View source for Defense Department Advisory Committee on Women in the Services

{{Infobox government agency
| name = Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services
| seal = DACOWITS_logo.jpg
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| formed = {{Start date|1951|8|df=yes}}
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| parent_department = [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]
| website = https://dacowits.defense.gov/
}}
The '''Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services''' (DACOWITS) is one of the oldest [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DoD) federal advisory committees and was established in 1951 by then-[[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] (SecDef) [[George C. Marshall]]. The committee is composed of civilian women and men appointed by the SecDef to provide advice and recommendations on matters and policies relating to the recruitment, retention, employment, integration, well-being, and treatment of women in the U.S. Armed Forces. As a discretionary DoD federal advisory committee, it is authorized under the provisions of the [[Federal Advisory Committee Act]] (FACA) of 1972 (5 U.S.C., Appendix) and 41 C.F.R. § 102-3.50(d). Committee members review issues and conduct information-gathering activities through installation visits, meetings, reports, and surveys. The committee typically meets quarterly and provides recommendations to the SecDef for consideration via an annual report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services - Reports & Meetings |url=https://dacowits.defense.gov/Reports-Meetings/ |website=Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services}}</ref>
==Formation==
The [[Women's Armed Services Integration Act]] of 1948 established specific roles for women in the peacetime Armed Forces of the United States. Previously, women had only been allowed to serve as nurses in peacetime with a wider variety of roles only open to them in time of war.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Frank|editor-first=Lisa Tendrich|title=An Encyclopedia of American Women at War|year=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|pages=627–8|isbn=9781598844443|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn7Dj6qUn6kC&pg=PA627}}</ref> However, with the start of the [[Korean War]] in June 1950, the DoD began to investigate ways to increase recruitment and retention of women in all services. Internal inquiries from defense agencies, such as the [[National Security Resources Board]], and external pressure from politicians, such as [[Margaret Chase Smith|Senator Margaret Chase Smith]], added to the sense of urgency in defining a more comprehensive position for women in the military.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Women in the military : an unfinished revolution|last=Holm, Jeanne, 1921-2010.|date=1992|publisher=Presidio Press|isbn=0891414509|edition= Rev.|location=Novato, CA|oclc=26012907}}</ref>
At the suggestion of [[Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs|Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower]] [[Anna M. Rosenberg|Anna Rosenberg]], Marshall formed the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services in August 1951. Its first chair was [[Mary Pillsbury Lord]], a civic activist who had been chair of the National Civilian Advisory Committee of the [[Women's Army Corps]] (WAC).<ref name=":0" /> Some of its original members included [[Oveta Culp Hobby]], the first WAC director; [[Mildred McAfee Horton]], former director of the [[WAVES|Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)]]; [[Ruth Cheney Streeter|Ruth Streeter]], former director of the [[Women Marines]]; actress [[Helen Hayes]]; [[Sarah Gibson Blanding|Sarah G. Blanding]], [[Vassar College]] president; engineer [[Lillian Moller Gilbreth|Lillian Gilbreth]]; and publisher [[Bruce Gould and Beatrice Blackmar Gould|Beatrice Gould]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-14-1/index.html|title=The Women's Army Corps, 1945–1978|last=Morden|first=Bettie J.|year=1990|website=history.army.mil|publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=70–72|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301233917/http://www.history.army.mil:80/html/books/030/30-14-1/index.html |archive-date=2015-03-01 |access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> Meeting for three days at the Pentagon in 1951, they heard presentations about recruiting and the possible need for a women's draft based on the failure of recruiting during World War II to meet the military services' requirements for women.<ref>{{cite news|title=80,000 Women Set as Needed in Services|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1951/09/19/84870305.pdf |accessdate=June 9, 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 19, 2013}}</ref> The committee helped to develop policies and standards for women in the military—using them, expanding their opportunities, recruiting them, and training them. The committee ensured that military women would have representation at the Department of Defense.<ref name=":1" />
== Current operations ==
Over the years, the DACOWITS charter has expanded, enabling the committee to submit numerous recommendations to the SecDef. The majority of proposals have been either fully or partially implemented. DACOWITS is instrumental to the DoD and has made significant contributions on topics including the opening of closed positions to women; improvements to the health of deployed servicewomen; increased marketing, accession, and recruitment of women; and increased parental leave authorizations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services - About |url=https://dacowits.defense.gov/About/ |website=Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services}}</ref>
=== Membership ===
Committee members include leaders with diverse, inclusive, and varied backgrounds from academia, industry, private and public sectors, and other professions. Membership selection is on the basis of experience with the military or with women-related workforce issues. Members are appointed for a 4-year term of service (renewed annually), serve without compensation, and perform a variety of duties, which include: visiting military installations; conducting a review and evaluation of research on women; and developing a comprehensive annual report with recommendations for consideration by the Secretary of Defense. Of note, Committee members are appointed to serve as independent advisors, not as official representatives of any group or organization with which they may be affiliated.<ref name=":2"/>
=== Reports and recommendations ===
DACOWITS gathers information from multiple sources, to include briefings and written responses from DoD, Service-level military representatives, and subject matter experts. The committee collects qualitative data from focus groups and interactions with Service members representing the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[United States Navy|Navy]], and [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] during installation visits. Additionally, the committee examines peer-reviewed literature. Based upon the data collected and analyzed, the committee will submit recommendations and continuing concerns to the SecDef.<ref name=":2"/>
=== Service liaisons and other defense points of contact ===
In accordance with Department of Defense Instruction (DoDI) 5105.04, “Department of Defense Federal Advisory Committee Management Program,” dated August 6, 2007, and Deputy Secretary of Defense memorandum, “Advisory Committee Management,” dated November 26, 2018, the Military Services will designate a Service Liaison to the DACOWITS. Service Liaisons attend each DACOWITS quarterly business meeting for the entire duration of the public meeting; respond to all DACOWITS requests for information; and ensure the information provided to DACOWITS receives appropriate security reviews prior to the release of any public disclosure of information. Other Defense points of contact are designated through the [[Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness]].<ref name=":2"/>
==Committee chairs==
{| class="wikitable"
|+DACOWITS Chairs, 1951 to present<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=DACOWITS 70-Year Historical Review|url=https://dacowits.defense.gov/Portals/48/Documents/DACOWITS%2070-Year%20Historical%20Review.pdf?ver=v2DEkgLkrxSN83iTME1lYQ%3d%3d|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318014330/https://dacowits.defense.gov/Portals/48/Documents/DACOWITS%2070-Year%20Historical%20Review.pdf?ver=v2DEkgLkrxSN83iTME1lYQ%3d%3d |archive-date=2021-03-18 }}</ref>
!Term
!Chair
|-
|1951
|[[Mary Pillsbury Lord|Mrs. Mary Pillsbury Lord]]
|-
|1952–1953
|Lena Ebeling
|-
|1954
|Eve Rawlinson Lee
|-
|1955
|Evelyn Crowther
|-
|1956–1957
|Margaret Divver
|-
|1958
|Murray Pearce Hurley
|-
|1959
|Janet P. Tourtellotte
|-
|1960
|Margaret Drexel Biddle
|-
|1961
|Lucia Myers
|-
|1962
|Nona Quarles
|-
|1963
| Margaret J. Gilkey
|-
|1964
| Betty M. Hayenga
|-
|1965
|[[Elinor Guggenheimer]]
|-
|1966
| Agnes O’Brien Smith
|-
|1967
|Dr. Minnie C. Miles
|-
|1968
|[[Geraldine Pittman Woods|Dr. Geraldine P. Woods]]
|-
|1969
|Dr. Hester Turner
|-
|1970
|Dr. Majorie S. Dunlap
|-
|1971
|Helen K. Leslie
|-
|1972
|Estelle M. Stacy
|-
|1973
|Fran A. Harris
|-
|1974
|Wilma C. Rogalin
|-
|1975
|Nita D. Veneman
|-
|1976
|Judith Nixon Turnbull
|-
|1977-1978
| Piilani C. Desha
|-
|1979-1980
|Sally K. Richardson
|-
|1981
|Dr. Gloria D. Scott
|-
|1982
|Maria Elena Torralva
|-
|1983
|[[Mary Blagg Huey|Dr. Mary Evelyn Blagg Huey]]
|-
|1984
|Anne L. Schulze
|-
|1985
|[[Constance Berry Newman]]
|-
|1986-1988
|Dr. Jacquelyn K. Davis
|-
|1989
|Dr. Connie S. Lee
|-
|1990
|Meredith A. Neizer
|-
|1991
|Becky Costantino
|-
|1992
|Jean Appleby Jackson
|-
|1993
|Ellen P. Murdoch
|-
|1994
|Wilma Powell
|-
|1995
|Sue Ann Tempero
|-
|1996
|Holly K. Hemphill
|-
|1997
|Dr. Judith Youngman
|-
|1998
|Elizabeth T. Bilby
|-
|1999
|Mary Wamsley
|-
|2000-2001
|Vickie L. McCall
|-
|2002-2005
|[[Carol Mutter|Lieutenant General (Retired) Carol A. Mutter]], U.S. Marine Corps
|-
|2006-2009
|Mary Nelson
|-
|2010-2011
|[[Claudia J. Kennedy|Lieutenant General (Retired) Claudia J. Kennedy]], U.S. Army
|-
|2012-2014
|Holly K. Hemphill
|-
|2014-2016
|Lieutenant General (Retired) Frances Wilson, U.S. Marine Corps
|-
|2016-2021
|[[Janet C. Wolfenbarger|General (Retired) Janet C. Wolfenbarger]], U.S. Air Force
|-
|2022-Present
|Shelly O'Neill Stoneman
|}
==Recommendations==
DACOWITS’ recommendations have addressed a variety of topics and subtopics throughout the years. The table below lists the most common topics of concern the committee has addressed.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Common themes and subthemes addressed in DACOWITS recommendations, 1967 to 2020<ref name=":3"/>
!Themes & subthemes
!Description
|-
|Benefits and entitlements
|Benefits, salary, or entitlements received by current or former Service members
|-
|Base allowance for quarters
|Housing allowances
|-
|Housing
|Housing on or off base for Service members
|-
|[[Tricare]]
|Healthcare for service members
|-
|Career progression
|Career progression of a Service member, including career planning and trajectories, transitions and/or assistance related to assignments and placements, and leadership development
|-
|Deployment
|Transitions related to deployments
|-
|Reintegration
|Transitions related to reintegration after returning from deployments
|-
|Pregnancy status
|Transitions related to pregnancy status
|-
|Transition between Active and Reserve Components
|Transitions related to members of the Reserve or Guard moving to active duty status or active duty Service members moving to the Reserve or Guard
|-
|Veterans
|Transitions related to separating from the U.S. military and moving to veteran status; also includes general recommendations related to veterans
|-
|Promotion and/or career advancement
|Career advancement, promotion criteria, and performance evaluations
|-
|Enlistment
|Standards or practices used around enlistment
|-
|Leadership development and representation
|Initiatives for leadership or mentoring development, including both individual members of the U.S. military (developing their personal leadership skills) and the Military Services’ leadership as a whole (e.g., strengthening officer training); also includes diversity (e.g., race, gender, ethnicity) initiatives for underrepresented leaders, including at the executive/advisory board level
|-
|Communication and/or dissemination
|Communication or dissemination of information from the branches or DoD to Service members and/or civilians; for example, “increase effective communication”
|-
|Education and/or training
|Education or training
|-
|[[Recruit training|Basic training]]
|Basic or recruit training
|-
|[[List of United States military schools and academies|Military Service Academies (MSA)]]
|Education and trainings conducted at MSAs
|-
|Youth programming
|Education and trainings for children younger than 18
|-
|[[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)]]
|ROTC or [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps|Junior ROTC]] programs
|-
|New training or conferences
|Creation and/or implementation of new trainings or organization of conferences
|-
|Modifications to existing training or conferences
|Expanding or modifying existing trainings or conferences
|-
|Family support
|Policies aimed at supporting families and their dependents
|-
|Child care
|Child care
|-
|Domestic abuse
|Domestic abuse
|-
|Dual-military couples
|Spouses who both are current Service members; includes co-location policies for such couples
|-
|Family leave policies
|Parental or family leave policies that allow Service members to take leave when having/adopting a child
|-
|Sabbaticals
|Sabbatical programs that allow Service members to take leave to pursue other areas of life
|-
|[[Gender equality]] and integration
|Equalizing standards or guidelines for genders, including integrating women into previously closed positions or units, and barriers preventing full integration; also includes utilization OR increasing the number/percentage of women in underrepresented fields
|-
|[[Women in combat]]
|Integrating women into previously closed combat positions
|-
|[[Gender bias]]
|Gender bias or sexism involving any prejudice or stereotyping based on gender or sex
|-
|Physical fitness standards
|Completion, implementation, and components of physical fitness tests or the discussion of physical fitness test requirements; body specifications, measurements and scales, and physical ability requirements deemed necessary for adequate job performance
|-
|Uniforms and equipment
|Uniforms and equipment used by female Service members
|-
|[[Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces|Reserve]] and [[National Guard (United States)|Guard]] components
|Reserve or Guard, specifically
|-
|Internal to DACOWITS
|DACOWITS processes or the dissemination of information pertaining to DACOWITS
|-
|Marketing and recruitment
|Media or programs specifically designed to promote a given entity (e.g., the Military Services) or related to the recruitment of female Service members
|-
|Portrayal of female Service members in media
|Depiction and representation of female Service members in the media (e.g., print, video, television, stamps, radio)
|-
|Retention
|Female attrition and retention
|-
|[[Sexual harassment]] and [[sexual assault]]
|Both sexual harassment and sexual assault
|-
|Sexual harassment
|Related to sexual harassment, but not sexual assault
|-
|Sexual assault
|Related to sexual assault, but not sexual harassment
|-
|Unit culture and morale
|Unit culture or morale
|-
|Women's health and well-being
|Women's health, including reproductive health
|-
|[[Breastfeeding|Breastfeeding and lactation]]
|Breastfeeding and lactation policies, programs, or support
|-
|[[Mental health]]
|Mental health, including drug or alcohol abuse and posttraumatic stress
|-
|[[Pregnancy]]
|Pregnancy, including postpartum
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
D'Amico, Francine J., and Laurie L. Weinstein, eds. (1999). ''Gender Camouflage: Women and the U.S. Military''. New York: NYU Press. {{ISBN|9780814719077}}. OCLC 39951636.
[http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/32/3/424 Judith Lawrence Bellafaire, "Public Service Role Models: The First Women of the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services"]
[http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00946 United States. Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services Records, 1951-1959.] [http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles Schlesinger Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509153246/http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles/ |date=2012-05-09 }}, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
== External links ==
*[http://dacowits.defense.gov/ Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services]
*[https://dacowits.defense.gov/Reports-Meetings/ DACOWITS Annual Reports]
*[https://www.facebook.com/DACOWITS DACOWITS Facebook] and [https://www.instagram.com/dacowits_official/ DACOWITS Instagram]
*[https://www.defenseculture.mil/ Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute]
*[https://diversity.defense.gov/ Office of Diversity Management and Equal Opportunity]
*[https://www.dhra.mil/Components/ Defense Human Resources Activity - Diversity Management Operations Center]
*[https://www.va.gov/womenvet/acwv/index.asp Advisory Committee on Women Veterans]
*[https://www.va.gov/womenvet/ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Center for Women Veterans]
*[https://health.mil/Military-Health-Topics/Total-Force-Fitness/Preventive-Health/Womens-Health DoD Women's Health]
*[https://dwp.dmdc.osd.mil/dwp/app/dod-data-reports/workforce-reports DoD Personnel statistics]
*[https://dod.defense.gov/News/Publications/WISR-Studies/ Women in the Services Review (WISR) Studies]
*[https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/Fact_Sheet_WISR_FINAL.pdf Fact Sheet: WISR Implementation]
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[[Category:United States Department of Defense agencies]]
[[Category:Women in the United States military]]