View source for Darul Islam (Indonesia)

{{Short description|Islamist group in Indonesia}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox war faction
| name             = Darul Islam/<br>Islamic Armed Forces of Indonesia
| native_name      = Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia<br>{{lang|ar|دار الإسلام إندونيسيا}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|Dārul Islām Indūnisiyyā}}
| war              = DI/TII rebellion
| image            = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Flag of Islamic State of Indonesia.svg|200px|]]
* Flag of the Islamic State of Indonesia from 1949 to 1962
* [[File:Flag_of_Darul_Islam.svg|200px|]]
* Flag of modern groupuscules claiming to be historical Darul Islam
* [[File:Emblem of Islamic State of Indonesia.svg|200px|]]
* Emblem}}
| active           = 1949–1962<br />2022–present (underground Movement)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ketiknews.id/news/pr-3013204778/gerakan-islam-bawah-tanah-nii-berpotensi-ganti-paham-ideologi-bangsa | title=Gerakan Islam Bawah Tanah NII, Berpotensi Ganti Paham Ideologi Bangsa - Ketik News | date=14 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.benarnews.org/indonesian/opini/ancaman-darul-islam-di-indonesia-05122022161732.html | title=Ancaman Darul Islam di Indonesia }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.merdeka.com/peristiwa/polisi-ungkap-jaringan-teroris-nii-aktif-gerak-rekrut-anggota-di-indonesia.html | title=Polisi Ungkap Jaringan Teroris NII Aktif Gerak Rekrut Anggota di Indonesia | date=11 April 2022 }}</ref>
| status           = Banned and designated as a terrorist organization by Indonesia<ref name="suara">{{cite web|url= https://www.suara.com/news/2022/04/09/083347/diciduk-di-tangerang-ini-identitas-dan-peran-lima-tersangka-terduga-teroris-nii|title=Diciduk di Tangerang, ini identitas dan peran lima tersangka terduga teroris NII|author=Dwi Bowo Raharjo|publisher=suara.com|access-date=29 April 2022}}</ref>
| ideology         = [[Islamism]]
| attacks          =
| size             = 1,400+ (2022)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.benarnews.org/indonesian/opini/ancaman-darul-islam-di-indonesia-05122022161732.html | title=Ancaman Darul Islam di Indonesia }}</ref>
| leaders          = {{plainlist|
*[[Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo]] (Imam of the rebellion)
*[[Daud Beureu'eh]]
*[[Amir Fatah]]
*[[Abdul Kahar Muzakkar]]
*'''Present:'''
*Unknown
}}
| area             = {{plainlist|
*[[Aceh]]
*[[Central Java]] (some parts were taken in [[West Java]])
*[[South Sulawesi]]
*[[South Kalimantan]]
*'''Present:'''
*[[Jakarta]]
*[[Banten]]
*[[West Java]]
*[[Bali]]
*[[Sulawesi]]
*[[Maluku (province)|Maluku]]
*[[West Sumatra]]
}}
| opponents        = [[Indonesia]]
| battles          = [[Darul Islam rebellion]] (1949–1962)
}}
{{History of Indonesia}}
'''Darul Islam''' ({{lit.}} meaning ''[[Divisions of the world in Islam|House of Islam]]''),<ref>Luthfi Assyaukanie (2009), ''Islam and the Secular State in Indonesia''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, p. xiv</ref> also known as '''Darul Islam/Islamic Armed Forces of Indonesia''' ({{langx|id|Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia}}, '''DI/TII)''', is an [[Islamism|Islamist]] group that's goal is to fight for the establishment of an [[Islamic state]] in [[Indonesia]]. It was established in 1942 by a group of [[Muslim]] militias, coordinated by the [[Muslim]] politician, [[Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo]]. The group recognises only ''[[Shari'a]]'' as the valid source of law. The movement has produced splinters and offshoots that range from [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] to non-violent religious groups.
== Establishment ==
During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], Kartosoewirjo founded his own band of fighters in [[West Java]], called Hizbullah and Sabilillah. As a protest toward the [[Renville Agreement]] signed by Indonesian leaders in 1948, which [[State of Pasundan|ceded West Java to the Dutch]], Kartosoewirjo proclaimed a ''Darul Islam'' (meaning "Islamic State") in West Java on 7 August 1949. Darul Islam did not disband itself after the transfer of sovereignty in 1949, resulting in a clash with the government of the [[Republic of Indonesia (1949–50)|Indonesian Republic]]. Rebels in [[South Sulawesi]] led by army deserter [[Abdul Kahar Muzakkar]] joined the Darul Islam Movement in 1951.  On 20 September 1953, [[Daud Beureu'eh]] declared that [[Aceh]] was part of the "Islamic State of Indonesia" ({{lang|id|Negara Islam Indonesia}}) under the leadership of Kartosoewirjo.
The movement flourished in the 1950s due to chronic instability within the central government during the [[Liberal democracy period in Indonesia|Liberal Democracy]] Era. In 1957, it was estimated that the Darul Islam controlled one-third of [[West Java]] and more than 90% of [[South Sulawesi]] and [[Aceh]] provinces where the government only controlled the cities and towns. The movement had 15,000 armed guerillas operating under the banner of {{lang|id|Tentara Islam Indonesia}} (Indonesian Islamic Army). In that year, Darul Islam agents unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate [[Sukarno]] by throwing grenades at him during a school function in Cikini, [[Central Jakarta]].
== Proclamation of Darul Islam ==
=== Original text ===
[[File:Proclamation of Islamic State of Indonesia.jpg|thumb|Original text of the proclamation.]]
[[Basmala|بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم]]<br>Dengan nama Allah Jang Maha Murah dan Jang Maha Asih<br>
[[Shahada|أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ]]
Kami, ummat Islam Bangsa Indonesia
MENJATAKAN:
Berdirinja ”NEGARA ISLAM INDONESIA”
Maka hukum jang berlaku atas
Negara Islam Indonesia itu, ialah:
HUKUM ISLAM
Allahu Akbar! Allahu Akbar! Allahu Akbar!
Atas nama Ummat Islam Bangsa Indonesia
IMAM NEGARA ISLAM INDONESIA
[[File:Signature of Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo.svg|150px]]<br>
(SM. KARTOSUWIRJO)
MADINAH-INDONESIA  12 SYAWAL 1368|7 AGUSTUS 1949
=== Translation ===
In the name of [[Allah]], the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
I bear witness that there is no deity but Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah
We, the Muslims of Indonesia
HEREBY DECLARE:
The establishment of the "ISLAMIC STATE OF INDONESIA"
Therefore, the law in effect in
the Islamic state of Indonesia is:
[[Sharia|ISLAMIC LAW]]
[[Takbir|God is great!]] God is great! God is great!
In the name of the Muslims of Indonesia
IMAM OF THE ISLAMIC STATE OF INDONESIA
[[File:Signature of Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwiryo.svg|150px]]<br>
(SM. KARTOSUWIRJO)
MADINAH-INDONESIA  12 [[Shawwal|SHAWWAL]] 1368|7 AUGUST 1949
== Crackdown ==
{{Main|Darul Islam rebellion}}
The implementation of martial law in 1957, followed by declaration of [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|Guided Democracy]] by Sukarno in 1959, marked the reversal of fortunes for Darul Islam. Smaller Darul Islam bands operating in [[Central Java]] under Amir Fatah were crushed by Colonel [[Ahmad Yani]]'s Banteng Raiders in 1954–1957. Darul Islam forces in [[South Kalimantan]] under [[Ibnu Hadjar]] were forced to surrender in 1959. Amir Fatah was killed in 1954, while Ibnu Hadjar was eventually executed in 1962.
Three years of negotiations (1959–1962) led to a peace agreement that ended the conflict in Aceh, in which Aceh was restored as an autonomous province with special rights for Islamic law. Introduction of effective "fence-of-legs" method of encircling rebel mountain hideouts in 1959 succeeded in breaking the strong rebel grip over [[West Java]]'s rural areas. On 4 June 1962, [[Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo|Kartosoewirjo]] was captured on his hideout of Mount Geber near [[Garut]]. In captivity, Kartosoewirjo issued order for all his followers to surrender, after which he was quickly tried and executed. The last Darul Islam band in West Java surrendered in August 1962. Successive military operations also crushed the Darul Islam in [[South Sulawesi]]. In February 1965, its leader Kahar Muzakkar was killed in a military ambush in the interior of [[Southeast Sulawesi]] province, ending the Darul Islam insurgency in Indonesia.
However, despite the group being dismantled, underground networks have persisted. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were occurrences of 'Islamic' terrorism attributed to a group known as ''[[Komando Jihad]]''. The leaders arrested from this group were found to be Darul Islam veterans.
== Underground movement ==
According to the director of the [[National Counter Terrorism Agency]] brigadier general of police Ahmad Nurwakhid, Darul Islam carrying out underground movements and recruitment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Savitri |first=Putu Indah |date=30 March 2022 |editor-last=Hayat |editor-first=Nurul |title=BNPT minta masyarakat waspadai gerakan Negara Islam Indonesia |url=https://m.antaranews.com/berita/2790553/bnpt-minta-masyarakat-waspadai-gerakan-negara-islam-indonesia |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Antara News |language=id}}</ref>
Until May 2022, [[Detachment 88]] had arrested more than 20 members of Darul Islam Indonesia and Detachment 88 revealed that members of Darul Islam Indonesia in West Sumatera had planned various low-level terror attacks using machetes and campaigns to overthrow the government with a time limit of 2024. On the other hand, observers note that the Darul Islam Indonesia threat is too exaggerated because its cells are currently too small and uncoordinated to inflict a significant attack on the government. Although Darul Islam Indonesia existence is temporarily shrouded in the shadows of [[Jemaah Islamiyah]] and [[Jamaah Ansharut Daulah]], the police report that their activities are continuing. Currently, Darul Islam Indonesia has cells in seven regions, including Jakarta, Banten, West Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Maluku, and West Sumatra each of which operates in a “structured and systematic” manner in carrying out a four-step recruitment system to check and  indoctrinate sympathizers. In West Sumatera alone, the system reportedly recruited more than 1,125 members of Darul Islam Indonesia of which 400 were active members and the rest were part of its inactive cells.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Satria |first=Alif |date=2022-05-12 |title=Ancaman Darul Islam di Indonesia |url=https://www.benarnews.org/indonesian/opini/ancaman-darul-islam-di-indonesia-05122022161732.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Benar News |language=id}}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Darul Islam rebellion]]
* [[Mujahedeen KOMPAK]]
==References==
* Dijk, C. van (Cornelis) ''Rebellion under the banner of Islam : the Darul Islam in Indonesia'' The Hague: M. Nijhoff,1981.{{ISBN|90-247-6172-7}}
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{in lang|id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20061022151442/http://www.dataphone.se/~ahmad/ Ahmad Sudirman page]
{{IslamismSEA}}
{{Islam in Indonesia}}
{{Indonesian National Revolution}}
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 1942]]
[[Category:Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations based in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Islamism in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Separatism in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Former unrecognized countries]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1949]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in the Dutch East Indies]]