View source for Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago

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{{Infobox place demographics|place=[[Trinidad and Tobago]]|image=File:Trinidad and Tobago single age population pyramid 2020.png|image_size=350|caption=Population pyramid of Trinidad and Tobago in 2020|size_of_population=1,405,646 (2022 est.)|nation=Trinidadian and Tobagonian|official=English|growth=0.14% (2022 est.)|birth=10.79 births/1,000 population|death=8.38 deaths/1,000 population|net_migration=-1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population|sr_at_birth=1.04 male(s)/female|total_mf_ratio=1.01 male(s)/female (2022 est.)|infant_mortality=15.83 deaths/1,000 live births|life=75.94 years|life_male=74.02 years|life_female=77.93 years|fertility=1.63 children}}
This article is about the [[demographics|demography]] of the [[population]] of [[Trinidad and Tobago]] including [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
{{Historical populations
|source = <ref name="Census 2011">[http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf |date=May 2, 2013 }}</ref>
|title       = Census population and growth rate
|1851 |82978
|1861 |99848
|1871 |126692
|1881 |171179
|1891 |218381
|1901 |273899
|1911 |333552
|1921 |365913
|1931 |412783
|1946 |563222
|1960 |834350
|1970 |945210
|1980 |1079791
|1990 |1213733
|2000 |1262366
|2011 |1328019
|2019 |1363985
}}
==Population==
The total population of [[Trinidad and Tobago]] was 1,328,018 according to the 2011 census,<ref name="Census 2011"/> an increase of 5.2% since the 2000 census. According to {{UN_Population|source}} the total population was estimated at {{UN_Population|Trinidad and Tobago}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, compared to only 646,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 20.7%, 71% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 8.3% was 65 years or older.<ref name="WPP 2012">[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |date=May 6, 2011 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!
! width="70pt"|Total population<br /> (x 1000)
! width="70pt"|Proportion<br />aged 0–14<br />(%)
! width="70pt"|Proportion<br />aged 15–64<br />(%)
! width="70pt"|Proportion<br />aged 65+<br />(%)
|-
| 1950
| 646||39.9||56.1||4.0
|-
| 1955
| 740||42.2||54.2||3.7
|-
| 1960
| 848||42.8||53.7||3.5
|-
| 1965
| 912||43.4||53.2||3.4
|-
| 1970
| 946||41.4||54.3||4.2
|-
| 1975
|1 011||37.6||57.5||4.8
|-
| 1980
|1 085||34.0||60.6||5.5
|-
| 1985
|1 171||34.3||60.2||5.6
|-
| 1990
|1 222||33.6||60.7||5.8
|-
| 1995
|1 255||30.8||63.2||6.1
|-
| 2000
|1 268||25.6||67.9||6.5
|-
| 2005
|1 297||21.8||70.9||7.2
|-
| 2010
|1 328||20.7||71.0||8.3
|}
=== Structure of the population ===
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 09.I.2011):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 666 305
| align="right" | 661 714
| align="right" | 1 328 019
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0-4
| align="right" | 47 847
| align="right" | 46 274
| align="right" | 94 121
| align="right" | 7.09
|-
| align="right" | 5-9
| align="right" | 46 379
| align="right" | 44 952
| align="right" | 91 330
| align="right" | 6.88
|-
| align="right" | 10-14
| align="right" | 44 953
| align="right" | 43 010
| align="right" | 87 963
| align="right" | 6.62
|-
| align="right" | 15-19
| align="right" | 49 709
| align="right" | 48 670
| align="right" | 98 378
| align="right" | 7.41
|-
| align="right" | 20-24
| align="right" | 57 407
| align="right" | 56 833
| align="right" | 114 240
| align="right" | 8.60
|-
| align="right" | 25-29
| align="right" | 62 268
| align="right" | 61 250
| align="right" | 123 517
| align="right" | 9.30
|-
| align="right" | 30-34
| align="right" | 53 897
| align="right" | 51 683
| align="right" | 105 580
| align="right" | 7.95
|-
| align="right" | 35-39
| align="right" | 46 862
| align="right" | 45 677
| align="right" | 92 538
| align="right" | 6.97
|-
| align="right" | 40-44
| align="right" | 43 491
| align="right" | 42 672
| align="right" | 86 163
| align="right" | 6.49
|-
| align="right" | 45-49
| align="right" | 48 685
| align="right" | 47 429
| align="right" | 96 113
| align="right" | 7.24
|-
| align="right" | 50-54
| align="right" | 43 981
| align="right" | 43 203
| align="right" | 87 184
| align="right" | 6.56
|-
| align="right" | 55-59
| align="right" | 36 719
| align="right" | 36 496
| align="right" | 73 215
| align="right" | 5.51
|-
| align="right" | 60-64
| align="right" | 29 645
| align="right" | 29 002
| align="right" | 58 647
| align="right" | 4.42
|-
| align="right" | 65-69
| align="right" | 21 582
| align="right" | 23 055
| align="right" | 44 639
| align="right" | 3.36
|-
| align="right" | 70-74
| align="right" | 14 209
| align="right" | 16 079
| align="right" | 30 289
| align="right" | 2.28
|-
| align="right" | 75-79
| align="right" | 9 286
| align="right" | 11 463
| align="right" | 20 750
| align="right" | 1.56
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 9 384
| align="right" | 13 966
| align="right" | 23 351
| align="right" | 1.76
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0-14
| align="right" | 139 179
| align="right" | 134 236
| align="right" | 273 415
| align="right" | 20.59
|-
| align="right" | 15-64
| align="right" | 472 665
| align="right" | 462 915
| align="right" | 935 580
| align="right" | 70.45
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 54 461
| align="right" | 64 563
| align="right" | 119 024
| align="right" | 8.96
|-
|}
Due to decreasing fertility, the proportion of children below the age of 15 is decreasing, while the proportion of elderly is increasing. The median age has increased from 21.6 in 1980, 24.1 in 1990, 28.1 in 2000 to 32.6 in 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The estimated mid-year population of 2014 is 1,344,000 (medium fertility scenario of The 2012 Revision of the World Population Prospects).<ref name="WPP 2012"/> As of January 2019, the estimated population is 1,383,368.
===Emigration===
Emigration from Trinidad and Tobago, as with other Caribbean nations, has historically been high; most emigrants go to the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and the [[UK|United Kingdom]]. Emigration has continued, albeit at a lower rate, even as the birth-rate sharply dropped to levels typical of industrialised countries. Largely because of this phenomenon, as of 2011, Trinidad and Tobago has been experiencing a low [[List of countries by population growth rate|population]] growth rate (0.48%). More recently, there has been some return migration, chiefly from the United States after the recession of 2008, which caused a population jump in the last census in 2011.
==Vital statistics==
{{GraphChart
| width = 750
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= million
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
| y1= 0.43, 0.44, 0.44, 0.45, 0.46, 0.47, 0.48, 0.49, 0.51, 0.53, 0.54, 0.55, 0.56, 0.58, 0.6, 0.62, 0.65, 0.66, 0.68, 0.7, 0.72, 0.74, 0.76,  0.79, 0.81, 0.83, 0.85, 0.87, 0.88, 0.89, 0.9, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.93, 0.94, 0.95, 0.96, 0.97, 0.98, 1, 1.01, 1.03, 1.04, 1.05, 1.07, 1.09, 1.1, 1.12, 1.14, 1.16, 1.17, 1.18, 1.2, 1.21, 1.21, 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.24, 1.25, 1.25, 1.26, 1.26, 1.26, 1.26, 1.27, 1.27, 1.28, 1.28, 1.29, 1.29, 1.3, 1.3, 1.31, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.34, 1.35, 1.35, 1.35, 1.36, 1.36, 1.36,
| y1Title= population (million)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 750
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| hAnnotatonsLine=0
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| x = 1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
| y1= 11.2, 15.5, 16.7, 14.2, 17.1, 15.1, 19.0, 17.5, 17.1, 21.9, 24.0, 25.0, 25.0, 25.1, 27.7, 25.1, 25.4, 24.6, 22.5, 27.0, 32.2, 31.6, 27.3, 28.2, 28.4, 28.3, 31.2, 30.0, 30.7, 28.4, 27.6, 25.9, 23.1, 21.5, 20.6, 17.6, 17.6, 17.9, 19.2, 17.7, 18.2, 18.6, 19.3, 19.8, 20.5, 21.3, 20.7, 22.7, 22.3, 22.5, 20.3, 21.9, 20.4, 17.7, 15.7, 13.9, 12.9, 11.5, 11.7, 9.9, 8.3, 8.1, 6.8, 7.4, 6.8, 6.6, 6.8, 6.5, 5.6, 6.1, 5.7, 5.7, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 6.0, 6.5, 6.2, 7.6, 6.3, 5.8, 5.4, 5.4, 4.2, 4.1, 3.6
| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 240
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| hAnnotatonsLine=2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| x = 1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
| y1= 2.45,2.34,2.23, 2.13, 2.04, 1.96, 1.90, 1.84,1.80, 1.77, 1.75, 1.74, 1.74, 1.75, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 1.79, 1.80, 1.80, 1.81, 1.80,
1.80, 1.79, 1.78, 1.77,1.75,1.74,1.73
| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate
}}
<ref name="UN Demographic Yearbooks">{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics|website=Unstats.un.org|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cso.planning.gov.tt/category/statistics-category/vital-statistics|title=Central Statistical Office|website=Unstats.un.org|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212758/http://cso.planning.gov.tt/category/statistics-category/vital-statistics|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Demography/TT.pdf|title=DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO|website=Caricomstats.org|access-date=3 October 2017|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170532/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/Demography/TT.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!
! width="70pt"|Average population
! width="70pt"|Live births
! width="70pt"|Deaths
! width="70pt"|Natural change
! width="70pt"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|Natural change (per 1000)
! width="70pt"|TFR
|-
| 1934
| 428,000
|12,743||7,970||4,773
|29.8||18.6||11.2
|-
| 1935
| 435,000
|14,352||7,618||6,734
|33.0||17.5||15.5
|-
| 1936
| 442,000
|14,625||7,230||7,395
|33.1||16.4||16.7
|-
| 1937
| 450,000
|14,226||7,848||6,378
|31.6||17.4||14.2
|-
| 1938
| 458,000
|15,119||7,283||7,836
|33.0||15.9||17.1
|-
| 1939
| 466,000
|14,525||7,491||7,034
|31.2||16.1||15.1
|-
| 1940
| 476,000
|16,535||7,499||9,036
|34.7||15.8||19.0
|-
| 1941
| 492,000
|16,494||7,906||8,588
|33.5||16.1||17.5
|-
| 1942
| 510,000
|17,729||9,028||8,701
|34.8||17.7||17.1
|-
| 1943
| 525,000
|20,210||8,699||11,511
|38.5||16.6||21.9
|-
| 1944
| 536,000
|20,944||8,055||12,889
|39.1||15.0||24.0
|-
| 1945
| 547,000
|21,616||7,959||13,657
|39.5||14.6||25.0
|-
| 1946
| 561,000
|21,767||7,734||14,033
|38.8||13.8||25.0
|-
| 1947
| 578,000
|22,342||7,828||14,514
|38.7||13.5||25.1
|-
| 1948
| 600,000
|23,940||7,293||16,647
|39.9||12.2||27.7
|-
| 1949
| 616,000
|22,931||7,487||15,444
|37.2||12.2||25.1
|-
| 1950
| 646,000
|23,722||7,665||16,057
|37.5||12.1||25.4
|-
| 1951
| 659,000
|23,804||7,815||15,989
|36.7||12.0||24.6
|-
| 1952
| 676,000
|22,923||8,000||14,923
|34.6||12.1||22.5
|-
| 1953
| 695,000
|25,565||7,262||18,303
|37.7||10.7||27.0
|-
| 1954
| 717,000
|29,253||6,807||22,446
|style="color:blue" |41.9||9.8||style="color:blue" |32.2
|-
| 1955
| 740,000
|30,216||7,462||22,754
|41.9||10.3||31.6
|-
| 1956
| 763,000
|27,447||7,136||20,311
|36.9||9.6||27.3
|-
| 1957
| 786,000
|28,848||7,283||21,565
|37.7||9.5||28.2
|-
| 1958
| 809,000
|29,667||7,288||22,379
|37.6||9.2||28.4
|-
| 1959
| 829,000
|30,592||7,476||23,116
|37.4||9.2||28.3
|-
| 1960
| 848,000
|32,858||6,608||26,250
|39.1||7.9||31.2
|-
| 1961
| 865,000
|32,880||6,891||25,989
|37.9||7.9||30.0
|-
| 1962
| 880,000
|style="color:blue" |34,107||style="color:blue" |6,465||style="color:blue" |27,642
|37.9||7.2||30.7
|-
| 1963
| 893,000
|32,898||6,668||26,230
|35.6||7.2||28.4
|-
| 1964
| 903,000
|32,955||6,675||26,280
|34.7||7.0||27.6
|-
| 1965
| 912,000
|31,953||6,731||25,222
|32.8||6.9||25.9
|-
| 1966
| 920,000
|30,079||7,060||23,019
|30.2||7.1||23.1
|-
| 1967
| 926,000
|28,462||6,775||21,687
|28.2||6.7||21.5
|-
| 1968
| 931,000
|28,107||7,116||20,991
|27.5||7.0||20.6
|-
| 1969
| 938,000
|25,130||7,068||18,062
|24.4||6.9||17.6
|-
| 1970
| 946,000
|25,151||6,956||18,120
|24.4||6.8||17.6
|-
| 1971
| 956,000
|26,116||7,044||18,473
|24.6||6.8||17.9
|-
| 1972
| 969,000
|28,049||6,955||20,099
|26.3||7.0||19.2
|-
| 1973
| 983,000
|26,231||7,517||18,714
|24.8||7.1||17.7
|-
| 1974
| 997,000
|26,138||6,716||19,422
|24.5||style="color:blue" |6.3||18.2
|-
| 1975
|1,011,000
|25,673||6,899||18,774
|25.4||6.8||18.6
|-
| 1976
|1,026,000
|27,149||7,388||19,761
|26.5||7.2||19.3
|-
| 1977
|1,040,000
|27,895||7,311||20,584
|26.8||7.0||19.8
|-
| 1978
|1,054,000
|28,295||6,824||21,471
|27.0||6.5||20.5
|-
| 1979
|1,069,000
|29,698||7,060||22,638
|27.9||6.6||21.3
|-
| 1980
|1,085,000
|29,869||7,506||22,363
|27.6||6.9||20.7
|-
| 1981
|1,103,000
|32,177||7,355||24,822
|29.4||6.7||22.7
|-
| 1982
|1,121,000
|32,537||7,641||24,896
|29.2||6.8||22.3
|-
| 1983
|1,139,000
|33,208||7,546||25,662
|29.2||6.6||22.5
|-
| 1984
|1,156,000
|31,599||7,819||23,780
|27.0||6.7||20.3
|-
| 1985
|1,171,000
|33,719||8,026||25,693
|28.8||6.9||21.9
|-
| 1986
|1,184,000
|31,886||7,699||24,187
|26.9||6.5||20.4
|-
| 1987
|1,195,000
|29,167||8,054||21,113
|24.4||6.7||17.7
|-
| 1988
|1,205,000
|26,983||8,036||18,947
|22.4||6.7||15.7
|-
| 1989
|1,214,000
|25,072||8,213||16,859
|20.7||6.8||13.9
|-
| 1990
|1,222,000
|23,960||8,196||15,764
|19.6||6.7||12.9
||2.45
|-
| 1991
|1,230,000
|22,368||8,192||14,176
|18.2||6.7||11.5
||2.34
|-
| 1992
|1,237,000
|23,064||8,533||14,531
|18.6||6.9||11.7
||2.23
|-
| 1993
|1,244,000
|21,094||8,807||12,287
|17.0||7.1||9.9
||2.13
|-
| 1994
|1,250,000
|19,682||9,265||10,417
|15.7||7.4||8.3
||2.04
|-
| 1995
|1,255,000
|19,258||9,042||10,216
|15.3||7.2||8.1
||1.96
|-
| 1996
|1,258,000
|17,992||9,376||8,616
|14.3||7.5||6.8
||1.90
|-
| 1997
|1,261,000
|18,452||9,157||9,295
|14.6||7.3||7.4
||1.84
|-
| 1998
|1,263,000
|17,898||9,365||8,533
|14.2||7.4||6.8
||1.80
|-
| 1999
|1,265,000
|18,321||10,014||8,307
|14.5||7.9||6.6
||1.77
|-
| 2000
|1,268,000
|18,160||9,478||8,682
|14.3||7.5||6.8
||1.75
|-
| 2001
|1,272,000
|18,078||9,753||8,325
|14.2||7.7||6.5
||1.74
|-
| 2002
|1,278,000
|16,990||9,797||7,193
|13.3||7.7||5.6
||1.74
|-
| 2003
|1,284,000
|17,989||10,206||7,783
|14.0||7.9||6.1
||1.75
|-
| 2004
|1,290,000
|17,235||9,872||7,363
|13.4||7.7||5.7
||1.76
|-
| 2005
|1,294,000
|17,264||9,885||7,379
|13.3||7.6||5.7
||1.77
|-
| 2006
|1,297,000
|18,090||9,668||8,422
|13.9||7.5||6.4
||1.78
|-
| 2007
|1,303,000
|18,889||9,654||9,235
|14.5||7.4||7.1
||1.79
|-
| 2008
|1,308,000
|19,888||10,463||9,425
|15.2||8.0||7.2
||1.80
|-
| 2009
|1,310,000
|17,499||9,693||7,806
|13.4||7.4||6.0
||1.80
|-
| 2010
|1,317,000
|19,092||10,477||8,615
|14.5||8.0||6.5
||1.81
|-
| 2011
|1,328,000
|18,141||10,007||8,134
|13.7||7.5||6.2
||1.80
|-
| 2012
|1,335,000
|19,801||9,627||10,174
|14.8||7.2||7.6
||1.80
|-
| 2013
|1,340,000
|18,741||10,376||8,365
|14.0||7.7||6.3
||1.79
|-
| 2014
|1,345,000
|18,431||10,642||7,789
|13.7||7.9||5.8
||1.78
|-
| 2015
|1,350,000
|18,896||11,580||7,316
|14.0||8.6||5.4
||1.77
|-
| 2016
|1,354,000
|18,373||11,145||7,228
|13.6||8.2||5.4
||1.75
|-
| 2017
|1,356,000
|17,393||11,655||5,738
|12.8||8.6||4.2
||1.74
|-
| 2018
|1,359,000
|17,218||11,658||5,560
|12.7||8.6||4.1
||1.73
|-
| 2019
|1,364,000
|16,058||11,266||4,792
|11.8||8.2||3.6
||
|-
| 2020<ref name="ROE-2024">{{Cite web |
url=https://www.finance.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/WEB-%E2%80%A2-ROE-2024.pdf | title=Review of the Economy 2024 | access-date=2024-10-03 | archive-date=2024-10-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002151239/https://www.finance.gov.tt/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/WEB-%E2%80%A2-ROE-2024.pdf}}</ref>
|1,366,725
|~15,731||~12,984||~2,747
||11.5||9.5||2.0
||
|-
| 2021<ref name="ROE-2024"></ref>
|1,367,558
|~14,223||~13,388||~883
||10.4||9.8||0.6
||
|-
| 2022<ref name="ROE-2024"></ref>
|1,365,805
|~14,000||style="color:red"|~18,356||style="color:red"|~-4,357
||10.3||13.4||style="color:red"|-3.2
||
|-
| 2023<ref name="ROE-2024"></ref>
|1,367,510
|style="color:red"|~13,073||~13,976||style="color:red"|~-889
||9.6||10.2||style="color:red"|-0.7
||
|-
|}
=== Life expectancy at birth===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
|-
|1950–1955
|57.9
|1985–1990
|68.2
|-
|1955–1960
|60.8
|1990–1995
|68.4
|-
|1960–1965
|64.1
|1995–2000
|68.7
|-
|1965–1970
|64.8
|2000–2005
|69.3
|-
|1970–1975
|65.5
|2005–2010
|70.2
|-
|1975–1980
|66.7
|2010–2015
|70.8
|-
|1980–1985
|67.3
|
|
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>
==Ethnic groups==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Population of Trinidad and Tobago according to ethnic group<ref name="UN Demographic Yearbooks"/>'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! width="100pt" rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | Census 1946|| colspan="2" | Census 1960|| colspan="2" | Census 1970|| colspan="2" | Census 1980||colspan="2" | Census 1990|| colspan="2" | Census 2000|| colspan="2" | Census 2011 <ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web|url= https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/tt/TandT_Demographic_Report_2011.pdf |title=Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report}}</ref>
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Number || % || Number || % || Number || %|| Number || %|| Number || % ||Number || %|| Number || %
|-
|align=left|[[Indo-Trinidadian|Indian]]||195,747||35.1||301,946||36.5||373,538||40.1||426,660||40.3||453,069||40.3||446,273||40.0 ||468,524||35.43
|-
|align=left|[[Afro-Trinidadian|African]]||261,485||46.9||358,588||43.3||398,765||42.8||434,730||41.1||445,444||39.6||418,268||37.5||452,536||34.22
|-
|align=left|Mixed||78,775||14.1||134,749||16.3||133,706||14.4||175,150||16.5||207,558||18.4||228,089||20.5||301,866||22.82
|-
|align=left|[[White Trinidadians|European]] including [[Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Portuguese]]||15,283||2.7||20,202||2.4||11,383||1.2||9,850||0.9||7,254||0.6||7,034 ||0.6 ||8,669||0.65
|-
|align=left|[[Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Chinese]]||5,641||1.0||8,361||1.0||7,962||0.9||5,670||0.5||4,314||0.4||3,800 ||0.3 ||4,003||0.30
|-
|align=left|[[Amerindian]]|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||1,394||0.11
|-
|align=left|[[Syrian]], [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] or [[Arab]]||889||0.2||1,590||0.2|| || ||1,010||0.1||934||0.1||849 ||0.1 ||1,029||0.08
|-
|align=left|Other|| || ||6,714||0.8||4,332||0.5||2,900||0.3||1,724||0.2||1,972 ||0.2 ||2,280||0.17
|-
|align=left|Unknown or undeclared||150||0.0||291||0.0||1,385|| ||2,350||0.2||4,831||0.4||8,487 ||0.8 ||82,246||6.22
|-
|align=left|Total||colspan="2"|557,970||colspan="2"|827,957||colspan="2"| ||colspan="2"|1,058,320||colspan="2"|1,125,128||colspan="2"|1,114,772||colspan="2"|1,322,546
|}
{{bar box
|title=Ethnic groups of Trinidad and Tobago <ref name="CIAPAPUANEWGUINEA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/|title=Central America and Caribbean :: TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO|date=7 June 2022 |publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Ethnic groups
|right1=percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Indo-Trinidadians|Indian]] |Blue|35.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|African]] |Orange| 34.2}}
{{bar percent|Mixed |Yellow|15.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Dougla]] (Mixed African/Indian) |Green|7.7}}
{{bar percent|Unspecified |Red|6.2}}
{{bar percent|Other|Black| 1.3}}
}}
===Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians===
{{main|Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians}}
[[Indo-Trinidadians]] make up the country's largest ethnic group (approximately 35.43%).<ref name="Census 2011"/> Indo-Trinidadians are primarily the descendants of [[indentured servitude|indentured workers]] from  [[British Raj|British India]].
===Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonians===
{{main|Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian}}
[[Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] make up the country's second largest ethnic group (approximately 34.22%).<ref name="Census 2011"/> Although enslaved Africans were first imported in 1517, they constituted only 11 percent of the population (310) in 1783.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/39.htm|title=Trinidad and Tobago - HISTORY|website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Many Afro-Trinbagonians have ancestors hailing from West and West-central Africa, akin to numerous other Caribbean islands and in some cases a result of later migration between the islands. This would have been from many kingdoms, states, and peoples from a range of modern-day Senegal in the north to Angola in the south. The majority of the enslaved Africans were brought in the last few years of Trinidad's Spanish colonial era, and the beginning of the British colonial period. The [[Cedula of Population]] transformed a small colony of 1,000 in 1773 to 18,627 by 1797. In the census of 1777 there were only 2,763 people recorded as living on the island, including some 2,000 Arawaks. In 1807, the UK Parliament passed the [[Slave Trade Act 1807]] that abolished the trading of enslaved persons, and the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] abolished the practice of slavery itself. Numerous staples of Trinbagonian culture have Afro-Trinbagonian roots, such as Calypso, Carnival, and traditional dishes such as callaloo.
===European Trinidadian and Tobagonians===
{{main|White Trinidadian|Portuguese Trinidadian and Tobagonian}}
The [[White Trinidadian|European Trinidadian]] (or White Trinidadian) population is primarily descended from early settlers and immigrants. The recent census counted 8,669 people of European descent including those of Portuguese descent.<ref name="Census 2011"/> These numbers do not include people who have at least some European ancestry or self-identify as African or Indian.
The French arrived mostly during the Spanish period to take advantage of free agricultural lands. Some Portuguese arrived in the mid-nineteenth century and more came at the turn of the century.<ref>The Portuguese of Trinidad and Tobago Jo-Anne S Ferreira Institute of Social and Economic Research  The University of. The West Indies St Augustine Trinidad</ref> The Europeans who remained in Trinidad live in areas in and around [[Port of Spain]]. Furthermore, British rule led to an influx of settlers from the United Kingdom and the British colonies of the Eastern Caribbean and descendants of English indentured workers brought in as overseers following the end of the Second World War.
The Portuguese came to Tobago and Trinidad as early as the 17th century, including groups of [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Jews]], Catholics and Protestants. For over 140 years, from 1834 up to 1975, the ancestors of the modern Portuguese community in Trinidad and Tobago hailed mostly from the archipelago of [[Madeira]], starting from 1846, with the earliest registers being from the Azores in 1834.
Most Portuguese came directly from Madeira, and also via Guyana, St Vincent, Antigua and St Kitts.
Important communities settled in Port of Spain, Arima, Arouca, Chaguanas, San Fernando and Scarborough.
In 2011, the Madeiran Portuguese Community of Trinidad and Tobago celebrated their 165th Anniversary of arrival of the first Madeirans in Trinidad back in 1846.
Recalling the presence of the Portuguese in the nation today are over 100 Portuguese surname, some of which have become street nomenclature. As an independent nation, the country has recognised several members of the Portuguese community, through official awards.<ref>[Trinidad & Tobago 50 Years of Independence, THE PORTUGUESE OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, Locating an important minority, Dr Jo-Anne Ferreira Lecturer in Linguistics, UWI, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad, September 28, 2017]</ref>
In [[Tobago]], many white residents are retirees who have recently arrived there. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}}
===Mixed ethnicity===
{{main|Multiracial}}
{{further|Creole peoples|Mulatto|Dougla|Cocoa panyols|Chindian|Anglo-Indian people|Luso-Indian|Afro-Asians|Zambo|Pardo}}
Given the large number of ethnic identities in Trinidad and Tobago, many citizens have a mixed ethnic heritage due to influences from [[French people|French]], [[Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|West African]], [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Indian]] or [[Chinese Trinidadian|Han Chinese]] ancestry. Common ethnic mixtures include people of African and European descent ([[mulattos|mulatto-creoles]]) and African and Indian descent (often colloquially known as [[dougla]]). This mixed population is estimated at around 22.8%. A [[Dougla]] person might self-identify as simply African based on physical appearance, for instance, but they might be genetically more similar to a person of Indian descent.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Icr9Klvm6wC&q=french+creole|title=Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad 1870–1900|first=Bridget|last=Brereton|author-link=Bridget Brereton|date=6 June 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780521523134}}</ref><ref>[http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/trinidad.html ''Trinidad French Creole''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328025807/http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/trinidad.html |date=2010-03-28 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=HHE2005060003129|title=''Estimates of African, European and Native American Ancestry in Afro-Caribbean Men ''.|website=Content.karger.com|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
===Chinese-Trinidadians and Tobagonians===
{{main|Chinese Trinidadian}}
There are groups of [[Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Chinese]] who, like the Indians, are descended from indentured labourers. They account for about 4,000 people and live mostly in Port-of-Spain and San Fernando.
<blockquote>In Trinidad there were, about twenty years ago [i.e. about 1886], 4,000 or 5,000 Chinese, but they have decreased to probably about 2,000 or 3,000, [2,200 in 1900]. They used to work in sugar plantations, but are now principally shopkeepers, as well as general merchants, miners and railway builders, etc.<ref>''Things Chinese or Notes Connected with China''. 4th Edition. J. Dyer Ball (1906), New York, Charles Scribner's Son, p. 144</ref></blockquote>
===Arab-Trinidadians and Tobagonians===
{{main|Arab}}
There are also more than 1,000 [[Arabs]], originating from [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]] who live mostly in Port-of-Spain. The Syrian and Lebanese communities of Trinidad are predominantly Christian, migrating from the Middle East in the 19th century from the [[Ottoman Empire]] later landing in the Caribbean and Latin America. Other Lebanese and Syrians came in the early to middle 20th century to escape the war and turmoil in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/Resources/Subject-Guide/Syrian-Lebanese|title=Syrian Lebanese|website=Nalis.gov.tt|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref>
===Indigenous (Caribs)===
Finally, there are the mixed raced [[Island Caribs|Caribs]] who are descended from the native, precolonial people of the islands. They are organized around the [[Santa Rosa Carib Community]] and live mostly in and around [[Arima]].
==Religion==
{{main|Religion in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{further|Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago|Islam in Trinidad and Tobago|Hinduism in the West Indies}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions of Trinidad and Tobago <ref name="CIAPAPUANEWGUINEA"/>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent| [[Roman Catholic]]  |Silver|21.6}}
{{bar percent| [[Hinduism|Hindu]]  |Orange|18.2}}
{{bar percent| [[Pentecostal]]/[[Evangelical]]/[[Full Gospel]]|Yellow|12}}
{{bar percent|Unspecified  |Black| 11.1}}
{{bar percent|Other  |Pink| 8.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Baptist]] |Purple|6.9}}
{{bar percent|[[Anglican ]]|Blue|5.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green| 5}}
{{bar percent|[[Seventh-Day Adventist]]|Orange|4.1}}
{{bar percent|None | Brown| 2.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Presbyterian]]/[[Congregational church|Congregational]]|Red|2.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Jehovah's Witness ]]|Violet|1.5}}
}}
In 2011, according to census data, Roman Catholicism was again the largest religious denomination with 285,671 followers (21.6% of the total population), having declined from a membership of 289,711 in 2000 (26% of the population).<ref name="Census 2011"/> Other religious denominations that experienced decreases in their membership in 2011 were Hinduism (from 22.5% in 2000 to 18.2% in 2011), Anglican (from 7.8% to 5.7%), Presbyterian/Congregational (from 3.3% to 2.5%) and Methodist (from 0.9% to 0.7%). The number of persons claiming affiliation to Pentecostal/Evangelical/Full Gospel more than doubled from 76,327 in 2000 (6.8%) to 159,033 in 2011 (12.0%). The number of Muslims slightly increased but as proportion of the total population there was a decrease from 5.8% in 2000 to 5.0% in 2011. The category ‘None’ witnessed a small increase from 1.9% to 2.2%, while those who did not state a religion increased significantly, from 1.4% to 11.1%. Approximately 1.2% of the population are adherents of the [[Baháʼí Faith]]. The African religions and specifically Orisha have become institutions in Trinidad and Tobago's society. They serve not only the obvious religious needs but also as a source of inspiration for personal identity. Many people, motivated by the need to re-claim their African heritage can now openly support these religions because they see in them a source of understanding and a coming to terms with their enslavement and the colonial past.<ref>"Most Baha'i Nations (2010)" QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2010. Retrieved 2013-08-20.</ref>
{{Clear}}
==Language==
{{Infobox country languages
|country        = Trinidad and Tobago
|official       = [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English|English]]
|semi-official  =
|national       =
|unofficial     =
|main           =
|indigenous     = [[Carib language|Carib]], [[Yaio language|Yaio]], [[Shebaya language|Shebaya]] (all extinct)
|regional       =
|vernacular     = [[Trinidadian Creole|Trinidadian English Creole]], [[Tobagonian Creole|Tobagonian English Creole]]
|minority       = [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]], [[Antillean Creole|Antillean French Creole (Patois)]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|immigrant      = [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Arabic]], several other [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]] and [[Languages of Africa|African languages]]
}}
===English and creoles===
{{further|Trinidadian and Tobagonian English|Trinidadian Creole|Tobagonian Creole}}
English is the country's official language (the local variety of standard English is [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian English]] or more properly, Trinidad and Tobago Standard English, abbreviated as "TTSE"), but the main spoken language is either of two [[English-based creole languages]] ([[Trinidadian Creole]] or [[Tobagonian Creole]]), which reflects the Amerindian, European, African, and Asian heritage of the nation. Both creoles contain elements from a variety of African and [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian]] languages; Trinidadian English Creole, however, is also influenced by French and [[Antillean Creole French|French Creole]] (Patois).<ref>Jo-Anne Sharon Ferreira. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162817/http://vsites.unb.br/il/liv/crioul/textos/ferreira.htm THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO]. University of the West Indies. unb.br</ref>
===Hindustani===
{{further|Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani}}
The variant that is spoken in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] is known as ''Trinidadian Hindustani'', ''Trinidadian Bhojpuri'', ''Trinidadian Hindi'', ''Indian'', ''Plantation Hindustani'', or ''Gaon ke Bolee (Village Speech)''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDRjfwtJgBMC&q=hindi+in+trinidad&pg=PA155 |title = The Indian Diaspora: Dynamics of Migration|isbn = 9780761932185|last1 = Jayaram|first1 = N.|last2 = Atal|first2 = Yogesh|date = 24 May 2004}}</ref> A majority of the early [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian|Indian]] indentured immigrants spoke the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] dialects, which later formed into Trinidadian Hindustani. In 1935, Indian movies began showing to audiences in Trinidad. Most of the Indian movies were in the [[Hindustani language|Standard Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) dialect]] and this modified Trinidadian Hindustani slightly by adding Standard [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] phrases and vocabulary to Trinidadian Hindustani. Indian movies also revitalized Hindustani among Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MNVnQAACAAJ |title = Bala Joban: The First Indian Movie in Trinidad (1935)|isbn = 9789766483227|last1 = Gooptar|first1 = Primnath|year = 2014| publisher=Caribbean Educational Publishers }}</ref> The British colonial government and estate owners had disdain and contempt for Hindustani and Indian languages in Trinidad. Due to this, many Indians saw it as a broken language keeping them in poverty and bound to the cane fields, and did not pass it on as a [[first language]], but rather as a [[heritage language]], as they favored English as a way out.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZJqwHqFYzI | title=The Hindustani language as an element of Caribbean identity | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Around the mid to late 1960s the ''lingua franca'' of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians switched from Trinidadian Hindustani to a sort of ''Hindinized'' version of English. Today Hindustani survives on through [[Indo-Caribbean music|Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian musical forms]] such as, [[Bhajan]], Indian classical music, Indian folk music, [[Filmi]], [[Pichakaree]], [[Chutney music|Chutney]], [[Chutney soca]], and [[Chutney parang]]. As of 2003, there are about 15,633 Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians who speak Trinidadian Hindustani and as of 2011, there are about 10,000 who speak Standard Hindi. Many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians today speak a type of [[Hinglish]] that consists of Trinidadian and Tobagonian English that is heavily laced with Trinidadian Hindustani vocabulary and phrases and many Indo-Trinidadians and Tobagonians can recite phrases or prayers in Hindustani today. There are many places in Trinidad and Tobago that have names of Hindustani origin. Some phrases and vocabulary have even made their way into the mainstream English and English Creole dialect of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/hns/ |title=Hindustani, Sarnami |website=Ethnologue.com |access-date=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm |title = The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/10000-students-graduate-hindi-6.2.449105.73f9770ef7 |title = 10,000 students graduate in Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mahabir|first1=Kumar |date=December 1999 |title=The Impact of Hindi on Trinidadian English |journal=Caribbean Quarterly|volume=45 |issue=4|pages= 13–34|doi= 10.1080/00086495.1999.11671866}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=caribbean+hindustani+165%2C600&pg=PA481|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set|last=Frawley|first=William|access-date=15 April 2020|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195139778|language=en|date=May 2003}}</ref> [[World Hindi Conference|World Hindi Day]] is celebrated each year on 10 January with events organized by the National Council of Indian Culture, Hindi Nidhi Foundation, Indian High Commission, Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Cultural Co-operation, and the [[Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2020/01/19/tt-celebrates-world-hindi-day/|title=TT celebrates World Hindi Day|date=19 January 2020|website=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday}}</ref>
===Spanish===
{{further|Spanish language in Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian Spanish}}
In 2014, Spanish was the native language of 4,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=EL ESPAÑOL: UNA LENGUA VIVA - INFORME 2019 |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdf}}</ref> (0.3% of the total population) people in Trinidad and Tobago, being mostly made up of Venezuelan immigrants. Due to Trinidad and Tobago's proximity to Venezuela, current government regulations require that Spanish be taught in secondary education. Spanish is estimated to be spoken by around 5% of the population<ref>Maria Grau Perejoan, María Pilar Gea Monera. [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_41.pdf el ESPAÑOL EN TRINIDAD Y TOBAGO]. cervantes.es</ref> and has been promoted by recent governments as a "first foreign language" since March 2005 due to the country's proximity to Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web |last=Secretariat for the Implementation of Spanish |date=10 October 2008 |title=Spanish road signs quite correct |url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/letters/0,87863.html |work=Trinidad and Tobago's Newsday}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ |url=http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103080637/http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm |archive-date=3 November 2010 |access-date=10 January 2012 |work=The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish |publisher=Government of the Republic |location=Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref>
===Tamil===
{{further|Tamil language}}
{{further|Tamil diaspora#Trinidad and Tobago}}
The Tamil language is spoken by some of the older [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] population. It is mostly spoken by the few remaining children of indentured Indian laborers from the present-day state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. Other speakers of the language are recent immigrants from Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH2RQiJOkRg  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/TH2RQiJOkRg| archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=live|title=Interview with 97 yr old Mansee Subiah on Tamil Heritage in Trinidad|website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
===Chinese===
{{further|Chinese language}}
{{further|Chinese Trinidadian and Tobagonian}}
The [[Chinese language]] first came to Trinidad and Tobago in 1806, when the British had brought Chinese laborers in order to determine if they were fit to use as laborers after the abolition of slavery. About 2,645 Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad as indentured labour between 1853 and 1866. A majority of the people who immigrated in the 19th century were from [[South China|southern China]] and spoke the [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] and [[Yue Chinese|Yue]] dialects of Chinese. In the 20th century after the years of indentureship up to the present-day more Chinese people have immigrated to Trinidad and Tobago for business and they speak the dialects of the indenturees along with other Chinese dialects, such as [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and [[Min Chinese|Min]].<ref name="studycountry.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.studycountry.com/guide/TT-language.htm|title = The Languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobago}}</ref>
===Indigenous languages===
The indigenous languages were [[Yao language (Trinidad)|Yao]] on Trinidad and [[Karina language|Karina]] on Tobago, both Cariban, and [[Shebaya language|Shebaya]] on Trinidad, which was Arawakan.<ref name="studycountry.com"/> These languages have been extinct for over a century, but there are attempts to revive the Carib language by the [[Santa Rosa First Peoples Community]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.angelfire.com/ma/maxforte/renindg.html |title=World-Systems, Globalization |access-date=2001-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201224056/http://www.angelfire.com/ma/maxforte/renindg.html |archive-date=2001-12-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/stan/article13.asp|title = The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Trinidad and Tobago topics}}{{Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{North America in topic|Demographics of}}
[[Category:Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago| ]]
[[Category:Society of Trinidad and Tobago]]