View source for Design 1095 ship

{{short description|Design for a troop transport}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin |infobox caption=}} <!-- commercial vessel classes --><!-- caption: yes, nodab, or <caption text> -->
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=SS Old North State (1920).png
|Ship caption=''Old North State''
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Builders=New York Shipbuilding Corporation
|Operators=
|Class before=
|Class after=
|Subclasses=
|Built range=
|In service range=
|Total ships building=7
|Total ships planned=13 (6 changed to [[Design 1029 ship|Design 1029]] from keel)
|Total ships completed=7
|Total ships cancelled=
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=3
|Total ships retired=
|Total ships scrapped=4
|Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption={{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|p=265}}
|Ship type=
|Ship tonnage={{GRT|10500}} {{DWT|12000}}
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length=*{{convert|522|ft|5|in|m|1|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|LOA]]
*{{convert|502|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} [[Length between perpendiculars|LBP]]
|Ship beam={{convert|62|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} (molded)
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft={{convert|31|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (summer)
|Ship depth=(to "A" deck) {{convert|42|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship power=Six oil fired, single end Scotch boilers {{convert|13|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}} diameter by {{convert|11|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}} in length each with burners.
|Ship propulsion=Twin {{convert|16|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}} diameter screws driven by four cylinder triple expansion inverted, reciprocating engines with cylinders {{convert|24|in|m|2|abbr=on}}, {{convert|40.5|in|m|2|abbr=on}}, {{convert|54|in|m|2|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|54|in|m|2|abbr=on}} with {{convert|45|in|m|2|abbr=on}} stroke.
|Ship speed={{convert|14|knots|mph km/h}}
|Ship capacity=*'''Passengers''': 78 first class (later modified after going into service)
*'''Cargo''':
*Total: {{convert|465940|cuft|m3|1}} (bale)
*Cold storage: {{convert|52300|cuft|m3|1}}
|Ship crew=115
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
The '''Design 1095 ship''' was an [[Emergency Fleet Corporation]] (EFC) design for a troop transport to be built at [[New York Shipbuilding Corporation]] and delivered to the [[United States Shipping Board]] (USSB) that, at the end of [[World War I]] hostilities, was modified to a combined passenger and cargo vessel.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, April 1921|p=203}} The contract was for thirteen ships, EFC hulls 2579 though 2591, but later adjusted to seven ships with the remainder being changed during construction to the slightly larger ships of EFC [[Design 1029 ships|Design 1029]] built from the start as passenger and cargo ships rather than being modified from the troop ship plan.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part III|pp=140a, 140b}}
After initial service as USSB owned ships operated by agents, [[United States Lines]] in Atlantic service between New York and Europe with five ships and two ships with [[Swayne & Hoyt Lines|Swayne and Hoyt]] with the [[Pacific Argentine Brazil Line]], the ships were sold in 1923 to [[American President Lines#Dollar Shipping Company|Robert Dollar Company]] which initiated the Dollar and successor [[American President Lines]]' tradition of naming ships after presidents. The ships inaugurated Dollar's "Round-the-World" service which was continued by American President Lines with additional ships.
During World War II the seven ships were used as troop transports, three being converted to hospital ships (2 Army and 1 Navy) and three were lost. The three ships built as ''Old North State'', ''Panhandle State'' and ''Blue Hen State'' became hospital ships and survived the war. ''Creole State'' served as a transport and began conversion to a hospital ship in the closing days of the war but the conversion stopped with peace upon which she was reconverted to become an Army transport for dependent repatriation. Two, ''President Taylor'', built as ''Granite State'' and ''President Grant'', built as ''Centennial State'', became total losses after groundings. The ship built as ''Wolverine State'' and  ''President Harrison'' at the time, was on a second voyage to evacuate [[4th Marine Regiment (United States)#China Marines|Marines]] and civilians from China sailing after 7 December 1941, was grounded in an attempt to deny use by the Japanese, but salvaged and named ''Kachidoki Maru''. While transporting British prisoners of war ''Kachidoki Maru'' was torpedoed and sunk by {{USS|Pampanito|SS-383|6}} on 12 September 1944.
==Initial design==
All of the {{GRT|10500}}/{{DWT|12000}} ships were modified over their operational life that extended into the post World War II years for the four that survived the war. The initial design was a modification of the original troop transport concept as part of a USSB program to increase overseas passenger and cargo capability with all first class accommodations on the "A", bridge and promenade decks for 78 passengers, a crew of 115 and significant cargo capacity.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|p=265}} That plan changed for four of the ships assigned to North Atlantic routes even before commercial operation with addition of steerage, or Third Class, accommodations for carriage of immigrants.{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' July 1921|pp=298–299}} Those immigrant accommodations were of two types, one for tropical routes and one for North Atlantic routes with more stringent requirement for enclosed quarters due to the colder passage.{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' July 1921|pp=298–299}}
[[File:Old North State NYShip.jpg|thumb|right|Outboard profile & deck plan]]
[[File:Old North State Deck Plans.jpg|thumb|right|Deck plans]]
The transverse framed, {{convert|522|ft|5|in|m|1|abbr=on}} [[length overall]], {{convert|502|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} [[length between perpendiculars]] double bottomed hull was divided into fourteen watertight compartments by watertight bulkheads extending up to "A" deck.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|pp=265–266}}
The cargo specifications for the seven ships were a [[Bale capacity|bale cargo capacity]] of {{convert|465940|cuft|m3|1}} of which {{convert|52300|cuft|m3|1}} was cargo cold storage with separate meat and vegetable compartments insulated by layers of wood and cork.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|pp=265, 267}} Under tropical conditions meat compartment was to maintain a temperature of {{convert|20|F|C|0}} and the vegetable compartment at {{convert|40|F|C|0}}.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|pp=265, 267}} Five large hatches {{convert|25|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} by {{convert|17|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}}, two {{convert|20|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} by {{convert|19|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} hatches, one {{convert|18|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} by {{convert|15|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} hatch and one {{convert|15|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} by {{convert|17|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}} hatch served general cargo spacees.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|p=265}} Refrigerated spaces were served by two {{convert|8|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} by {{convert|15|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} hatches.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|p=265}} Cargo service was by means of thirty-two six ton booms and one thirty ton boom with ten [[King post#Marine engineering|kingpost]].{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|p=266}}
Twin {{convert|16|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}} screws were driven by two triple expansion engines with four cylinders of {{convert|24|in|m|1|abbr=on}}, {{convert|50.5|in|m|1|abbr=on}}, {{convert|54|in|m|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|54|in|m|1|abbr=on}} with {{convert|45|in|m|1|abbr=on}} stroke provided steam from six oil fired [[Scotch marine boiler|Scotch boilers]] {{convert|11|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|ft|3|in|m|1|abbr=on}} in diameter each fired by three {{convert|45|in|m|1|abbr=on}} corrugated furnaces.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|p=267}} Fuel capacity was 3,476 tons.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|p=265}} The engines developed 6,000 indicated horsepower for a design service speed of {{convert|14|knots|mph km/h}}.{{sfn|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920|p=265}}
==Construction==
All the Design 1095 and Design 1029 hulls were launched or completed, after numerous design changes, with the nicknames of states, resulting in an early "class" name of "State ships."{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, July 1922|p=434}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' September 1921|p=398}} By May 1922 the USSB renamed all the ships and all but four for United States presidents.{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, July 1922|p=434}} The Design 1095 ships, all renamed for presidents, were:{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, July 1922|p=434}}
* '''[[USAHS Marigold|''Old North State'']]''', hull #244, launched 29 February 1920, O/N 220709, ''President Van Buren'', ''President Fillmore'' then United States Army Hospital Ship USAHS ''Marigold'' until scrapped as ''President Fillmore'' 1948.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' February 1921}}{{sfn|Charles|1947|pp=234, 344}}
* '''{{SS|Creole State|1920|2}}''', hull #245, launched 2 April 1920, O/N 220858, ''President Hayes'', ''President Tyler'', became War Shipping Administration troop transport, acquired by [[United States Department of War|War Department]] for conversion to a hospital ship to be named ''Howard A. McCurdy'', conversion incomplete when war ended with ''President Tyler'' name retained, converted to carry dependents, scrapped 1957.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' February 1921}}{{sfn|Charles|1947|pp=50, 239}}
* '''[[SS President Taylor|''Granite State'']]''', hull #246, launched 31 July 1920, O/N 221054, ''President Polk'', ''President Taylor'', became War Shipping Administration troop transport until stranded while landing troops to protect [[Kanton Island|Canton (Kanton) Island]] 14 February 1942.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' February 1921}}{{sfn|Charles|1947|p=238}}
* '''{{SS|Panhandle State|1920|2}}''', hull #247, launched 9 March 1920, O/N 220325, ''President Monroe'', ''President Buchanan'', then United States Army Hospital Ship ''Emily H. M. Weder'' then converted to an Army troop transport reusing the name ''President Buchanan''.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' February 1921}}{{sfn|Charles|1947|pp=49, 335}}
* '''{{SS|Wolverine State|1920|2}}''', hull #248, launched 16 September 1920, O/N 220952, ''President Harrison'', chartered by United States Army to evacuate [[4th Marines]] and lost on return trip for additional evacuation, salvaged by Japanese to become ''Kachidoki Maru'' sunk,  while transporting British prisoners of war, by USS ''Pampanito'' on 12 September 1944.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' February 1921}}
* '''{{SS|Centennial State|1920|2}}''', hull #249, launched 11 December 1920, O/N 221203, ''President Adams'', ''President Grant'' then converted to United States Army troop transport, lost off [[Milne Bay]] 27 February 1944.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, February 1921|p=113}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' February 1921}}{{sfn|Charles|1947|p=236}}
*  '''[[USS Refuge (AH-11)|''Blue Hen State'']]''', hull #250, launched 23 February 1921, O/N 221426, ''President Garfield'', ''President Madison'', acquired by United States Navy, commissioned ''Kenmore'' then converted to hospital ship USS ''Refuge'', returned to Maritime Commission 1946 and scrapped 1948.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|Villard: The Nautical Gazette, March 5, 1921|p=314}}{{sfn|Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: ''Refuge''}}
==Service history==
The nickname "State ships" covered both designs but they were also commonly known in the trade throughout their careers by names related to their length with the Design 1095 ships commonly being termed the "502s" for their length between perpendiculars and less frequently as "522s" for their length overall.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}}{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, April 1921|p=203}}{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, March 1922}} In a switch for the basis for a common name the larger Design 1029 ships took the length overall for the "535s" name often used in the trade.{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, April 1921|p=203}}{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part III|pp=140a, 140b}}
The ships were initially owned by the USSB and operated by shipping lines as agents.{{sfn|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V|p=399b}} By September 1921 ''Centennial State'', ''Old North State'' and ''Panhandle State'' were operated on an Atlantic route between New York, [[Cobh|Queenstown]], [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]] and London with ''Blue Hen State'' and ''Centennial State'' being modified to carry steerage passengers in North Atlantic service.{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' July 1921|pp=298–299}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' September 1921|p=398}} Only two of those ships would operate regularly between New York and London with ''Old North State'' and ''Panhandle State'' operating between New Orleans, Cuba and Spain carrying Spanish immigrants on the westbound voyage in "open" or "tropical" steerage accommodations.{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' July 1921|pp=298–299}}{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' September 1921|p=398}}{{sfn|Villard: The Nautical Gazette, March 5, 1921|p=314}} ''Creole State'', ''Granite State'' and ''Wolverine State'' were being operated between San Francisco and India with calls at Honolulu, [[Manila]], [[Saigon]] and [[Singapore]] before [[Colombo]] and [[Calcutta]].{{sfn|''The Marine Review'' September 1921|p=398}}
The "State" names were changed to the "President" names and in 1923 five of the ships ''President Adams'' (ex ''Centennial State''), ''President Garfield'' (ex ''Blue Hen State''), ''President Monroe'' (ex ''Panhandle State''), ''President Polk'' (ex ''Granite State'') and ''President Van Buren'' (ex ''Old North State'') were being operated by United States Lines in Atlantic service between New York and Europe for the USSB.{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, February 1923|p=81}} The other two, ''President Hayes'' (ex ''Creole State'') and ''President Harrison'' (ex ''Wolverine State'') were being operated by [[Swayne & Hoyt Lines]] as agent on a service connecting the United States West Coast to Brazil and Argentina with the Pacific-Argentine-Brazil Line.{{sfn|Faulkner: Pacific Marine Review, February 1923|pp=90–91}} By September 1923 all the Design 1095 ships had been sold by the USSB to the [[American President Lines#Dollar Shipping Company|Robert Dollar Company]].{{sfn|Pacific Marine Review, September 1923|p=37}}The acquisition of these "President" ships started the Dollar and successor American President Lines' tradition of naming ships after presidents.{{sfn|APL History|p=62}}
Dollar inaugurated a "Round-the-World" service using the seven ships with the sailing of ''President Harrison'' scheduled for 5 January 1924 out of San Francisco and ''President Adams'' on 7 February out of New York.{{sfn|Faulkner: Pacific Marine Review, December 1923|p=592}} The maintenance of a two-week schedule was to be established on the route of New York, Havana, Colon, Balboa, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Honolulu, Kobe, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Manila, Singapore, Penang, Colombo, Suez, Port Said, Alexandria, Naples, Genoa, Marseilles and Boston before return to New York with scheduled inaugural sailings of ''President Garfield'' from New York 21 February, ''President Polk'' 6 March, ''President Monroe'' 20 March, ''President Harrison'' 3 April after completing maiden around the world trip, ''President Van Buren'' 17 April and ''President Hayes'' departing again 1 May 1924.{{sfn|Faulkner: Pacific Marine Review, December 1923|p=592}} The service was expanded with acquisition of the larger Design 1029, the "535s", in 1926.{{sfn|APL History|p=63}}
In 1938 the [[United States Maritime Commission]], successor to the USSB, judged the Dollar company unsound and took over the assets including the ships to be operated by a new company, American President Lines.{{sfn|APL History|p=64}} The seven "502s" were to remain on the Round the World service while the five "535s" along with larger and newer ship {{SS|President Coolidge||2}} were to go into New York-San Francisco-Asiatic service.{{sfn|Hoffman: Pacific Marine Review, November 1938|p=28}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.apl.com/wps/wcm/connect/9ac4350041a4b2d5bb2efb62abbb971d/APL%2BHistory.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |title=APL History |author=APL (American President Lines) |publisher=APL (American President Lines) |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|APL History}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172648/http://www.apl.com/wps/wcm/connect/9ac4350041a4b2d5bb2efb62abbb971d/APL%2BHistory.pdf?MOD=AJPERES |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book |last=Charles |first=Roland W. |title=Troopships of World War II |year=1947 |location=Washington |publisher=The Army Transportation Association |lccn=47004779 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/documents/WWII/wwii_Troopships.pdf |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030021032/https://history.army.mil/documents/WWII/wwii_Troopships.pdf |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite journal |last=Faulkner |first=Paul |year=1923 |title=Pacific-Argentine-Brazil Line |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=20 |issue=February |pages=90–91 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2023paci#page/n99/mode/1up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Faulkner: Pacific Marine Review, February 1923}}}}
*{{cite journal |last=Faulkner |first=Paul |year=1923 |title=Old Glory Around the World! |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=20 |issue=December |pages=37 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2023paci#page/n799/mode/1up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Faulkner: Pacific Marine Review, December 1923}}}}
*{{cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Gene |year=1938 |title=Full Steam Ahead for the American President Lines Round the World |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=35 |issue=November |pages=22–28 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev3538paci#page/n535/mode/2up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffman: Pacific Marine Review, November 1938}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Marine Engineering |year=1920 |title=502-Foot Passenger and Cargo Vessels |journal=Marine Engineering |volume=25 |issue=April |pages=265–269 |location=New York |publisher=Aldrich Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tl4fAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA266-IA1|access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|''Marine Engineering'' April 1920}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Marine Review |year=1921 |title=1920 Construction Record of U.S. Yards |journal=The Marine Review |volume=51 |issue=February |page=99 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VG8-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA101 |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|''The Marine Review'' February 1921}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Marine Review |year=1921 |title=American Liners for North Atlantic to Have Third Class Accommodations |journal=The Marine Review |volume=51 |issue=July |pages=298–299 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VG8-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA298 |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|''The Marine Review'' July 1921}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Marine Review |year=1921 |title="Balance the Fleet" Adds Passenger Liners/Finish 23 Troop Ships After Armistice |journal=The Marine Review |volume=51 |issue=September |pages=398–399 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VG8-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA398 |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|''The Marine Review'' September 1921}}}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.shipscribe.com/mckellar/ |title=Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part III, Contract Steel Ships |last=McKellar |first=Norman L. |work=Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921 |publisher=ShipScribe |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part III}}}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.shipscribe.com/mckellar/ |title=Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V, Contract Steel Ships |last=McKellar |first=Norman L. |work=Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921 |publisher=ShipScribe |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Part V}}}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/refuge.html |title=''Refuge'' |author=Naval History And Heritage Command |work=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=Naval History And Heritage Command |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships: ''Refuge''}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Pacific American Steamship Association |author2=Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1921 |title=Launchings |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=18 |issue=February |page=113 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev1821paci#page/n174/mode/1up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Pacific Marine Review, February 1921}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Pacific American Steamship Association |author2=Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1921 |title=The New York Shipbuilding Corporation |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=18 |issue=April |pages=201–204 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev1821paci#page/n300/mode/1up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Pacific Marine Review, April 1921}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Pacific American Steamship Association |author2=Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1922 |title=Photo (caption) |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=19 |issue=March |pages=173 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev1922paci#page/n214/mode/1up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Pacific Marine Review, March 1922}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Pacific American Steamship Association |author2=Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1922 |title=Cost of U.S.S.B. Vessels |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=19 |issue=July |page=434 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev1922paci#page/n525/mode/1up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Pacific Marine Review, July 1922}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Pacific American Steamship Association |author2=Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1923 |title=United States Lines |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=20 |issue=February |page=81 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2023paci#page/n90/mode/1up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Pacific Marine Review, February 1923}}}}
*{{cite journal |author=Pacific American Steamship Association |author2=Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast |year=1923 |title=Ship Charters and Sales on the Pacific Coast |journal=[[Pacific Marine Review]] |volume=20 |issue=September |pages=37 |location=San Francisco |publisher=J.S. Hines |url=https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2023paci#page/n682/mode/1up |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Pacific Marine Review, September 1923}}}}
*{{cite journal |editor-last=Villard |editor-first=Harold G. |year=1921 |title=Launching of the ''Blue Hen State'' |journal=The Nautical Gazette |volume=100 |issue=March 5, 1921 |page=314 |location=New York |publisher=The Nautical Gazette, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA314 |access-date=4 August 2015 |ref={{sfnref|Villard: The Nautical Gazette, March 5, 1921}}}}
{{Refend}}
==External links==
* [https://archive.org/stream/pacificmarinerev2023paci#page/n230/mode/1up ''President Hayes'' at Portland, Oregon (photo)]
{{Design 1095 ships}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Design 1095 ships}}
[[Category:Design 1095 ships|*]]
[[Category:Standard ship types of the United States]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United States]]
[[Category:New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]