View source for Düzce

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{{Multiple issues|{{more footnotes|date=December 2021}}{{refimprove|date=December 2021}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = municipality
| name                 = Düzce
| other_name           =
| image_skyline        = 645x344-1573480687396.jpg
| image_caption        = Düzce panoramic view
| image_shield         =
| coordinates          = {{coord|40|50|30|N|31|09|30|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| province             = Düzce
| district             = Düzce
| leader_party         = [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]]
| leader_name          = [[Faruk Özlü]]
| area_footnotes       =
| area_total_km2       =
| elevation_m          =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 194097
| population_as_of     = 2022
| postal_code          =
| area_code            = 0380
| website              = {{url|https://duzce.bel.tr/}}
| blank1_name          = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info          = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
}}
[[File:Düzce.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of Düzce]]
[[File:Efteni_Gölü_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Efteni Lake near Düzce]]
'''Düzce''' ({{IPA|tr|dyz'dʒe}}) is a city in northwestern [[Turkey]], the capital city of [[Düzce Province]], the eighty-first [[Provinces of Turkey|province]] in the country. It is the seat of [[Düzce District]].<ref name=il>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Its population is 194,097 (as of 2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=13 March 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref>
== Overview ==
Düzce is the eighty-first and the newest province of Turkey. It is situated on the Black Sea between the capital Ankara and Istanbul. It was greatly affected by both the [[1999 İzmit earthquake|Marmara]] and [[1999 Düzce earthquake|Düzce earthquakes]] of 1999.
Ankara is 240&nbsp;km to the east and Istanbul is 228&nbsp;km to the west. Road D-100 passes through Düzce, while the [[TEM (motorway)|TEM]] highway passes around it.
Düzce is in the North East of the [[East Marmara Region|East  Marmara region]]. It is bordered to the west by [[Sakarya Province|Sakarya]], to the northeast by [[Zonguldak Province|Zonguldak]], and to the east by [[Bolu Province|Bolu]]. It opens to the Black Sea with the valley of Büyük Melen on the northwest. Düzce is 23&nbsp;km across from east to west, and 20&nbsp;km from north to south.
Nearby are also some tourist centers and popular attractions such as Abant, [[Kartalkaya]], Yedigoller, Golcuk and Akcakoca.
The main agricultural products in Düzce are tobacco, maize wheat, nut and many kinds of wheat and vegetables.
==History==
{{Uncited-section|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Tyche Pluto Prusias ad Hypium IstArchMu450b.jpg|190px|thumb|left|The goddess [[Tyche]] holding in her arms [[Plutus]] (god of wealth) as a child. [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] art, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] period, 2nd century AD. Located in the [[Istanbul Archaeology Museums|Istanbul Archaeology Museum]] From [[Prusias ad Hypium]] (in the present-day il of Düzce).]]
Historical Konuralp is 8&nbsp;km north of Düzce; first settlements there go back to 3rd century BC. Until 74 BC, it was one of the most important cities belonging to [[Bithynia]], which included Bilecik, Bolu, Sakarya, Kocaeli. It was conquered by Pontus and then by the Roman Empire. During the Roman period the city was influenced by Latin culture, and it changed its name to [[Prusias ad Hypium]]. Later on Christianity affected the city and after the separation of the Roman Empire in 395, it was controlled by the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] (the later [[Byzantine Empire]]).
In 1204, the Crusader armies invaded [[Constantinople]], establishing the [[Latin Empire]]. Düzce and its surroundings are thought to be under the dominance of the [[Latin Empire]] during this period. Düzce was under [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule again from 1261 to 1323. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Düzce History |url=https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/duzce/genelbilgiler |archive-date= |website=Kültür Portalı}}</ref>
[[Konur Alp|Konuralp Bey]], one of [[Osman I|Osman]] Gazi's commanders, was ordered to conquer Düzce and its surroundings to expand [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman]] lands. The first Ottoman administrators in Düzce were Konuralp Bey, Sungur Bey, Semsi Bey and Gunduz Alp.
During the Ottoman Empire, Düzce provided navy timber, and it became an important centre of transportation between Istanbul and cities further east, such as Sivas and Erzurum.
During the rule of Sultan Abdulaziz and Abdulmecit, immigrants from the Caucasus, the Pontic coast, Transcaucasia and the Balkans increased the population of Düzce. The government provided them free land. It had 137 villages and 66,618 homes with the population of 36088 during the rule of Abdulmecit II.
In the late 19th and early 20th century, Düzce was part of the [[Kastamonu Vilayet]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].
After the establishment of the republic, the city rapidly industrialized. The main economic sectors are forestry production, automotive parts, textile, hunting and sports guns, cement, pharmaceutical products, nuts and tobacco.
It was hit by a series of earthquakes in this period, such as the 1944 Düzce earthquake, 1957 Abant earthquake, 1967 Adapazari earthquake, and in 1999 it was destroyed by the 17 August Izmit earthquake and the earthquake on 12 November 1999. The magnitude of the earthquake was 7.2 (Richter magnitude scale), lasted for 30 seconds, killing 845 people and injuring over 5,000. To quickly rebuild the earthquake damaged areas the Council of Ministers made Düzce the 81st province of Turkey in 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DÜZCE |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/duzce |website=İslam Ansiklopedisi}}</ref>
==Climate==
[[File:Düzce.jpg|thumb|A view from Düzce]]
Düzce has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa)'' under the [[Köppen climate classification]], and an oceanic climate (''Do'') under the [[Trewartha climate classification]]. It experiences chilly, occasionally snowy winters and warm to very warm summers.
According to the Köppen climate classification, at the turn of the century, Düzce was still considered to have an [[oceanic climate]] (''Cfb''), with its warmest month being below the 22&nbsp;°C threshold, yet in recent decades [[climate change]] and [[global warming]] has been contributing to its classification in slowly turning humid subtropical (''Cfa'').
Highest recorded temperature:{{Convert|42.4|C|F|abbr=on}} on 13 July 2000<br>Lowest recorded temperature:{{Convert|-20.5|C|F|abbr=on}} on 22 January 1967<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=A&m=DUZCE | title = İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri | publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service | language = tr | access-date = 27 August 2024}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|metric first= Yes
|single line= Yes
|location= Düzce (1991–2020, extremes 1959–2023)
|Jan record high C = 26.1
|Feb record high C = 26.9
|Mar record high C = 32.2
|Apr record high C = 34.7
|May record high C = 39.5
|Jun record high C = 39.0
|Jul record high C = 42.4
|Aug record high C = 42.0
|Sep record high C = 38.7
|Oct record high C = 38.2
|Nov record high C = 31.3
|Dec record high C = 29.2
|year record high C = 42.4
|Jan high C = 8.7
|Feb high C = 11.2
|Mar high C = 14.3
|Apr high C = 19.3
|May high C = 23.9
|Jun high C = 27.5
|Jul high C = 29.7
|Aug high C = 30.0
|Sep high C = 26.5
|Oct high C = 21.5
|Nov high C = 15.9
|Dec high C = 10.3
|year high C = 19.9
|Jan mean C = 4.1
|Feb mean C = 5.5
|Mar mean C = 8.2
|Apr mean C = 12.3
|May mean C = 17.0
|Jun mean C = 20.8
|Jul mean C = 23.1
|Aug mean C = 23.2
|Sep mean C = 19.3
|Oct mean C = 14.8
|Nov mean C = 9.5
|Dec mean C = 5.6
|year mean C = 13.6
|Jan low C = 0.8
|Feb low C = 1.5
|Mar low C = 3.7
|Apr low C = 7.1
|May low C = 11.5
|Jun low C = 15.2
|Jul low C = 17.4
|Aug low C = 17.8
|Sep low C = 13.9
|Oct low C = 10.3
|Nov low C = 5.3
|Dec low C = 2.3
|year low C = 8.9
|Jan record low C = -20.5
|Feb record low C = -17.3
|Mar record low C = -13.6
|Apr record low C = -3.0
|May record low C = 0.4
|Jun record low C = 6.6
|Jul record low C = 8.8
|Aug record low C = 7.6
|Sep record low C = 4.5
|Oct record low C = -1.2
|Nov record low C = -6.8
|Dec record low C = -16.5
|year record low C = -20.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 87.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 70.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 77.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 60.6
|May precipitation mm = 61.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 76.7
|Jul precipitation mm = 39.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 51.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 52.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 82.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 67.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 95.7
|year precipitation mm = 822.9
|Jan precipitation days = 15.23
|Feb precipitation days = 14.4
|Mar precipitation days = 14.7
|Apr precipitation days = 12.2
|May precipitation days = 12.33
|Jun precipitation days = 10.43
|Jul precipitation days = 6.43
|Aug precipitation days = 5.83
|Sep precipitation days = 8.5
|Oct precipitation days = 11.63
|Nov precipitation days = 11
|Dec precipitation days = 15.63
|year precipitation days = 138.3
| Jan humidity    =81.8
| Feb humidity    =76.3
| Mar humidity    =72.9
| Apr humidity    =71
| May humidity    =71.7
| Jun humidity    =71
| Jul humidity    =71
| Aug humidity    =71.8
| Sep humidity    =74.6
| Oct humidity    =79.9
| Nov humidity    =80.8
| Dec humidity    =82.9
| year humidity   =
|Jan sun = 58.9
|Feb sun = 84.8
|Mar sun = 117.8
|Apr sun = 162.0
|May sun = 210.8
|Jun sun = 246.0
|Jul sun = 272.8
|Aug sun = 254.2
|Sep sun = 192.0
|Oct sun = 136.4
|Nov sun = 87.0
|Dec sun = 52.7
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 1.9
|Febd sun = 3.0
|Mard sun = 3.8
|Aprd sun = 5.4
|Mayd sun = 6.8
|Jund sun = 8.2
|Juld sun = 8.8
|Augd sun = 8.2
|Sepd sun = 6.4
|Octd sun = 4.4
|Novd sun = 2.9
|Decd sun = 1.7
|yeard sun = 5.1
|source 1 = [[Turkish State Meteorological Service]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=DUZCE
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 24 April 2021}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NCEI]](humidity)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Duzce_17072.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Duzce-17072 |access-date=27 August 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]] |no-pp=y |format=CSV}}</ref>
}}
== Sister cities ==
* [[Novi Pazar]]
* [[East Riding of Yorkshire]]
* [[Dubrovnik]]
* [[Sainshand]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=DÜZCENİN KARDEŞ ŞEHİRLERİ - Düzce Belediyesi|url=https://duzce.bel.tr/5824-duzcenin-kardes-sehirleri|access-date=2021-01-04|website=duzce.bel.tr}}</ref>
== Sports ==
* [[Düzcespor]]
== References ==
{{Commons category|Düzce}}
{{reflist}}
{{Düzce District}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Duzce}}
[[Category:Düzce| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Düzce District]]
[[Category:Provincial municipalities in Turkey]]