View source for Daniel's final vision

{{short description|Chapters 10, 11 and 12 in the Book of Daniel}}
{{redirect|King of the North|the EP by Bugzy Malone|King of the North (EP)|the mayor of Greater Manchester|Andy Burnham}}
{{Daniel chapters}}
Chapters 10, 11, and 12 in the [[Book of Daniel]] make up '''Daniel's final vision''', describing a series of conflicts between the unnamed "King of the North" and "King of the South" leading to the "[[Jewish eschatology|time of the end]]", when Israel will be vindicated and the dead raised, some to everlasting life and some to shame and everlasting contempt.
Although set during the [[6th century BC]], the Book of Daniel was written in reaction to the persecution of the Jews by the Greek king [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] in 167–164 BC.{{sfn|Collins|2001|p=2}} Its authors were the ''maskilim'', the "wise", of whom Daniel is one: "Those among the people who are wise shall make many understand ...",{{sfn|Davies|2006|p=406}} and its fundamental theme is God's control over history.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1234}} The climax comes with the prophecy of the [[resurrection of the dead]].{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=103}} [[Daniel 7|Chapter 7]] spoke of the kingdom of the saints or "holy ones" of the Most High",<ref>{{bibleverse||Daniel|7:18|NKJV}}</ref> but Daniel 10–12 does not say that history will end with the coming of the Jewish kingdom; rather, the "wise" will be brought back to life to lead Israel in the new [[kingdom of God]].{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=103}}
In contemporary Christian [[millennialism]], Daniel 11:36–45 is interpreted as a prophecy of the career and destruction of the [[Antichrist]], and Daniel 12 as concerning the salvation of Israel and the coming kingdom of [[Christ (title)|Christ]].{{sfn|LaHaye|Hindson|2006|pp=259–263}}
==Summary==
Chapter 10, a prologue: In the third year of [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] (the Persian conqueror of Babylon), after fasting for three weeks, Daniel sees a vision of a man clothed in linen, clearly a supernatural being, who tells him that he is currently engaged in a battle with the "[[Territorial spirit#Daniel 10|prince of Persia]]", in which he is assisted by "[[Archangel Michael|Michael]], your prince". He must soon return to the combat, but first he will tell Daniel what is written in the "book of truth".
Chapter 11, the report of the vision: The angel continues: there will be four kings of Persia, and the last will make war on Greece. After him will come a great king, but that king's empire will be broken up. There will be wars and marriages between the kings of the South and the North (described in great detail), and the king of the North will desecrate the Temple and set up "[[Abomination of desolation|the abomination that causes desolation]]". At the end-time there will be a war between the king of the South and the king of the North, and the king of the North will meet his end "between the sea and the Holy Mountain".
Chapter 12, the epilogue: At the end-time, "Michael, the great prince who protects your people, will arise."<ref>{{bibleverse|Daniel|12:1|NIV}}: [[New International Version]]</ref> There will be great distress, but those whose names are written will be saved, the dead will awaken to everlasting shame or life. Daniel asks how long it will be before these things are fulfilled and is told, "From the time that the daily sacrifice is abolished and the abomination that causes desolation is set up, there will be 1,290 days; blessed is the one who waits for and reaches the end of the 1,335 days". At the end of the vision, Daniel is told "Go your way", and promised his inheritance at the end of days.
==Composition==
[[Image:Stattler-Machabeusze.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Wojciech Stattler]], ''"Machabeusze"'' (''"The Maccabees"''), 1844]]
{{See also|Book of Daniel#Composition}}
It is generally accepted by modern scholars that the Daniel who appears as the hero of the Book of Daniel never existed, but that the authors reveal their true identity at the end of Daniel 12: they are the ''maskil'', the "wise", of whom Daniel is one: "Those among the people who are wise shall make many understand ...".{{sfn|Collins|1999|p=219}}{{sfn|Davies|2006|p=406}} The actual background to the book was the persecution of the Jews by the Greek king [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] in 167–164 BC, and there is a broad consensus that the book was completed shortly after that crisis ended.{{sfn|Collins|2001|p=2}}
The first six chapters are folktales dating from the late Persian/early Hellenistic period, while the visions of chapters 7–12 date from between 167 and 164.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1233}} A probable outline of the composition is as follows:{{sfn|Collins|2001|p=29}}
* An original collection of folktales, currently chapters 1–6;
* Addition of chapter 7 and revision of the earlier chapters;
* Further revision and the addition of chapters 8–12.
Daniel is episodic rather than linear: it has no plot as such. It does, however, have a structure. Chapters 2–7 form a [[chiastic structure|chiasm]], a literary figure in which elements mirror each other: chapter 2 is the counterpart of chapter 7, chapter 3 of chapter 6, and chapter 4 of chapter 5, with the second member of each pair advancing the first in some way. [[Daniel 8]] is then a new beginning, and the single vision contained in chapters 10–12 advances that argument further and gives it more precision.{{sfn|Goldingay|2002|p=624}}
Within the three chapters of Daniel 10–12, Daniel 10 serves as prologue, chapter 11 as the report of the angelic vision, and chapter 12 as the epilogue.{{sfn|Seow|2003|p=153}} [[Philip R. Davies|P. R. Davies]] suggests that the text is "poor Hebrew, and may represent a rather poor translation from an [[Aramaic]] original".<ref>Davies, P. R., ''Daniel'' in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), [https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 The Oxford Bible Commentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 |date=2017-11-22 }}, p. 568</ref> The unit begins with a third-person introduction (10:1), and then switches to Daniel speaking in his own voice as one of the two primary characters, his angelic partner being the second—this is probably the [[angel Gabriel]], although he is never identified.{{sfn|Hill|2008|p=176}} Then follows Daniel 11, the "Book of Truth": much of the history it recounts is accurate down to the two successive Syrian invasions of Egypt in 170 and 168 BC, but there was no third war between Egypt and Syria, and Antiochus did not die in Palestine.{{sfn|Seow|2003|p=166}}
The failure of prophecy helps pinpoint the date of composition: the author knows of the desecration of the Temple in December 167, but not of its re-dedication or of the death of Antiochus, both in late 164{{sfn|Seow|2003|p=166}} although "the hallmark of biblical prophecy has never been the precise fulfilment of predictions to their last detail"{{sfn|Seow|2003|p=184-186}} and Daniel paints an imaginative scenario of the kind of issue that God will ensure will come from present events.<ref>[[John Goldingay]] (2019), ''Word Biblical Commentary: Daniel, Revised Edition, Vol. 30'', p. 545</ref> The countdown of days remaining to the end-time in Daniel 12:11–12 differs from that in [[Daniel 8]], and it was most likely added after the original prediction failed to come to pass{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1257 fn.}} although the contradiction could also be understood by the author's use of different competing calendars.<ref>[[John Goldingay]] (2019), ''Word Biblical Commentary: Daniel, Revised Edition, Vol. 30'', p. 551-552</ref>
==Genre and themes==
[[File:MemlingJudgmentCenter-crop.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Archangel Michael]] weighing souls on [[Judgement Day]]. [[Hans Memling]], 15th century.]]
The vision is an [[apocalypse]] in the form of an [[Theophany|epiphany]] (appearance of a divine being) with an angelic discourse (revelation delivered by an angel). The discourse forms an ''[[Postdiction|ex eventu]]'' (after the event) prophecy, with close parallels with certain Babylonian works. The only true prophecy is the prediction of the death of Antiochus, which is probably based on Ezekiel's prophecy of [[Gog and Magog]]. The heroes of Daniel 11–12, the "wise", are based on the "[[Servant songs|Suffering Servant]]" of [[Isaiah 53]].{{sfn|Collins|1984|pp=99–100}}
The fundamental theme of the Book of Daniel is God's control over history.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=1234}} According to [[Deuteronomy]] 32:8–9 God assigned each nation its own divine patron; originally these were subordinate gods, but by the time Daniel came to be written they had been redefined as [[angels]]. In Daniel, [[Archangel Michael|Michael]], the angel of Israel, is in battle with the "prince (i.e., angelic patron) of Persia", and this will be followed by further battle with the "prince of Greece"; the theological point being made is that the fate of nations is decided in heaven, not on earth. The same theme underlies the reference to the heavenly "Book of Truth" which is about to be revealed to Daniel, and which supposedly forms the content of chapter 11: both the past and the future are written already, and God is sovereign over all.{{sfn|Hammer|1976|pp=102–103}}
The constant preoccupation of the vision chapters is Antiochus's replacement of the "tamid", the twice-daily burnt offering to the God of Israel, by the "[[abomination of desolation]]".<ref group="Notes" name="Tamid">The tamid offering was a lamb accompanied by fine flour, oil and wine, burnt in the morning and the evening. See Lust, 2002, p.672. The exact nature of the "abomination" is somewhat mysterious, but it was clearly a blasphemous pagan disruption of the worship of the God of Israel, possibly involving the sacrifice of swine.</ref> The predicted reversal of the blasphemy will usher in the end of history, the theme of the four earthly kingdoms first introduced in Daniel 2 and developed in Daniel 7 and 8; they will be replaced by the [[Kingship and kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]], a kingdom in which Israel will be given domination over the world.{{sfn|Lust|2002|pp=671–684}}
The climax comes with the prophecy of the [[resurrection]] of the dead.{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=103}} Prior to the [[Babylonian exile]], all the dead went to [[Sheol]], irrespective of their good or bad deeds, but the idea that the righteous would be rewarded and the wicked punished began to appear in the 3rd century, and is clearly expressed in Daniel 12:2–3: "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake..." (although the "many" implies that not all will be resurrected).{{sfn|Cohen|2006|pp=86–87}}<ref group="Notes" name="Resurrection">The [[vision of the Valley of Dry Bones]] in Ezekiel 37:1–14 does not refer to individual resurrection but to the restoration of the nation of Israel – see Towner, p.166.</ref> Chapter 7 spoke of the coming "kingdom of heaven", but Daniel 10–12 does not say that history will end with the coming of the Jewish kingdom.{{sfn|Collins|1984|p=103}}
== Historical background ==
[[Image:Antiochos IV Epiphanes.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Coin of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The reverse shows [[Zeus]] (''King of the Gods'') enthroned  carrying the Goddess [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]](''Victory'').]]
Daniel's final vision is set in "the third year of [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]], king of Persia": this marks 70 years since Daniel's own captivity began (606 BC), and thus the fulfillment of [[book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]]'s prophecy that the exile would last 70 years.{{sfn|Hill|2008|p=175}} Chapter 11, the centre-piece of the revelation, gives a broad sweep of history from the 6th century BC to the 2nd, but the coverage is uneven: two centuries of Persian history plus Alexander the Great's conquests and the breakup of his empire, over two and a half centuries of history, are covered in three verses (2–4), but the century and a half of wars between the [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Ptolemies]] of Egypt and the [[Seleucid Syria|Seleucids]] of Syria receive 16 verses (5–20), and the reign of [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]], which lasted less than ten years, gets 25 (21–45).{{sfn|Seow|2003|p=166}}
Verses 20–39, the bulk of the historically accurate verses, deal with Antiochus, who reigned 175–164 BC. Verse 21 describes him as "the contemptible person to whom royal majesty has not been given", meaning that he came to the throne by questionable means. Verse 22 notes his removal of the High Priest [[Onias III]], (Antiochus sold the priesthood twice over, first to a relative of Onias named Jason, and then to a rival of Jason's named Menelaus), and verses 23–24 apparently refer to his liberality in scattering the spoils among his supporters. Verses 25–28 describe his first war with Egypt, in 170 BC, in which he was largely but not entirely successful. In 169, on his way back to Syria, he stopped in Jerusalem to plunder the Temple (verse 28).{{sfn|Towner|1984|pp=157–158}}
In 168 Antiochus invaded Egypt again, but this time he was [[Gaius Popillius Laenas|stopped]] by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] (the "ships of Kittim") and forced to retreat (verses 29–30).<ref group="Notes" name="Kittim">Kittim: originally the town of [[Kition]] (now [[Larnaca]]) in Cyprus, but applied to the Greeks and Romans; the same verse mentions Ashur, meaning Syria, and Eber, meaning Palestine.</ref> Verses 30–31 describe the events that followed: passing once more through Jerusalem, Antiochus instituted a persecution of Jewish customs and religion, desecrated the Temple, and established a garrison there. Verses 32–39 describe the response of "the wise" (the group associated with the Book of Daniel) and "the many" (the population at large): the wise suffer and die so that the many will understand.{{sfn|Newsom|Breed|2014|p=339}}{{sfn|Towner|1984|p=160}} In time the faithful receive "a little help" (possibly, but not certainly, a reference to [[Judas Maccabeus]], who led an armed revolt against the Greeks).{{sfn|Towner|1984|pp=160–161}} Verses 36–39 appear to carry Antiochus' history to the cosmic plane, detailing the blasphemy of the tyrant who considered himself a demi-god. He "spoke astonishing things against the God of gods" and gave "no heed to the god of his fathers".{{sfn|Towner|1984|p=162}}
Verses 40–45 finish the chapter with the prophecy that the unnamed king would make war once again against many, and would die without support.{{sfn|Newsom|Breed|2014|p=339}} In Antiochus' case, there was no third war with Egypt and he died in Persia or in Babylon.{{sfn|Towner|1984|pp=164–165}}
== See also ==
* [[Abomination of desolation]]
* [[Apocalypticism]]
* [[Book of Daniel]]
* [[Eschatology]]
* [[Vaticinium ex eventu]]
==Notes==
{{reflist |group="Notes"}}
==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}
=== Bibliography ===
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|title                          = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
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|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=X-XYJ0yp140C&q=%22a+broad+consensus%22%22shortly+after+the+Maccabean+crisis%22&pg=PA2
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|title                          = The Continuum History of Apocalypticism
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|title                          = OUP Oxford
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|year                           = 2009
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|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&q=influence+book+daniel+adventist&pg=PA237
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|year                           = 2002
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|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&q=The+Danielic+Son+of+Man+in+the+New+Testament&pg=PA545
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|year                           = 2011
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|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=58bNBYPnGg0C&q=Millennialism%2C+scripture%2C+and+tradition&pg=PA133
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|editor3-last                   = VanEpps
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|title                          = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|volume                         = II
|year                           = 2002
|publisher                      = BRILL
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&q=%22chapters+2+and+7+form+a+pair%22&pg=PA642
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| isbn                         = 9780203461013
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|chapter                        = A Dan(iel) For All Seasons
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|editor2-first                  = Peter W.
|editor3-last                   = VanEpps
|editor3-first                  = Cameron
|title                          = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year                           = 2002
|publisher                      = BRILL
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2
|isbn                          = 9004116753
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| first                         = Raymond
| title                         = The Book of Daniel
| year                          = 1976
| publisher                     = Cambridge University Press
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|editor1-last                   = Longman
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|title                          = The Expositor's Bible Commentary
|volume                         = 8
|year                           = 2008
|publisher=[[Zondervan]]
|isbn = 9780310268932
| chapter-url                           = https://books.google.com/books?id=bCPBrAfBSdgC&q=%22Gabriel%27s+revelation+poses+several+problems%22%22seven+possibilities%22&pg=PA170
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|first                          = Charles E.
|chapter                        = Antichrist
|editor1-last                   = Freedman
|editor1-first                  = David Noel
|editor2-last                   = Myers
|editor2-first                  = Allen C.
|title                          = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|year                           = 2000
|publisher                      = Eerdmans
|isbn = 9789053565032
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=%22%22Antichrist%22+and+%22antichrists%22+appear+in+the+Bible+only+in+1+John%22&pg=PA66
}}
*  {{cite book
|last                           = Holbrook
|first                          = Frank B.
|title                          = The Seventy Weeks, Leviticus, and the Nature of Prophecy
|year                           = 1986
|publisher                      = Biblical Research Institute, General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists
|isbn                           = 0925675024
|edition                        = Volume 3 of Daniel and Revelation Committee Series
}}
* {{Cite book
| last                          = Horsley
| first                         = Richard A.
| title                         = Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea
| year                          = 2007
| publisher                     = Presbyterian Publishing Corp
| url                           = https://books.google.com/books?id=ukojCH-hlVYC&q=Scribes%2C+Visionaries%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Second+Temple+Judea
| isbn = 9780664229917
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Knibb
|first                          = Michael
|title                          = Essays on the Book of Enoch and Other Early Jewish Texts and Traditions
|year                           = 2009
|publisher                      = BRILL
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=NC6iAkcBe4IC&q=The+Exile+in+the+literature+of+the+intertestamental+period&pg=PA191
|isbn                          = 978-9004167254
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Knibb
|first                          = Michael
|title                          = The Septuagint and Messianism
|year                           = 2006
|publisher                      = Peeters Publishers
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=lPS3_cThJn0C&q=%22Daniel+9+has+a+simple+structure%22&pg=PA435
|isbn                          = 9789042917330
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Knibb
|first                          = Michael
|chapter                        = The Book of Daniel in its Context
|editor1-last                   = Collins
|editor1-first                  = John J.
|editor2-last                   = Flint
|editor2-first                  = Peter W.
|editor3-last                   = VanEpps
|editor3-first                  = Cameron
|title                          = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year                           = 2002
|publisher                      = BRILL
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2
|isbn                          = 9004116753
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                            = Koch
|first                           = Klaus
|chapter                         = Stages in the Canonization of the Book of Daniel
|editor1-last                    = Collins
|editor1-first                   = John J.
|editor2-last                    = Flint
|editor2-first                   = Peter W.
|editor3-last                    = VanEpps
|editor3-first                   = Cameron
|title                           = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year                            = 2002
|publisher                       = BRILL
|chapter-url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&q=Stages+in+the+canonization+of+the+book+of+daniel&pg=PA421
|isbn                           = 0391041282
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Kratz
|first                          = Reinhard
|chapter                        = The Visions of Daniel
|editor1-last                   = Collins
|editor1-first                  = John J.
|editor2-last                   = Flint
|editor2-first                  = Peter W.
|editor3-last                   = VanEpps
|editor3-first                  = Cameron
|title                          = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year                           = 2002
|publisher                      = BRILL
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=oAVPfTe_wkYC&pg=PA2
|isbn                          = 9004116753
}}
* {{cite book
|last1                          = LaHaye
|first1                         = Tim Ed Hindson
|last2                          = Hindson
|first2                         = Ed
|title                          = The popular Bible prophecy commentary
|year                           = 2006
|publisher                      = Harvest House Publishers
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=1A1AF0BloekC&q=antichrist&pg=PA262
|isbn                         = 9780736916905
}}
* {{cite book
|last                           = Levine
|first                          = Amy-Jill
|chapter                        = Daniel
|editor1-last                   = Coogan
|editor1-first                  = Michael D.
|editor2-last                   = Brettler
|editor2-first                  = Marc Z.
|editor3-last                   = Newsom
|editor3-first                  = Carol A.
|title                          = The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version
|year                           = 2010
|publisher                      = [[Oxford University Press]]
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=jTYdAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Dreams+are+a+major+motif+in+the+Book+of+Daniel%22&pg=PA1235
|isbn                          = 9780199370504
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Lucas
|first                          = Ernest C.
|chapter                        = Daniel, Book of
|editor1-last                   = Vanhoozer
|editor1-first                  = Kevin J.
|editor2-last                   = Bartholomew
|editor2-first                  = Craig G.
|editor3-last                   = Treier
|editor3-first                  = Daniel J.
|title                          = Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible
|year                           = 2005
|publisher                      = Baker Academic
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=I8UWJohMGUIC&q=Dictionary+for+Theological+Interpretation+of+the+Bible
|isbn                          = 9780801026942
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Lust
|first                          = Johan
|chapter                        = Cult and Sacrifice in Daniel
|editor1-last                   = Collins
|editor1-first                  = John J.
|editor2-last                   = Flint
|editor2-first                  = Peter W.
|editor3-last                   = VanEpps
|editor3-first                  = Cameron
|title                          = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|volume                         = II
|year                           = 2002
|publisher                      = BRILL
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&q=%22two+cultic+phenomena+repeatedly+receive+attention%22&pg=PA671
|isbn                          = 0391041282
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1                          = Mangano
|first1                         = Mark
|title                          = Esther & Daniel
|year                           = 2001
|publisher                      = College Press
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=leWMKZs05uoC&q=Prinsloo+outline+chapter+2&pg=PA179
|isbn                         = 9780899008851
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Marshall
|first=Taylor
|title=The Eternal City: Rome and the Origins of Catholic Christianity
|year=2012
|publisher=Saint John Press
|url=
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1                          = Matthews
|first1                         = Victor H.
|last2                          = Moyer
|first2                         = James C.
|title                          = The Old Testament: Text and Context
|year                           = 2012
|publisher                      = Baker Books
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=rU_dAldCk6gC&q=The+Old+Testament%3A+Text+and+Context
|isbn = 9780801048357
}}
* {{Cite book
| last                          = Menn
| first                         = Jonathan
| title                         = Biblical Eschatology
| year                          = 2013
| publisher                     = Wipf and Stock Publishers
| isbn = 9781621898696
| url                           = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyJTAwAAQBAJ&q=%22Interpretive+issues+and+problems+with+the+passage%22&pg=PA394
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1                          = Nelson
|first1                         = William
|title                          = Daniel
|year                           = 2013
|publisher                      = Baker Books
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=lJx0x-h1ULsC&q=seventy+weeks
|isbn = 9781441240064
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1                          = Newsom
|first1                         = Carol A.
|last2                          = Breed
|first2                         = Brennan W.
|title                          = Daniel: A Commentary
|year                           = 2014
|publisher                      = Presbyterian Publishing Corp
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=XZK7BwAAQBAJ&q=%22the+rock%22%22evokes+the+imagery+of+Zion%22&pg=PA77
|isbn = 9780664220808
}}
*{{cite book
| editor-last                   = Nichol
| editor-first                  = F.
| year                          = 1954
|title                          = SDA Bible Commentary
| chapter                       = chronology chart
| pages                         = 326–327
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1                          = Niskanen
|first1                         = Paul
|title                          = The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel
|year                           = 2004
|publisher                      = Continuum
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=G0YFSrClQOkC&q=Herodotus+and+the+Book+of+Daniel
|isbn = 9780567082138
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1                          = Pasachoff
|first1                         = Naomi E.
|last2                          = Littman
|first2                         = Robert J.
|title                          = A Concise History of the Jewish People
|year                           = 2005
|publisher                      = Rowman & Littlefield
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=z4eaj09hscAC&q=Babylonian+Exile+lasted+only+about+fifty+years&pg=PA45
|isbn = 9780742543669
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                            = Portier-Young
|first                           = Anathea E.
|title                           = Apocalypse Against Empire: Theologies of Resistance in Early Judaism
|publisher                       = Eerdmans
|year                            = 2013
|url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=4DQ0AgAAQBAJ&q=Apocalypse+Against+Empire%3A+Theologies+of+Resistance+in+Early+Judaism
|isbn                            = 9780802837110
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                            = Provan
|first                           = Iain
|chapter                         = Daniel
|editor1-last                    = Dunn
|editor1-first                   = James D. G.
|editor2-last                    = Rogerson
|editor2-first                   = John William
|title                           = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
|publisher                       = Eerdmans
|year                            = 2003
|chapter-url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&q=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible+Daniel&pg=PA665
|isbn                            = 9780802837110
}}
* {{Cite book
| last                          = Redditt
| first                         = Paul L.
| title                         = Introduction to the Prophets
| year                          = 2009
| publisher                     = Eerdmans
| url                           = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKM_VJt9e3kC&q=Redditt+Daniel&pg=PA188
| isbn = 9780802828965
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                            = Reid
|first                           = Stephen Breck
|chapter                         = Daniel, Book of
|editor1-last                    = Freedman
|editor1-first                   = David Noel
|editor2-last                    = Myers
|editor2-first                   = Allen C.
|title                           = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|publisher                       = Eerdmans
|year                            = 2000
|url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible
|isbn                            = 9789053565032
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Rowland
|first                          = Christopher
|chapter                        = Apocalyptic Literature
|editor1-last                   = Hass
|editor1-first                  = Andrew
|editor2-last                   = Jasper
|editor2-first                  = David
|editor3-last                   = Jay
|editor3-first                  = Elisabeth
|title                          = The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology
|year                           = 2007
|publisher                      = Oxford University Press
|isbn = 9780199271979
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=bKG12u11z2AC&q=handbook+eschatology+Daniel&pg=PA344
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1                          = Ryken
| first1                         = Leland
| last2                          = Wilhoit
| first2                         = Jim
| last3                          = Longman
| first3                         = Tremper
| title                          = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
| year                           = 1998
| publisher                      = InterVarsity Press
| isbn = 9780830867332
| url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC&q=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Imagery+Daniel+book+of
}}
* {{Cite book
| last                          = Sacchi
| first                         = Paolo
| title                         = The History of the Second Temple Period
| year                          = 2004
| publisher                     = Continuum
| isbn = 9780567044501
| url                           = https://books.google.com/books?id=yGNyKdnpMa0C&q=history+second+temple
}}
* {{cite book
|last                            = Schwartz
|first                           = Daniel R.
|title                           = Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity
|year                            = 1992
|publisher                       = Mohr Siebeck
|isbn = 9783161457982
|url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&q=resurrection&pg=PA110
}}
* {{cite book
|last                            = Seow
|first                           = C.-L.
|author-link                     = Choon-Leong Seow
|title                           = Daniel
|year                            = 2003
|publisher                       = Westminster John Knox Press
|url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=nuLapFR3AX4C&q=Seow+Daniel
|isbn                           = 9780664256753
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Schiffman
|first                          = Lawrence H.
|title                          = From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism
|year                           = 1991
|publisher                      = KTAV Publishing House
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=3kWYHyBb4C8C&q=From+Text+to+Tradition%3A+A+History+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism
|isbn                          = 9780881253726
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Spencer
|first                          = Richard A.
|chapter                        = Additions to Daniel
|editor1-last                   = Mills
|editor1-first                  = Watson E.
|editor2-last                   = Wilson
|editor2-first                  = Richard F.
|title                          = The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha
|year                           = 2002
|publisher                      = Mercer University Press
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=doqYxT-1RzEC&pg=PA89
|isbn                          = 9780865545106
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Towner
|first                          = W. Sibley
|chapter                        = Daniel
|editor1-last                   = Coogan
|editor1-first                  = Michael D.
|editor2-last                   = Metzger
|editor2-first                  = Bruce M.
|title                          = The Oxford Companion to the Bible
|publisher                      = Oxford University Press
|year                           = 1993
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&q=%22why+the+text+of+Daniel+switches+so+suddenly%22&pg=PA150
|isbn                          = 9780199743919
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                            = Towner
|first                           = W. Sibley
|title                           = Daniel
|year                            = 1984
|publisher                       = Westminster John Knox Press
|url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=F8EEY610xeAC&q=Towner+Daniel
|isbn                           = 9780664237561
}}
* {{Cite book
| last                           = VanderKam
| first                          = James C.
| title                          = The Dead Sea Scrolls Today
| year                           = 2010
| publisher                      = Eerdmans
| url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=i2i5haDHAygC&q=Daniel
| isbn                          = 9780802864352
}}
* {{Cite book
|last1                           = VanderKam
|first1                          = James C.
|last2                           = Flint
|first2                          = Peter
|title                           = The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity
|year                            = 2013
|publisher                       = HarperCollins
|url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0PAAAAQBAJ&q=The+meaning+of+the+Dead+Sea+scrolls%3A+their+significance+for+understanding+the+Bible%2C+Judaism%2C+Jesus%2C+and+Christianity+Most+scholars+agree+that+the+book+of+Daniel&pg=PT146
|isbn                          = 9780062243300
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                           = Watson
|first                          = Duane F.
|chapter                        = Millennium
|editor1-last                   = Freedman
|editor1-first                  = David Noel
|editor2-last                   = Myers
|editor2-first                  = Allen C.
|title                          = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
|year                           = 2000
|publisher                      = Eerdmans
|chapter-url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&q=%22%22Antichrist%22+and+%22antichrists%22+appear+in+the+Bible+only+in+1+John%22&pg=PA66
|isbn                          = 9789053565032
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                            = Weber
|first                           = Timothy P.
|chapter                         = Millennialism
|editor1-last                    = Walls
|editor1-first                   = Jerry L.
|title                           = The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology
|year                            = 2007
|publisher                       = Oxford University Press
|url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=N1XYXMTe1jYC
|isbn                           = 9780199742486
}}
* {{Cite book
|last                            = Wesselius
|first                           = Jan-Wim
|chapter                         = The Writing of Daniel
|editor1-last                    = Collins
|editor1-first                   = John J.
|editor2-last                    = Flint
|editor2-first                   = Peter W.
|editor3-last                    = VanEpps
|editor3-first                   = Cameron
|title                           = The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception
|year                            = 2002
|publisher                       = BRILL
|url                             = https://books.google.com/books?id=kvtbNQtMqEUC&q=The+Book+of+Daniel:+Composition+and+Reception+2
|isbn                           = 0391041282
}}
* {{cite book
|last                           = Walvoord
|first                          = John F.
|author-link                    = John Walvoord
|title                          = Major Bible Prophecies: 37 Crucial Prophecies That Affect You Today
|year                           = 2010
|publisher                      = Moody Press
|url                            = https://books.google.com/books?id=tWpdxi01FjEC&q=Daniel:+the+key+to+prophetic+revelation
|isbn                          = 9780310873112
}}
{{refend}}
{{Book of Daniel}}
[[Category:Biblical dreams and visions]]
[[Category:Book of Daniel chapters]]
[[Category:Antiochus IV Epiphanes]]