View source for Dane-zaa

{{short description|First Nations in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Dane-zaa
|native_name = ᑕᓀᖚ
|image= Beaver chief and family Peace River area Alberta NA-1440-8.jpg
|caption =Dane-zaa chief and family, [[Peace River, Alberta|Peace River]] area [[Alberta]], 1899, [[Glenbow Museum]]
|total=1,700 | total_year = 2016 census
|total_ref=<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110522&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=122&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data|publisher=Government of Canada|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|date=25 October 2017|language=en|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>
|popplace = Canada
|region1 = [[British Columbia]]
|pop1 = 890 (2016)
|region2 = [[Alberta]]
|pop2 = 770 (2016)
|langs=[[English language|English]], [[Dane-zaa language|Dane-zaa]]
|rels=[[Christianity]], [[Indigenous religion]]
|related=[[Tsuu T'ina Nation|Tsuu T'ina]]
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|people='''Dane-z̲aa<br />ᑕᓀᖚ'''|language=[[Dane-zaa language|Dane-z̲aa Ẕáágéʔ<br />ᑕᓀᖚ ᖚᗀᐥ]]|country=Dane-z̲aa nanéʔ<br />ᑕᓀᖚ ᖚᗀᐥ ᓇᓀᐥ,<br />[[Denendeh|Denendeh<br />ᑌᓀᐣᑌᐧ]]}}
The '''Dane-zaa''' (ᑕᓀᖚ, also spelled '''Dunne-za''', or '''Tsattine''') are an [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan-speaking]] group of [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] people. Their traditional territory is around the [[Peace River (Canada)|Peace River]] in [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]], Canada. Today, about 1,600 Dane-zaa reside in [[British Columbia]] and an estimated half of them speak the [[Dane-zaa language]]. Approximately 2,000 Dane-zaa live in Alberta.
Europeans historically referred to the Dane-zaa as the '''Beaver'''.
==Name==
<!--[[Image:Unidentified Beaver circa 1911.jpg|thumb|200px|An unidentified Dane-zaa, in the Peace River country, 1911]]-->
The name ''Dunne-za'' has been translated to "Those who live among the beaver." The spelling ''Dane-zaa'' is typically used for "the Real People." That spelling is used by the Dane-zaa Language Authority.<ref>Dane-zaa Language Authority, Shona Nelson, October 3, 2012).</ref> Different tribes and First Nations use different spellings. For example, the [[Doig River First Nation]] (DRFN) and [[Halfway River First Nation]] (HRFN) use ''Dane-Zaa''. [[Prophet River First Nation]] (PRFN) uses ''Dene Tsaa''; and the [[West Moberly First Nations]] (WMFNs) use ''Dunne-za'' or ''Dunne Za''. Where other spellings are used in citations, such as ''Dunne-Za'' (e.g., Ridington 1988), they are kept intact and are synonymous  with Dane-zaa.
The historic usual English term ''Beaver'' is a translation of the name used by several of their neighboring tribes. The [[Dakelh]] called them ''Tsattine / Tsat'en'' and the [[Plains Cree people|Plains Cree]] called them ''Amiskiwiyiniw'', both meaning "Those who live among the beaver" or "Beaver People." In French, they are known as the ''Gens de Castor'', meaning "People of the Beaver".
== History ==
[[File: Beaver women and children in front of their tipi - NA-1440-6.jpg|thumb|Dane-zaa (Beaver) women and children in front of their tipi, 1899|alt=]]
Prior to the 19th century, the Dane-zaa inhabited lands further east, near the Athabaska and [[Clearwater River (British Columbia)|Clearwater River]]s, and north to [[Lake Athabaska]], as well as territory north of the upper Peace River (called ''Saaghii Naachii'', meaning "big river," by them). [[Archaeological]] evidence at [[Charlie Lake Cave]] establishes that the area of Charlie Lake north of Fort St John has been continuously occupied for 10,500 years by varying cultures of [[indigenous peoples]].
In the late 18th century, European-Canadians opened the [[Peace River]] area to [[fur trading]]. Scot-Canadian explorer [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)]] established Rocky Mountain Fort at the mouth of the [[Moberly River]] in 1794.
According to Dane-zaa [[oral tradition|oral history]], the Peace River is named for the settling of a conflict between the Dane-zaa and the Cree. The Cree traditionally lived south and east of the Upper Peace River region. Due to their trade with settlers, they had guns and they pushed the Dane-zaa northwest in the late 18th century. A peace treaty, negotiated in the late 1700s or early 1800s, stated that the Cree would live south of the Peace River, and the Dane-zaa north.<ref>Chillborne Environmental 2009</ref> The Peace River, before and after its new name, marked a boundary zone, where groups met for trade, celebration, and settling of disputes.
A post journal of 1799–1800 mentions people trading at the post who can be identified as the ancestors of members of the former Fort St John Band, now the [[Doig River First Nation|Doig River]] and [[Blueberry River First Nation|Blueberry River]] First Nations. Doig oral history confirms that the ancestors of present Dane-zaa families were in the upper Peace River area prior to the first contact by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793. Traders provisioned their expeditions with bison meat and grease provided by the Dane-zaa in their hunting on the rich prairies of the upper Peace River area. By the time the Hudson's Bay Company took over the North West Company in 1823, bison were scarce.
Traditionally, Dane-zaa has followed the teachings and songs of Dreamers, who first predicted the coming of the Europeans. The last Dreamer, Charlie Yahey, died in 1976.
The Dane-zaa of Fort St John took an adhesion to Treaty 8 in 1900. Today they continue to have a strong cultural and economic presence in the North Peace area.
[[File:Dunne-za cemetery at Eleske, Alberta.jpg|thumb|Dunne-za cemetery in [[High Level|High Level, Alberta]]]]
In collaboration with the elders of the Doig River First Nation, Robin and Jillian Ridington wrote Where Happiness Dwells: A History of the Dane-zaa First Nations, which was published by UBC Press in 2013.  It features the oral history of the Dane-zaa from pre-history to the present day.<ref>Ridington, Robin and Jillian Ridington. 2013.  Vancouver, UBC Press.</ref>
== Danezaa governments ==
[[File:Beaver tipi in winter near Peace River Alberta - NA-1315-23.jpg|thumb|Dane-zaa [[tipi]] in winter near [[Peace River, Alberta|Peace River]], [[Alberta]], 1899|alt=]]
===Treaty 8 Tribal Association===
[[Treaty 8 Tribal Association]] members:<ref>[http://www.treaty8.bc.ca/communities/ Treaty 8 Tribal Association Communities] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003083127/http://www.treaty8.bc.ca/communities/ |date=2011-10-03 }}</ref>
* [[Doig River First Nation]]<ref>[http://www.doigriverfn.com/ Doig River First Nation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607145534/http://www.doigriverfn.com/ |date=2007-06-07 }}</ref> (''Dane-Za Adishtl'sh'', takes its name from the [[Doig River]] (Hanás̱ Saahgéʔ) running through the reserve and has strong ties with the Blueberry River First Nation, band office is on the most populous reserve [[Blueberry River IR No. 206]], Reserves: [[Beaton River IR No. 204 (North Half)]], [[Doig River IR No. 206]], Population: 301)
* [[Blueberry River First Nations]] (was given this name because of the abundant supply of blueberries found in the river valley, band office is on the most populous reserve IR No. 205, about 80&nbsp;km northwest of Fort St. John, Danezaa and Cree, Reserves: [[Beaton River No. 204 (South Half)]], [[Blueberry River IR No. 205]], Population: 472)
* [[Halfway River First Nation]]<ref>[http://www.halfwayriver.ca/index.asp Halfway River First Nation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110155735/http://halfwayriver.ca/index.asp |date=2011-11-10 }}</ref> (originally from Chowade River (Stony River) it was the last First Nation to move to its new location in the early sixties. Once forming with the West Moberly First Nation the Hudson Hope Band, the First Nations separated in 1971, the community is located 75&nbsp;km northwest of [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]], Reserve: [[Halfway River IR No. 168]], Population: 268)
* [[Prophet River First Nation]] (''Dene Tsaa First Nation'', the First Nation is located 100&nbsp;km south of [[Fort Nelson, British Columbia|Fort Nelson]], Reserve: [[Prophet River IR No. 4]], Population: 266)
* [[Saulteau First Nations]]<ref>[http://www.saulteau.com/index.html Saulteau First Nations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320112359/http://www.saulteau.com/index.html |date=2012-03-20 }}</ref> (In the 1870s one group of Anishnaube (Saulteau) migrated westward from Manitoba and settled at [[Moberly Lake (British Columbia)|Moberly Lake]], where they later intermarried with the Nēhiyawēwin (Cree) and Danezaa (Beaver) who were already living in the area, the community is located at the east end of Moberly Lake, about 100&nbsp;km southwest of Fort St. John, Reserve: [[East Moberly Lake IR No. 169]], Population: 840)
* [[West Moberly First Nations]] (was originally part of the Hudson Hope Band, which split into West Moberly and Halfway River First Nations in 1971, the community is located at the west end of Moberly Lake, about 90&nbsp;km southwest of Fort St. John, Danezaa and Cree, Reserve: [[West Moberly Lake No. 168A]], Population: 275)
===North Peace Tribal Council (NPTC)===
[[North Peace Tribal Council]] members:<ref>[http://www.nptc.ab.ca/about-us North Peace Tribal Council (NPTC)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815225841/http://www.nptc.ab.ca/about-us |date=2011-08-15 }}</ref>
* [[Beaver First Nation]] has two reserves are both near [[Fort Vermilion, Alberta]] in the [[Peace Country]] of [[Northern Alberta]], band office is on the most populous Reserve [[Beaver IR No. 164A]], Reserves: [[Boyer IR No. 164]] (Rocky Lane), [[Child Lake IR No. 164A]] (Eleske), Population: 1 027)
===Western Cree Tribal Council===
* [[Horse Lake First Nation]] is a First Nation headquartered in [[Hythe, Alberta]]. It is a party to Treaty 8, and despite being a member of the Western Cree Tribal Council, the Horse Lake nation is linguistically and culturally a part of the Danezaa or "Beavers". Reserves: [[Clear Hills IR No. 152C]], [[Horse Lakes IR No. 152B]], Population: 1 089)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboriginal.alberta.ca/documents/MetisSettlement_FirstNation_Profile.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-11-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512012710/http://www.aboriginal.alberta.ca/documents/MetisSettlement_FirstNation_Profile.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-12 }}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070607145534/http://www.doigriverfn.com/ Doig River First Nation]
* [http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/abed/images/map2.jpg Map of Northwest Coast First Nations] (including Dunneza)
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/35659 ''Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793'', Vol. II (1903)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194905/http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/exhibits/journeys/english/forest_2_2a.html Living In A Storied Land], [[Royal British Columbia Museum]]
{{First Nations in Alberta}}<!--does that auto-place the FN govts in Alberta cat? A. No, apparently not.-->
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Dane-zaa| ]]
[[Category:Athabaskan peoples]]
[[Category:First Nations in Alberta]]
[[Category:First Nations in British Columbia]]