View source for Destroyers-for-bases deal

{{short description|1940 agreement between the US and UK}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name=Destroyers-for-bases deal
|long_name=
|image= Angielska flota wojenna pdczas wpływania do portu (2-2620).jpg
|image_width= 250px
|caption= Transferred destroyers sailing into British port, October 1940
|type=
|date_drafted=
|date_signed= 2 September 1940
|location_signed=
|date_sealed=
|date_effective=
|condition_effective=
|date_expiration=
|signatories=
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Franklin Roosevelt]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]]
|parties=
* {{flag|United States}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
|ratifiers=
|depositor=
|language=
|languages= English
|wikisource=
}}
The '''destroyers-for-bases deal''' was an agreement between the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] on September 2, 1940, according to which 50 {{sclass|Caldwell|destroyer|5}}, {{sclass|Wickes|destroyer|5}}, and {{sclass|Clemson|destroyer|5}}-class US Navy destroyers were transferred to the [[Royal Navy]] from the [[US Navy]] in exchange for land rights on [[British possessions]].
Generally referred to as the "twelve hundred-ton type" (also known as "flush-deck", or "four-pipers" after their four [[funnel (ship)|funnel]]s), the destroyers became the British {{sclass2|Town|destroyer|4}} and were named after towns common to both countries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Syrett|first1=David|title=The Defeat of the German U-boats: The Battle of the Atlantic|date=1994|publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press|isbn=9780872499843|page=[https://archive.org/details/defeatofgermanub00syre/page/10 10]|url=https://archive.org/details/defeatofgermanub00syre|url-access=registration}}</ref> US President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] used an [[executive agreement]], which does not require congressional approval. He was sharply criticised from antiwar Americans, who pointed out that the agreement violated the [[Neutrality Acts of the 1930s|Neutrality Acts]].<ref>Burns, James MacGregor (1956). Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox. Easton Press. {{ISBN|978-0-15-678870-0}}, p. 438</ref>
== Background ==
By late June 1940, France had surrendered to [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and Italy. The [[British Empire]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] stood alone in warfare against Hitler and Mussolini.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The British [[Chiefs of Staff Committee]] concluded in May that if [[Battle of France|France collapsed]], "we do not think we could continue the war with any chance of success" without "full economic and financial support" from the [[United States]].{{r|reynolds1993}} The US government was sympathetic to Britain's plight, but US public opinion overwhelmingly supported [[United States non-interventionism|isolationism]] to avoid involvement in "another European war". Reflecting that sentiment, the [[US Congress]] had passed the [[Neutrality Acts of 1930s|Neutrality Acts]] three years earlier, which banned the shipment or sale of arms from the US to any combatant nation. US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] was further constrained because [[1940 United States presidential election|1940 Presidential election]] was due, as his critics sought to portray him as being pro-war.  Legal advice from the [[US Justice Department]] stated that the transaction was legal.<ref>William R. Casto, "Advising Presidents: Robert Jackson and the Destroyers-For-Bases Deal." ''American Journal of Legal History'' 52.1 (2012): 1-135. [https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/10601/1900/Advising%20Presidents%2C%20Robert%20Jackson%20and%20the.pdf?sequence=1 online]</ref>
By late May, the evacuation of British forces from [[Dunkirk]], [[France]], in [[Operation Dynamo]] caused the [[Royal Navy]] to need ships immediately, especially as it was fighting the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] in which German [[U-boat]]s threatened the British supplies of food and of other resources essential to the war effort. With German troops advancing rapidly into France and many in the US government convinced that the defeat of France and Britain was imminent, the US sent a proposal to London through the British ambassador, the [[Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian|Marquess of Lothian]], for an American lease of airfields on [[Trinidad]], [[Bermuda]] and [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref>Martin Gilbert, ''Churchill and America''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005.</ref>
The  Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] initially rejected the offer on May 27 unless Britain received something immediate in return. On June 1, as the defeat of France loomed, Roosevelt bypassed the Neutrality Act by declaring as "surplus" many millions of rounds of US ammunition and obsolescent small arms and authorizing their shipment to Britain. Roosevelt rejected Churchill's pleas for destroyers for the Royal Navy. By August, while Britain was reaching a low point, US Ambassador [[Joseph P. Kennedy]] reported from London that a British surrender was "inevitable". Seeking to persuade Roosevelt to send the destroyers, Churchill warned Roosevelt that if Britain were vanquished, its colonial islands close to American shores could become a direct threat to the US if they fell into German hands.
== Deal ==
Roosevelt approved the deal on the evening of August 30, 1940.<ref>{{Cite book |title=50 Ships That Saved the World |last=Goodhart |first=Philip |publisher=Doubleday |year=1965 |location=New York|pages=175}}</ref> On September 2, 1940, as the [[Battle of Britain]] intensified, Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] signaled agreement to the transfer of the warships to the Royal Navy. On September 3, 1940, Admiral [[Harold Rainsford Stark|Harold Stark]] certified that the destroyers were not vital to US security. In exchange, the US was granted land in various [[British possessions]] for the establishment of naval or air bases with rent-free [[99-year lease]]s, on:
* [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]
* Eastern side of the [[Bahamas]]
* Southern coast of [[Jamaica]]
* Western coast of [[Saint Lucia]]
* West coast of Trinidad ([[Gulf of Paria]])
* [[Antigua]]
* [[British Guiana]] (now [[Guyana]]) within fifty miles of [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]
The agreement also granted the US air and naval base rights in:
* The [[Great Sound, Bermuda|Great Sound]] and [[Castle Harbour, Bermuda|Castle Harbour]], [[Bermuda]]
* South and eastern coasts of Newfoundland
No destroyers were received in exchange for the bases in Bermuda and Newfoundland. Both territories were vital to trans-Atlantic shipping, aviation, and the [[Battle of the Atlantic]]. Although an attack on either territory was unlikely, it could not be discounted and Britain had been forced wastefully to maintain defensive forces, including the [[Bermuda Garrison]]. The deal allowed Britain to hand much of the defence of Bermuda to the neutral US, which freed British forces for redeployment to more active theatres and enabled the development of strategic facilities at US expense, which British forces would also use.
[[File:Wickes class destroyers before transfer to the UK 1940.JPG|thumb|American and British sailors examine depth charges. In the background are US {{sclass|Wickes|destroyer|1}}s before their transfer.]]
The [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and the [[Fleet Air Arm]] (FAA) maintained air stations in Bermuda at the start of the war, but they served only flying boats. The [[Royal Air Force, Bermuda, 1939-1945|RAF station]] on [[Darrell's Island, Bermuda|Darrell's Island]] served as a staging point for trans-Atlantic flights by [[RAF Transport Command]] and [[RAF Ferry Command]], [[British Overseas Airways Corporation|BOAC]], and [[Pan-American World Airways|Pan-Am]] and hosted the [[Bermuda Flying School]], but it did not operate maritime patrols. The [[RNAS Boaz Island (HMS Malabar)|FAA station]] on [[Boaz Island, Bermuda|Boaz Island]] serviced aircraft based on vessels operating from or through the [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]], but it attempted to maintain maritime patrols by using pilots from naval ships, RAF Darrell's Island and the Bermuda Flying School.
The agreement for bases in Bermuda stipulated that the US would, at its own expense, build an airfield capable of handling large landplanes that would be operated jointly by the US Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force. The airfield was named [[Kindley Field]] after [[Field Kindley]], an American aviator who fought for Britain during World War I. RAF Transport Command relocated its operations to the airfield when it was completed in 1943, but RAF Ferry Command remained at Darrell's Island. The US Navy had established the [[Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex|Naval Operating Base]] at Bermuda's West End, a flying boat station from which maritime patrols were operated for the remainder of the war (the US Navy had actually begun operating such patrols from RAF Darrell's Island by using floatplanes and was waiting for their own base to become operational). The RAF and FAA facilities were closed after the war, which left only the US air bases in Bermuda. The Naval Operating Base ceased to be an air station in 1965, when its flying boats were replaced by [[Lockheed P-2 Neptune]]s operating from the [[Kindley Air Force Base]] (as the former US Army airfield had become). Those US air bases were in fact only two of several [[Military of Bermuda#Former US Bases In Bermuda|US military facilities]] that operated in Bermuda during the 20th century. In spite of the 99-year lease, the US abandoned many of the bases in 1949, and the remaining few were closed by 1995.
The US accepted the "generous action... to enhance the national security of the United States" and immediately transferred in return 50 ''Caldwell'', ''Wickes'', and ''Clemson''-class U.S. Navy destroyers, "generally referred to as the twelve hundred-ton type" (also known as "flush-deckers", or "four-pipers" after their four [[funnel (ship)|funnel]]s). Forty-three ships initially went to the Royal Navy and seven to the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]. In the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] navies, the ships were renamed after towns and so were known as the "Town" class, but they had originally belonged to three classes (''Caldwell'', ''Wickes'', and ''Clemson''). Before the end of the war, nine others had also served with the Royal Canadian Navy. Five Towns were manned by [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] crews, with the survivors later returned to the Royal Navy. {{HMS|Campbeltown|I42|6}} was manned by [[Royal Netherlands Navy]] sailors before her assignment to the [[St. Nazaire Raid]]. Nine other destroyers were eventually transferred to the [[Soviet Navy]]. Six of the 50 destroyers were lost to [[U-boat]]s, and three others, including ''Campbeltown'', were destroyed in other circumstances.
Britain had no choice but to accept the deal, but it was so much more advantageous to the United States than Britain that Churchill's aide [[John Colville (civil servant)|John Colville]] compared it to the [[Interim Peace|USSR's relationship with Finland]]. The destroyers were [[United States Navy reserve fleets|in reserve]] from the massive US shipbuilding program during World War I, and many of the vessels required extensive overhaul because they had not been preserved properly while inactivated. One British admiral called them the "worst destroyers I had ever seen",{{r|olson2010}}{{failed verification|date=May 2024}} and only 30 were in service by May 1941.{{r|reynolds1993}} Churchill also disliked the deal, but his advisers persuaded him merely to tell Roosevelt,
{{blockquote|We have so far only been able to bring a few of your fifty destroyers into action on account of the many defects which they naturally develop when exposed to Atlantic weather after having been laid up so long.<ref name="olson2010">{{cite book | title=Citizens of London: The Americans Who Stood With Britain In Its Darkest, Finest Hour| url=https://archive.org/details/citizensoflondon0000olso| url-access=registration|publisher=Random House|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citizensoflondon0000olso/page/19 19–20]|author=Olson, Lynne|year=2010|isbn=978-1-58836-982-6}}</ref>{{r|olson2010}}}}
Roosevelt responded by transferring ten [[Banff-class sloop|Lake-class]] [[Coast Guard cutter]]s to the Royal Navy in 1941. The [[United States Coast Guard]] vessels were ten years younger than the destroyers and had greater range, which made them more useful as anti-submarine convoy escorts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hitler's U-Boat War, The Hunters 1939–1942 |last=Blair |first=Clay |publisher=Random House |year=1996 |isbn=0-394-58839-8 |page=229}}</ref>
The agreement was much more important for being the start of the [[Atlantic Charter]] the wartime Anglo-American partnership. Churchill said in the [[British Parliament]] that "these two great organisations of the English-speaking democracies, the British Empire and the United States, will have to be somewhat mixed up together in some of their affairs for mutual and general advantage".<ref name="reynolds1993">{{cite book|title=Churchill | publisher=Clarendon Press|author=Reynolds, David|year=1993|location=Oxford|pages=248, 250–251|chapter = Churchill in 1940: The Worst and Finest Hour|editor1=Blake, Robert B. |editor2=Louis, William Roger |isbn=0-19-820626-7}}</ref>
==Bases==
===Newfoundland===
<ref>Neary, 1985</ref>
[[File:NAS Argentia aerial view c1945.jpg|thumb|U.S. Navy Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland]]
[[File:Fort Amherst, view from Signal Hill.jpg|thumb|Coastal artillery battery at Fort Amherst, Newfoundland]]
[[File:HQTrinidadNavalBase1944.jpg|thumb|Naval Base Trinidad at Carenage Bay]]
Army Air Force airfields:
* [[Pepperrell AFB|Pepperrell Airfield (later AFB)]] (closed August 1961; turned over to Canadian Forces as [[CFS St. John's]])
* [[Goose Air Force Base|Goose Bay Army Airfield (later Goose AFB)]] (turned over to Canadian Forces as [[CFB Goose Bay]], July 1976)
* [[Ernest Harmon Air Force Base|Stephenville Army Airfield (later Ernest Harmon AFB)]] (closed December 1966; now [[Stephenville International Airport]])
* [[Naval Station Argentia#Fort McAndrew|McAndrew Army Airfield]] (McAndrew Air Force Base in 1948; transferred to US Navy, 1955)
A Naval Air Station:
* [[Naval Station Argentia]] (closed 1994). Location of the August 1941 Atlantic Conference resulting in the [[Atlantic Charter]].
[[coastal defence and fortification|Coastal defense]] batteries:
* The [[Harbor Defenses of Argentia and St. John's]] under control of [[United States Army Coast Artillery Corps]] (closed 1945)
[[United States Army]] [[United States general surveillance radar stations|General Surveillance]] Ground Radar stations:
* [[Allan's Island Radar Station|Allan's Island]]; [[Cape Spear#Radar Station|Cape Spear]]; [[Elliston Ridge Air Station|Elliston Ridge]]; [[Fogo Island Radar Station|Fogo Island]]; [[St. Bride's Radar Station|St. Bride's]] radar stations (closed 1945)
===British West Indies===
* [[Antigua]]
: Naval Air Station Crabbs at [[Crabbs Peninsula]]
: An Army Air Force airfield ([[VC Bird International Airport|Coolidge Army Airfield (later AFB)]]) (closed 1949)
* [[The Bahamas]]
: Naval seaplane base on [[Exuma]] Island at [[George Town, Bahamas|George Town]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYSPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3688|title=United States Treaties and Other International Agreements|first=United|last=States|date=June 24, 1973|publisher=Department of State|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bahamapundit.com/2011/07/planning-to-protect-our-bahamian-islands.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160336/http://www.bahamapundit.com/2011/07/planning-to-protect-our-bahamian-islands.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 18, 2011|title=Planning to Protect our Bahamian Islands|website=Bahama Pundit|date=10 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seaworthy.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313081150/http://www.seaworthy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=456&Itemid=471&showall=1|url-status=dead|title=Seaworthy Publications, Inc. – Nautical Book Publisher|archivedate=March 13, 2013}}</ref>
* [[British Guiana]]
: An Army Air Force airfield ([[Cheddi Jagan International Airport|Atkinson Aerodrome (later AFB)]]) (closed 1949)
: A Naval seaplane base near [[Suddie]], [[NAF British Guiana]]
* [[Barbados]]
: [[SOSUS|NAVFAC]] Harrison's Point, [[Saint Lucy, Barbados|Saint Lucy]] (closed 1979)
* [[Bermuda]]
: Not part of the exchange, but the US received base rights here for free, in addition to those that were part of the exchange. The [[Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex|US Naval Operating Base]] was established in 1940, operating as a flying boat base until 1965 (when the US Navy switched to using landplanes from [[Kindley Air Force Base]]). The base continued in use for other purposes as the ''US Naval Annex'' until 1995. Construction began at the same time of a US Army Air Force airfield, Kindley Field, which was attached to Fort Bell and later became Kindley AFB. Transferred to the US Navy in 1970, it operated as NAS Bermuda until it closed in 1995.
* [[Jamaica]]
: An Army Air Force airfield ([[Vernam Air Force Base|Vernam Army Airfield (later AFB)]]) (closed 1949)
: A Naval Air Station ([[Little Goat Island]]) and a Naval facility at [[Port Royal]]
* [[Saint Lucia]]
: An Army Air Force airfield ([[Hewanorra International Airport|Beane Army Airfield (later AFB)]]) (closed 1949)
: A Naval Air Station (Gros Islet Bay) [[NAF St. Lucia]]
* [[Trinidad]]
: [[Naval Base Trinidad]], Major base 1941 to 1977
: Two Army Air Force airfields
:: [[Waller Air Force Base|Waller Army Airfield (later AFB)]] (closed 1949)
:: [[Carlsen Air Force Base|Carlsen Army Airfield (later AFB)]] (closed 1949)
: An emergency airstrip ([[Camden Airstrip]])
: A Naval Operating Base, a Naval Air Station, [[blimp]] base, and a radio station<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shsu.edu/home/404.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927222102/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/IntNav.html|url-status=dead|title=Page Not Found: 404 &#124; Sam Houston State University|first=Sam Houston State|last=University|archivedate=September 27, 2013|website=SHSU Online}}</ref>
==Ships==
A total of 50 ships were reassigned: 3 ''Caldwell''-class, 27 ''Wickes''-class and 20 ''Clemson''-class destroyers.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No !! Name !! Class !! Year of launch !! Service history and fate
|-
|01||[[USS Craven (DD-70)|USS ''Craven'' (DD-70)]]||Caldwell||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Lewes''. Scuttled on October 12, 1945.
|-
|02||[[USS Conner (DD-72)|USS ''Conner'' (DD-72)]]||Caldwell||1917||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Leeds''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|03||[[USS Stockton (DD-73)|USS ''Stockton'' (DD-73)]]||Caldwell||1917||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Ludlow''. Sunk as a target in 1945.
|-
|04||[[USS Wickes (DD-75)|USS ''Wickes'' (DD-75)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Montgomery''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|05||[[USS Philip (DD-76)|USS ''Philip'' (DD-76)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Lancaster''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|06||[[USS Evans (DD-78)|USS ''Evans'' (DD-78)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Mansfield''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|07||[[USS Sigourney (DD-81)|USS ''Sigourney'' (DD-81)]]||Wickes||1917||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Newport''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|08||[[USS Robinson (DD-88)|USS ''Robinson'' (DD-88)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Newmarket''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|09||[[USS Ringgold (DD-89)|USS ''Ringgold'' (DD-89)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Newark''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|10||[[USS Fairfax (DD-93)|USS ''Fairfax'' (DD-93)]]||Wickes||1917||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Richmond''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Zhivuchiy'' (''"Tenacious"''). Broken up in 1949.
|-
|11||[[USS Williams (DD-108)|USS ''Williams'' (DD-108)]]||Wickes||1918||To Canada. Renamed HMCS ''St. Clair''. Foundered in 1946.
|-
|12||[[USS Twiggs (DD-127)|USS ''Twiggs'' (DD-127)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Leamington''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Zhguchiy'' ("''Firebrand''"). Recreated the St. Nazaire raid in the [[Trevor Howard]] film [[Gift Horse (film)|''Gift Horse'']]. Broken up in 1951.
|-
|13||[[USS Buchanan (DD-131)|USS ''Buchanan'' (DD-131)]]||Wickes||1919||To Britain. Renamed [[HMS Campbeltown (I42)|HMS ''Campbeltown'']]. Intentionally destroyed in the [[St. Nazaire Raid]] on March 28, 1942.
|-
|14||[[USS Aaron Ward (DD-132)|USS ''Aaron Ward'' (DD-132)]]||Wickes||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Castleton''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|15||[[USS Hale (DD-133)|USS ''Hale'' (DD-133)]]||Wickes||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Caldwell''. Broken up in 1944.
|-
|16||[[USS Crowninshield (DD-134)|USS ''Crowninshield'' (DD-134)]]||Wickes||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Chelsea''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Derzkiy'' (''"Ardent"''). Broken up in 1949.
|-
|17||[[USS Tillman (DD-135)|USS ''Tillman'' (DD-135)]]||Wickes||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Wells''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|18||[[USS Claxton (DD-140)|USS ''Claxton'' (DD-140)]]||Wickes||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Salisbury''. Broken up in 1944.
|-
|19||[[USS Yarnall (DD-143)|USS ''Yarnall'' (DD-143)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Lincoln''. To Canada in 1942. Renamed HMCS ''Lincoln''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Druzhny'' ("''United''"). Last one to be broken up, in 1952.
|-
|20||[[USS Thatcher (DD-162)|USS ''Thatcher'' (DD-162)]]||Wickes||1918||To Canada. Renamed HMCS ''Niagara''. Broken up in 1946.
|-
|21||[[USS Cowell (DD-167)|USS ''Cowell'' (DD-167)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Brighton''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Zharkiy'' ("''Zealous''"). Returned to Britain and broken up in 1949.
|-
|22||[[USS Maddox (DD-168)|USS ''Maddox'' (DD-168)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Georgetown''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Doblestny'' ("''Valiant''"). Broken up in 1949.
|-
|23||[[USS Foote (DD-169)|USS ''Foote'' (DD-169)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Roxborough''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Zhostkiy'' ("''Adamant''"). Returned to Britain and broken up in 1949.
|-
|24||[[USS Kalk (DD-170)|USS ''Kalk'' (DD-170)]]||Wickes||1918||To Canada. Renamed HMCS ''Hamilton''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|25||[[USS Mackenzie (DD-175)|USS ''Mackenzie'' (DD-175)]]||Wickes||1918||To Canada. Renamed HMCS ''Annapolis''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|26||[[USS Hopewell (DD-181)|USS ''Hopewell'' (DD-181)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Bath''. Transferred to Norwegian navy April 1941. Sunk on August 19, 1941, by [[German submarine U-204|U-204]].
|-
|27||[[USS Thomas (DD-182)|USS ''Thomas'' (DD-182)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''St. Albans''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Dostoyny'' ("''Excellent''"). Broken up in 1949.
|-
|28||[[USS Haraden (DD-183)|USS ''Haraden'' (DD-183)]]||Wickes||1918||Initially to Britain and then on to Canada. Renamed HMS ''Columbia'' then ''HMCS Columbia''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|29||[[USS Abbot (DD-184)|USS ''Abbot'' (DD-184)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Charlestown''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|30||[[USS Doran (DD-185)|USS ''Doran'' (DD-185)]]||Wickes||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''St. Marys''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|31||[[USS Satterlee (DD-190)|USS ''Satterlee'' (DD-190)]]||Clemson||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Belmont''. Sunk by [[German submarine U-82 (1941)|U-82]] on January 31, 1942.
|-
|32||[[USS Mason (DD-191)|USS ''Mason'' (DD-191)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Broadwater''. Sunk by [[German submarine U-101 (1940)|U-101]] on October 18, 1941.
|-
|33||[[USS Abel P. Upshur (DD-193)|USS ''Abel P Upshur'' (DD-193)]]||Clemson||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Clare''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|34||[[USS Hunt (DD-194)|USS ''Hunt'' (DD-194)]]||Clemson||1920||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Broadway''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|35||[[USS Welborn C. Wood (DD-195)|USS ''Welborn C Wood'' (DD-195)]]||Clemson||1920||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Chesterfield''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|36||[[USS Branch (DD-197)|USS ''Branch'' (DD-197)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Beverley''. Sunk by [[German submarine U-188|U-188]] on April 11, 1943.
|-
|37||[[USS Herndon (DD-198)|USS ''Herndon'' (DD-198)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Churchill''. To USSR in 1944. Renamed ''Deyatelny'' ("''Active''"). Sank on January 16, 1945, in uncertain circumstances.
|-
|38||[[USS McCook (DD-252)|USS ''McCook'' (DD-252)]]||Clemson||1919||To Canada. Renamed HMCS ''St. Croix''. Sunk by [[German submarine U-952|U-952]] on September 20, 1943.
|-
|39||[[USS McCalla (DD-253)|USS ''McCalla'' (DD-253)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Stanley''. Sunk by [[German submarine U-574|U-574]] on December 18, 1941.
|-
|40||[[USS Rodgers (DD-254)|USS ''Rodgers'' (DD-254)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Sherwood''. Sunk as a target in 1945.
|-
|41||[[USS Bancroft (DD-256)|USS ''Bancroft'' (DD-256)]]||Clemson||1919||To Canada. Renamed HMCS ''St. Francis''. Foundered in 1945 while ''en route'' to scrap yard.
|-
|42||[[USS Welles (DD-257)|USS ''Welles'' (DD-257)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Cameron''. Damaged beyond repair in an air raid at Portsmouth on December 5, 1940.
|-
|43||[[USS Aulick (DD-258)|USS ''Aulick'' (DD-258)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Burnham''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|44||[[USS Laub (DD-263)|USS ''Laub'' (DD-263)]]||Clemson||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Burwell''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|45||[[USS McLanahan (DD-264)|USS ''McLanahan'' (DD-264)]]||Clemson||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Bradford''. Broken up in 1946.
|-
|46||[[USS Edwards (DD-265)|USS ''Edwards'' (DD-265)]]||Clemson||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Buxton''. To Canada in 1943. Renamed HMCS ''Buxton''. Broken up in 1946.
|-
|47||[[USS Shubrick (DD-268)|USS ''Shubrick'' (DD-268)]]||Clemson||1918||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Ripley''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|48||[[USS Bailey (DD-269)|USS ''Bailey'' (DD-269)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Reading''. Broken up in 1945.
|-
|49||[[USS Swasey (DD-273)|USS ''Swasey'' (DD-273)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Rockingham''. Struck a mine on September 27, 1944, and sank while under tow.
|-
|50||[[USS Meade (DD-274)|USS ''Meade'' (DD-274)]]||Clemson||1919||To Britain. Renamed HMS ''Ramsey''. Broken up in 1947.
|-
|}
== See also ==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|United States|Politics}}
* [[Banff-class sloop]]s, similarly transferred to the Royal Navy in 1941
* [[Tizard Mission]]
* [[Lend-Lease]], a successor agreement loosely modelled on the Destroyers for Bases Agreement
* [[Northeast Air Command]] for airfields in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Labrador]]
* [[Town-class destroyer]], some of which were transferred to [[Soviet Navy]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
* Burns, James M. ''Roosevelt: the Lion and the Fox'' (1956), 437–52
* Casto, William R.  "Advising Presidents: Robert Jackson and the Destroyers-For-Bases Deal." ''American Journal of Legal History'' 52.1 (2012): 1–135. [https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/10601/1900/Advising%20Presidents%2C%20Robert%20Jackson%20and%20the.pdf?sequence=1 online]
* {{cite book | last = Conn | first = Stetson | author2 = Fairchild, Byron | title = The Framework of Hemisphere Defense | publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] | url = https://history.army.mil/html/books/004/4-1/CMH_Pub_4-1.pdf | year = 1989 | orig-year = 1960 | pages = 51–62  }}
* Goodhart, Philip. ''Fifty Ships That Saved The World: The Foundation of the Anglo-American Alliance'' (London: Heinemann, 1965)
* Leutze, James R. ''Bargaining For Supremacy: Anglo-American Naval Collaboration, 1937-1941'' (1977). [https://www.questia.com/read/24675619/bargaining-for-supremacy-anglo-american-naval-collaboration online]
* Neary, F. F. "Newfoundland and the Anglo‐American Leased Bases Agreement of 27 March 1941." ''Canadian Historical Review'' 67#4 (1986): 491–519.
* Pious, Richard M. "The Historical Presidency: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Destroyer Deal: Normalizing Prerogative Power." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 42.1 (2012): 190–204.
* Reynolds,  David. ''The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance, 1937-41: A Study in Competitive Co-operation'' (Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1982), ch. 4 & 5; the standard scholarly history of the entire deal.
* Whitham, Charlie. "The thin end of the wedge: the British Foreign Office, the West Indies and avoiding the Destroyers-Bases Deal, 1938–1940." ''Journal of Transatlantic Studies'' 11#3 (2013): 234–248.
* Woodward, Llewellyn. ''British Foreign Policy in the Second World War'' (1962), pp 82–90
* {{cite book|chapter-url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch14.htm|chapter = "The New Bases Acquired for old Destroyers"|title = Guarding the United States and its Outposts|url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents|id = CMH Pub 4-2|year = 2000|orig-year = 1964|publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]|access-date = 2010-07-22|archive-date = 2007-12-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225041653/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents|url-status = dead}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080731042749/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772458,00.html STRATEGY: Bases Chosen] December 1940 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' article about the bases.
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Building_Bases/bases-18.html Naval Bases constructed after the deal]
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070430005310/http://history.navy.mil/faqs/faq59-24.htm Text of the agreement]
* [http://projects.ilt.columbia.edu/antigua/base/Article About the bases in Antigua]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1138420.shtml?sectionId=2&articleId=1138420 Article in the BBC about the agreement]
{{Franklin D. Roosevelt}}
{{USAAF 6th Air Force World War II}}
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