226-5 |page=73 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zot08bJa3FAC&pg=PT73 |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Benda |first1=Kálmán |title=The Corvina History of Hungary: From Earliest Times Until the Present Day |date=1991 |publisher=Corvina Books |isbn=978-963-13-3367-1 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibgMAQAAMAAJ |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fossi |first1=Gloria |title=Rome, the Pilgrim's Dream |date=1998 |publisher=Giunti |isbn=978-88-09-21567-2 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jX8-AQAAIAAJ |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
==Legends and anecdotes==
[[File:Nte-kir-zsigmond.jpg|thumb|Sigismund by the sculptor Attila Bobály, [[Ópusztaszer National Heritage Park]], Hungary.]]
*The name Dracul (associated with the Dracula legend) traces back to Sigismund's Order of the Dragon. [[Vlad II Dracul]] was an important vassal of Sigismund and member of this order.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hellman |first1=Roxanne |last2=Hall |first2=Derek |title=Vampire Legends and Myths |date=15 December 2011 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-4488-5986-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dZKIgOcdu_wC&pg=PA144 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*The term "Bohemian" used to reference the Gypsies is related to Sigismund. In 1417, he gave Ladislas, a Gypsy "[[voivode]]" travelling with a group of around a hundred people, a letter of safe conduct and his patronage. As Sigismund was King of Bohemia, gypsies travelling to another place via that realm were called Bohemians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liégeois |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=Roma, Gypsies, Travellers |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=Council of Europe |isbn=978-92-871-2349-7 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7l-fGIA2ZkC&pg=PA20 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*There is a story about a Gypsy called Duke Andrew: "He said he was a landowner in Hungary who had converted to Islam. His lands had then been confiscated by the King of Hungary. He had returned to Christianity and been rebaptised in 1415 after a meeting with King Sigismund of Bohemia, together with 4,000 other Gypsies. The King had told him that he and his followers should travel for seven years as a penance, visit the Pope and then return to their lands. According to the chronicler, Andrew said the King had given them permission to take what they needed to live on from the general population during their travels. Andrew may well have gone to Rome and received a letter of safe conduct from the Pope or from someone in the Vatican on behalf of the Pope. He certainly reached Bologna in Italy within reach of Rome. He later said that the Pope had imposed a further seven years of wandering, but this time, rather than confiscating property, they were to be supported with gifts from the clergy in the various places they travelled through."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenrick |first1=Donald |title=Gypsies: From the Ganges to the Thames |date=2004 |publisher=Univ of Hertfordshire Press |isbn=978-1-902806-23-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=df2mIOnbrDoC&pg=PA59 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The story probably has its roots in the Indian legend of the Sun and the Moon, who were brother and sister determined to marry each other and thus punished by having to chase after each other forever. The Gypsies are like them, having fallen from a high place and been subject to the fate of wandering endlessly because of their sins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leland |first1=Charles Godfrey |title=The Gypsies |date=28 September 2020 |publisher=Library of Alexandria |isbn=978-1-4656-0643-3 |page=284 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSkzCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT284 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*The Polish poet [[Klemens Janicki]] (or Clemens Ianicius) recounts that Sigismund greatly favoured learned men: this was even described as "his only fault in life, in the opinion of all" ('Cuius id unum / In vita, vulgo iudice, crimen erat'). As he treated learned men as a father would his sons and always wanted them to be by his side, this angered the nobles, who proclaimed that their emperor should not be devoted to "such people, most of whom come from insignificant homes and whom a poor mother nursed in some unknown place" ('Quales parva domus gignit plerumque parensque / Lactat in obscuro non opulenta loco'). The emperor replied that, 'These people to whom nature and God gave a genius greater than mine and yours I place above all others. I esteem them according to their virtues. Why do I have to know where they were born?'."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Segel |first1=Harold B. |title=Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470-1543 |date=1989 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-2286-7 |page=249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoFks1eW75oC&pg=PA249 |access-date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
==Depictions in arts==
===Arts under Sigismund===
====Architecture====
{{See also|Palace Chapel (Buda Castle)}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Buda castle interior church.JPG
| caption1 = {{font color|white|The Palace chapel inside the Buda castle}}
| image2 = Visegrád - Royal Palace.jpg
| caption2 = {{font color|white|Visegrád - Royal Palace, including the ruins of Sigismund's era}}
}}
Sigismund was a passionate builder, but much of the architecture built during his reign have been destroyed.
He greatly rebuilt and expanded the royal (imperial) palace in Buda. Twice he searched for pictorial representations of famous buildings to be used as reference. In 1414, he asked [[Siena]] for a picture of the [[Santa Maria della Scala, Siena|hospital of Santa Maria della Scala]], and in 1416, the painter Bertrand de la Barre collaborated with the mason Jean Laurent to produce an image of the papal palace in Avignon. The notable common trait between the buildings seemed to be their large timber-vaulted halls. According to {{ill|Ernő Marosi|hu}}, "In political terms, such a building would advance the concept of an assembly of states, serving not only as a parliament for Hungary but also as a meeting place for the electors and vassals of the imperial realm." The sculptures reflect Sigismund's French experience in the 1400s.<ref>{{cite contribution|contribution=Sigismund, the last Luxembourg|last1=Marosi|first1=Ernő|title=Prague: The Crown of Bohemia, 1347-1437 |date=2005 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-161-2 |pages=126–127 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbZ-rhlSlxsC&pg=PA127 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Saint Sigismund's Collegiate Church, built between 1410 and 1424, was similar in location and type to the [[Frauenkirche, Nuremberg]].{{sfn|Marosi|2005|p=124}}
He completed the palace in [[Visegrád|Visegrad]], of which the construction project was started under the Angeline kings. The ruins of this palace, excavated in 1934, can be seen today, with the palace chapel and the palace garden.<ref>{{cite web |title=Royal Palace, Visegrád |url=https://www.danubetourism.eu/royal-palace-visegrad/ |website=www.danubetourism.eu |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Visegrad – Castles & Regions |url=http://castlesregions.eu/visegrad/ |access-date=5 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dénes |first1=Lóránt |title=Visegrád - A popular city on the Danube Bend for thousands of years |url=https://info-budapest.com/visegrad/ |website=Info Budapest |access-date=5 July 2022 |date=23 January 2020}}</ref>
====Portraiture====
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| image1 = Master Thomas De Coloswar - Crucifixion - WGA14656.jpg
| caption1 = {{font color|brown|Master Thomas De Coloswar - Crucifixion}}
| image2 = KN DFK Fresko N Sigismund.JPG
| caption2 = {{font color|brown|Fresco in Konstanz shows Sigismund in the guise of Saint Sigismund}}
|image3 = Passionsaltar Detail 1429 aus der Franziskanerkirche Bamberg BNM-1.jpg
|caption3 = {{font color|brown|Bamberg altar (detail) with Sigismund in the guise of a centurion)}}
|image4=Zikmundstarsi.jpg
|caption4=Sigismund's Hungarian majestic seal used before 1433.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Kondor |first1=Márta |title=The Ginger Fox's Two Crowns. Central Administration and Government in Sigismund of Luxemburg's Realms 1410-1419. (PhD Thesis) |date=2017|page=177 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34374292 |access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>
|image5=Zimund pecet.jpg
|caption5=Sigismund's German majestic seal used before 1433.{{sfn|Kondor|2017|p=177}}
|image6=Zikmund velka.jpg
|caption6=Sigismund's German majestic seal used after 1433.{{sfn|Kondor|2017|p=178}}
}}
Regarding Sigismund's portraiture, Len Scales notes that, "Sigismund's significant moment in European cultural history, when the multiplication of recognisable likenesses of the ruler came, as never before, to seem both possible and desirable. No monarch of the time was the subject of more intense and specific visual reproduction than Sigismund. Even his seals bear finely-sculpted portrait images, with characteristically abundant hair and bifurcated beard." The fact that all of his thrones were harshly contested might have provided the general motivation, but the specific circumstances or purposes were unknown. The traces of Sigismund's personal involvement are sparsely registered. Instead, most of his surviving portraits were posthumous and associated with different Central European locations, usually reflecting local impulses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scales |first1=Len |title=Review of Sigismundus, Rex et Imperator: Kunst und Kultur zur Zeit Sigismunds von Luxemburg, 1387-1437 |journal=The English Historical Review |date=2009 |volume=124 |issue=509 |pages=944–946 |doi=10.1093/ehr/cep215 |jstor=40270474 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40270474 |access-date=17 October 2022 |issn=0013-8266}}</ref>
*{{ill|Kolozsvári Tamás|hu}} (Thomas De Coloswar)'s 1427 [[Garamszentbenedek]] altarpiece, showing the scene of the Passion of Christ (Esztergom, Christian Museum), features Sigismund as a [[centurion]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jékely |first1=Zsombor |title=Painting at the court of Emperor Sigismund: The Nuremberg connections of the painter Thomas de Coloswar |journal=Acta Historiae Artium |date=2017 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=57–83 |doi=10.1556/170.2017.58.1.3 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35512253 |access-date=15 August 2022 |issn=0001-5830}}</ref>
*A fresco at the Augustinian church at [[Konstanz]] (1417) shows Sigismund in the guise of Saint Sigismund.{{sfn|Jékely|2017|p=76}}
*The Bamberg Altarpiece also shows Sigismund in the guise of a centurion in the scene of the Crucifixion (1429), ''Bayerisches Nationalmuseum'', [[Munich]].{{sfn|Jékely|2017|p=77}}
===Later depictions===
====Visual arts====
[[File:Siegesallee 14 Sigismund.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Sigismund by [[Eugen Boermel]]]]
*[[Albrecht Dürer]] painted the [[c:File:Portrait of the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, by Albrecht Dürer.jpg|portrait of Sigismund]] between 1512 and 1513 for [[Nuremberg]], whose residents were well-disposed towards him because of the favours he bestowed upon the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=N.Y.) |first1=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York |last2=N.Y.) |first2=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York |title=Gothic and Renaissance Art in Nuremberg, 1300-1550 |date=1986 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-466-1 |page=305 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OD8g4Eb-3EsC&pg=PA305 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[c:File:Kaisersaal Frankfurt am Main, Nr. 34 - Sigismund von Luxemburg, (Philipp von Foltz).png|Sigismund's portrait]] by [[Philipp Foltz]] (mid 19th century), is part of a series depicting [[c:Category:Kaisersaal paintings (photo series by David Liuzzo)|emperors who reigned from 768 to 1806]] (created from 1839 to 1853) in the ''[[Römer|Kaisersaal]]'' in [[Frankfurt am Main]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Planet |first1=Lonely |last2=Schulte-Peevers |first2=Andrea |last3=Christiani |first3=Kerry |last4=Duca |first4=Marc Di |last5=Nevez |first5=Catherine Le |last6=Masters |first6=Tom |last7=Berkmoes |first7=Ryan Ver |last8=Walker |first8=Benedict |title=Lonely Planet Germany |date=1 February 2016 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-76034-121-3 |page=871 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRiHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT871 |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Peter H. |title=Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire |date=29 February 2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-91592-3 |page=902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opmtCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT902 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*In 1903, [[Leo Schnug]] painted the monumental ''Entrée solennelle de l'empereur Sigismond à Strasbourg en 1414'', describing Sigismund's entry into Strasbourg in 1414.<ref>{{cite web |title=Une préférence marquée pour la décoration murale |url=http://www.alsace-collections.fr/Monographie%20Leo%20Schnug.html |website=Alsace-Collections.fr |access-date=18 July 2022}}</ref>
*There is [[:c:Category:Siegesallee 14 Sigismund|a group of statues]] in the former ''Siegesallee 14'', Berlin, that commemorates Sigismund as the ruler of Brandenburg, built by [[Eugen Boermel]] between 1897 and 1900.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lehnert |first1=Uta |title=Der Kaiser und die Siegesallee: réclame royale |date=1998 |publisher=Reimer |isbn=978-3-496-01189-7 |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv_VAAAAMAAJ |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=de}}</ref>
====Theater====
*''[[La Juive]]'', a 1835 opera by [[Fromental Halévy]] with original libretto by [[Eugène Scribe]], features the Council of Constance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hallman |first1=Diana R. |title=Opera, Liberalism, and Antisemitism in Nineteenth-Century France: The Politics of Halévy's La Juive |date=16 August 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03881-2 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqJqWBIV14UC&pg=PA121 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*He was a character in the 1853 five-act ''trauerspiel'' ''Johann Huss'' by Carl Ernst.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Writer.) |first1=Carl ERNST (Theatrical |title=Johann Huss. Historisches Trauerspiel. [In five acts, prose and verse.] |date=1853 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TRdAAAAcAAJ&dq=kaiser+sigismund+trauerspiel&pg=PA7 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=de}}</ref>
*In the opera ''[[The Excursions of Mr. Brouček to the Moon and to the 15th Century]]'' by [[Leoš Janáček]] (premiered in 1920), Sigismund (Zikmund) does not appear but functions as the chief offstage villain, persecuting Hussite rebels.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tyrrell |first1=John |title=Czech Opera |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-34713-6 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMntQBOhPywC&pg=PA134 |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Gyula Háy]]'s 1932 play ''Sigismund'' or ''Gott, Kaiser, Bauer'' ("God, emperor, peasant") portrays Sigismund's failed attempt to build an alliance with Jan Hus at the Council of Constance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Háy |first1=Gyula |title=Sigismund, schauspiel in 5 teilen ... |date=1932 |publisher=S. Fischer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBbywAACAAJ |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Neubauer |first1=John |last2=Török |first2=Borbála Zsuzsanna |title=The Exile and Return of Writers from East-Central Europe: A Compendium |date=2009 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-021773-5 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2PmEIYMsHUC&pg=PA56 |access-date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*The 2022 Hungarian drama ''Mária országa'' (''The land of Mary''), written by Csaba Székely and directed by [[Róbert Alföldi|Alföldi Róbert]], features Sigismund. The director opines that it is strange how such a great king does not have a cult around himself like Louis the Great or Matthias.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mizzy |first1=Sugar |title=Cult: "Hungary is a slaughterhouse, there is much more beef in it" |url=https://europe-cities.com/2022/05/07/cult-hungary-is-a-slaughterhouse-there-is-much-more-beef-in-it/ |website=europe-cities.com |date=7 May 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Alföldi Róbert: "Amit lehetett, én megtettem" |url=https://szinhaz.online/alfoldi-robert-amit-lehetett-en-megtettem/ |access-date=9 July 2022 |work=Színház.online |date=4 May 2022 |language=hu}}</ref>
====Poetry====
*The Czech poet Jan Jaroměřský (born before 1617) quotes Sigismund in his work about [[Jičín]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Storchová |first1=Lucie |title=Czech Lands, Part 1 |date=7 September 2020 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-065018-1 |page=606 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLH8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA606 |access-date=15 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
====Films====
In films, Sigismund often appears in the context of the Hussite movement.
*In the 1954–1956 ''[[Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy]]'' directed by Otakar Vávra, he is portrayed by [[Jan Pivec]]. As the antagonist, he is finally defeated by [[Jan Žižka]] in ''[[Against All]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jan Pivec |url=https://www.tv-archiv.sk/-jan-pivec/fotky/-100212 |website=www.tv-archiv.sk |access-date=9 July 2022 |language=sk}}</ref>
*In the 1977 American biographical film ''[[John Hus (1977 film)|John Hus]]'', [[Marvin Miller (actor)|Marvin Miller]] plays Sigismund.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Hus GoldPoster Movie Poster Gallery |url=https://www.goldposter.com/movie/597797/ |website=GoldPoster |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>
*In the 2015 Czech television film ''[[Jan Hus (2015 film)|Jan Hus]]'', directed by [[Jiří Svoboda (director)|Jiří Svoboda]], Sigismund is portrayed by {{ill|Michal Dlouhý|cs}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jan Hus |url=https://www.filmstarts.de/kritiken/238776.html |access-date=9 July 2022 |language=de}}</ref>
*In the 2022 Czech film ''[[Medieval (film)|Medieval]]'' (English-language film), also known as ''Warrior of God'' or ''Jan Žižka'' (in Czech), directed by [[Petr Jákl]], he is depicted by [[Matthew Goode]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kay2018-11-01T13:30:00+00:00 |first1=Jeremy |title=Matthew Goode joins historical epic "Medieval" (exclusive) |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/matthew-goode-joins-historical-epic-medieval-exclusive/5134169.article |website=Screen |access-date=9 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
On Polish television, Sigismund has been portrayed by:
* [[Mariusz Dmochowski]] in Polish drama ''Królewskie sny'' (1988)<ref>{{Cite web |title=FilmPolski.pl |url=https://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=FilmPolski |language=pl}}</ref>
* Dominik Mirecki in the third season of Polish historical drama ''[[Korona królów]]'' (2019-2020).<ref>{{Cite web |title=FilmPolski.pl |url=https://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=FilmPolski |language=pl}}</ref> Maksymilian Dobrowolski portrayed young Sigismund (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |title=FilmPolski.pl |url=https://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=FilmPolski |language=pl}}</ref>
====Others====
*The story of the game [[Kingdom Come: Deliverance]] is about events in the reign of Sigismund.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kingdom Come: Deliverance Has Sold Over 5 Million Copies |url=https://gamingbolt.com/kingdom-come-deliverance-has-sold-over-5-million-copies |access-date=9 July 2022 |work=GamingBolt}}</ref>
==Commemoration==
[[File:Budapest Zsigmond Kiraly 133534.jpg|thumb|150px|Bust of Emperor Sigismund by Katalin Csányi (2010) in [[Óbuda]]]]
In 2006, Hungary organized the great exhibition ''Sigismundus - Rex et Imperator - Art and culture under the last ruler of the Luxemburg Dynasty, 1387-1437'' about the ruler's personality and activities as well as cultural achievements under his reign <ref>{{cite web |title=Exhibition - Sigismundus - Rex et Imperator - Art and culture under the last ruler of the Luxemburg Dynasty, 1387-1437 - Museum.hu |url=http://www.museum.hu/exhibition/3690/Sigismundus_-_Rex_et_Imperator_-_Art_and_culture_under_the_last_ruler_of_the_Luxemburg_Dynasty_1387-1437 |website=www.museum.hu |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Cultural depictions of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Barbara of Cilli]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
*[[Cultural depictions of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
{{div col end}}
==Bibliography and further reading ==
'''Books'''
*{{cite book |last1=Brady |first1=Thomas A. |last2=Brady |first2=Thomas A. Jr. |title=German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650 |date=13 July 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88909-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQJkfTDUhsMC&pg=PA74 |access-date=18 June 2022 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hoensch |first1=Jörg K. |title=Kaiser Sigismund: Herrscher an der Schwelle zur Neuzeit, 1368–1437 |date=1996 |publisher=Beck |location=München |isbn=978-3406411199}} [https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=googlescholar&id=GALE|A54050270&v=2.1&it=r&sid=AONE&asid=f9b906df Review by David Eltis]
*{{cite book |last1=Hruza |first1=Karel |title=Kaiser Sigismund: Zur Herrschaftspraxis eines europäischen Monarchen (1368-1437). |date=2012 |publisher=Böhlau |location=Wien |isbn=978-3-205-78755-6}} [http://www.sehepunkte.de/2014/11/26191.html Review by Winfried Irgang (in German)]
*{{cite book |last1=Mályusz |first1=Elemér |title=Kaiser Sigismund in Ungarn, 1387–1437 |date=1990 |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |isbn=978-963-05-4978-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vs4hAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=de}} [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1993_num_71_4_3918_t1_0953_0000_2 Review by Populer Michèle (in French)]
*{{cite book |title=Sigismund von Luxemburg: ein Kaiser in Europa. Tagungsband des internationalen historischen und kunsthistorischen Kongresses in Luxemburg, 8.–10. Juni 2005 |date=2006 |publisher=P. von Zabern |location=Mainz am Rhein |isbn=3-8053-3625-X}}
*{{cite book |title=Sigismundus Rex et Imperator: Kunst und Kultur zur Zeit Sigismunds von Luxemburg 1387–1437. Ausstellungskatalog, Budapest, Szépművészeti Múzeum, 18. März – 18. Juni 2006; Luxemburg, Musée National d'Histoire et d'Art, 13. Juli – 15. Oktober 2006 |date=2006 |location=[Mainz] |isbn=3-8053-3626-8|last1=Takács |first1=Imre |last2=Jékely |first2=Zsombor }} [https://www.hsozkult.de/publicationreview/id/reb-9374 Review by Ansgar Frenken (in German)]
'''Websites'''
*The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. {{cite web|title=Sigismund Holy Roman emperor Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigismund-Holy-Roman-emperor |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=5 July 2022 |language=en}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Emperors]]