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{{About|the administrative district of Deusto|the university located in this district|University of Deusto}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Deusto
| settlement_type         = District
| image_skyline           = Deusto_desde_Arangoiti_-_panoramio.jpg
| image_caption           = Overview of Deusto from Arangoiti
| image_map               = Deustu.svg
| map_alt                 = Deusto within Bilbao
| map_caption             = Location of Deusto within Bilbao
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = [[Spain]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous community]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Biscay]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Comarcas of Spain|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Greater Bilbao]]
| subdivision_type4       = [[Municipalities of Spain|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name4       = [[Bilbao]]
| population_total        = 48933
| population_as_of        = 2017
| area_total_km2          = 4.95
| population_density_km2  = auto
}}
'''Deusto''', also known as '''Deustu''' in [[Basque language|Basque]] and formerly known as ''San Pedro de Deusto'', is one of the eight districts of [[Bilbao]], Spain. It is located on the right side of the [[Estuary of Bilbao|Bilbao estuary]], in the northwestern part of the city and bordering the estuary itself on the south and the southern hillside of [[Mount Artxanda]] and Mount Bandera on the north. Deusto was originally an [[elizate]] and also a [[municipality]] until 1925 when it was completely annexed by Bilbao in order to expand the free land available to the city. Deusto is known as the university district of the city<ref name="university-district">{{cite magazine |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Deusto, the independent republic |url=https://www.bilbao.eus/castella/residentes/vivebilbao/publicaciones/periodicobilbao/200712/pag02-03.pdf |magazine=Periódico Bilbao |location=Bilbao |publisher=Bilbao Municipal Government |date=November 2007 |access-date=31 May 2020 }}</ref> as it is home to the [[University of Deusto]] and the Faculty of Economics and Business of the [[University of the Basque Country]].
== History ==
[[File:Escudo_de_Bilbao-Deusto.svg|thumb|left|110px|Coat of arms of the former elizate of Deusto.]]
Little is known about the history of Deusto, as much of the local archives were destroyed during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. The exact moment of its foundation is unknown, but this is a common trait shared with other [[elizate]]s across [[Biscay]]. It is known that the San Pedro de Deusto church was constructed some time around the 14th century and that until the 1700s the land was sparsely populated and the main economic activities were fishing and agricultural production, mostly wheat and vines.
The first town hall was erected in 1752, replaced by another building in 1888; this latter was demolished during the civil war. The town had the seat number 35 in the [[Juntas Generales|General Councils of Biscay]]. Traditionally, the municipality was divided into two quarters: Erribera (''riverside'') located by the river, which concentrated the commercial and maritime activities of the village, and Goierri (''highland'') at the foothills of mount Artxanda, which included most of the farm land. At the end of the 19th century the town enjoyed relative commercial prosperity thanks to the opening the railway line between Bilbao and [[Getxo]], which included a station in Deusto. Using the railway line, many of the agricultural products from Deusto were more easily sold in the [[Mercado de la Ribera|Ribera market]] of Bilbao.
A royal decree signed on 29 October 1924 established the annexation of Deusto to the city of Bilbao, effective on 1 January of the following year. Alongside Deusto, the elizates of [[Begoña]] and [[Erandio|Lutxana]] were also annexed, although the latter would regain its autonomy in the early 1980s. In the following years a series of urban plans were developed, designed by architect [[Ricardo Bastida]], with the aim of establishing a first urban grid for the district, which at the time still consisted mostly of scattered farmhouses. The rapid industrial development of Bilbao caused a massive migration of workers coming from elsewhere in Spain, and in consequence the creation of decadent shanty towns on the hills of the mount Banderas. These were demolished and replaced by apartment building projects in the decade of 1950, completely depleting the available land in the district.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Bilbao |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcRM3Hl1W58  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/IcRM3Hl1W58 |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2020 |series=Euskal Herria, la mirada mágica |network=[[EITB]] |station=[[ETB 2]] |season=1 |number=10 |language=es}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
The [[Deusto Bridge]], a moveable bridge spanning the Bilbao estuary and connecting Deusto with [[Abando]] was constructed between 1932 and 1936. During the [[Francoist Spain|Francoist dictatorship]] it was renamed ''Bridge of the Generalissimo''. Its name was changed back to Deusto in the late 1970s. In 1968 a [[canal]] was excavated connecting to the estuary on its northwestern side, with the aim of relieving the vessel traffic on the river. This canal became known as the Deusto Canal, and the newly created peninsula was named [[Zorrotzaurre]]. This peninsula would later become an artificial island, following the completion of the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan designed by architect [[Zaha Hadid]]. As part of the Plan, the canal was finished and officially opened on 8 October 2018, making the former peninsula become an island.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Molano|first1=E.|last2=Vázquez|first2=S.|url=https://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/bilbao-estrena-isla-20181008122330-nt.html|title=Zorrozaurre ya es una isla|date=8 October 2018|work=[[El Correo]]|language=es|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref>
== Geography ==
Deusto is located on the right bank of the [[estuary of Bilbao]], on a plain between the river and nearby mountains. It borders to the north with [[Mount Artxanda]], a natural border between the city of Bilbao and the neighbouring municipalities of [[Erandio]] and [[Sondika]]. To the east it borders the district of [[Uribarri]], [[Abando]] to the south and [[Basurto-Zorroza|Basurtu-Zorrotza]] to the west. Deusto has a total area of {{convert|4.95|km²|0}}.
=== Subdivisions ===
Politically and administratively, the district of Deusto is subdivided into four quarters (Basque: ''auzo''), although it is common for locals to refer to even smaller subdivisions. The quarters are [[Arangoiti]], [[Ibarrekolanda]], [[San Ignazio-Elorrieta]] and [[Deustu Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra]]. While [[Zorrotzaurre]] is administratively part of Deustu Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra, it is often considered as a separate entity due to its particular conditions.
{|
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{| class="wikitable"
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! Map !! Name
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| [[File:Arangoiti.PNG|150px]] || [[Arangoiti]]
|}
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{| class="wikitable"
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! Map !! Name
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| [[File:Ibarrekolanda.PNG|150px]] || [[Ibarrekolanda]]
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{| class="wikitable"
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! Map !! Name
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| [[File:San_ignazio.PNG|150px]] || [[San Ignazio-Elorrieta]]
|}
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{| class="wikitable"
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! Map !! Name
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| [[File:Deustuko_San_Pedro.PNG|150px]] || [[Deustu Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra]]
|}
|}
== Infrastructure ==
=== Education ===
[[File:Universidad_de_Deusto,_Bilbao_(26600327130).jpg|thumb|right|Main building of the University of Deusto.]]
The district of Deusto is popularly known as the university district of Bilbao.<ref name="university-district" /> Located in Deusto is the main campus of the [[University of Deusto]], a private university owned by the [[Society of Jesus]], a religious order of the Catholic church. The university was founded in 1886 after the Jesuits moved their School of Higher Studies from [[Laguardia, Álava|Laguardia]] to its current location in Deusto. Since its foundation the university has played a prominent role in the industrial development of Bilbao and [[Greater Bilbao|its metropolitan area]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/artikuluak/artikulua.php?id=eu&ar=153760 |title=Deustuko Unibertsitatea |trans-title=University of Deusto |language=eu |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Auñamendi Entziklopedia |publisher=Eusko Ikaskuntza |access-date=1 June 2020 }}</ref> The main campus building was designed by Spanish architect [[Francisco de Cubas]] and it was the largest building of the city when it first opened.
Also in Deusto it is located the Faculty of Economics and Business of the [[University of the Basque Country]], located next to the Sarriko park in the Ibarrekolanda quarter. The faculty was founded in 1955 as the Faculty of Economic Sciences and it adopted its current name in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ehu.eus/eu/web/ekonomia-enpresa/historia |title=Fakultatearen historia |trans-title=History of the faculty |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=University of the Basque Country |language=eu |access-date=1 June 2020 }}</ref> The European campus of the [[DigiPen Institute of Technology]] is located in the Zorrotzaurre island.
In Deusto is also located the Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga [[Music school|music conservatory]], the main music academy of the city. The district also houses the municipal [[Escuela Oficial de Idiomas|Official School of Languages]] and the [[British Council]]. Private religious schools such as the [[Salesians of Don Bosco|Salesians]] and [[De La Salle Brothers|La Salle]] are also located in the district.
=== Healthcare ===
There are two public [[Community health center|district health centers]] in the district, part of the [[Osakidetza]] network. They are located in the Deustu Doneperiaga and San Ignazio-Elorrieta quarters. Located in the Deustuibarra quarter is the main hospital of ''Igualatorio Médico Quirúrgico'' (IMQ), a private healthcare provider.
=== Sports ===
The district has two municipal sport facilities, one in Deustu Doneperiaga-Deustuibarra and the other in San Ignazio-Elorrieta. The Deusto Sports Center (''Polideportivo de Deusto'') is located by the [[Euskalduna Bridge]] and the Bilbao estuary and was opened in 1987. Women's amateur football club [[:eu:San Ignacio Kirol Elkartea (Bilbo)|San Ignacio KE]] and men's club [[SD Deusto]] (with a history going back to 1913) are based there.
=== Parks and gardens ===
The park of Sarriko, in the Ibarrekolanda quarter, is the largest of the district. Deusto has plazas and small parks scattered around its quarters, such as the Deustu Park by the Bidarte Palace, the San Pedro Plaza by the old church and the Hermano Gárate gardens by the university. The riverside includes more than three kilometres of walkways alongside the river, starting in Botikazar street by the university and continuing alongside the estuary up until Elorrieta. Many of these areas have been recently refurbished and renewed as part of the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan urban intervention.
=== Transport ===
[[File:Metro Bilbao Sarriko Station.jpg|thumb|right|Sarriko metro station.]]
The district is serviced by the [[rapid transit]] system [[Metro Bilbao]] lines 1 and 2, with three stations: [[Deustu (Metro Bilbao)|Deustu]], [[Sarriko (Metro Bilbao)|Sarriko]] and [[San Ignazio (Metro Bilbao)|San Ignazio]]. This underground system was opened in 1995 replacing the regional railway system ''Bilbao-Las Arenas railway'', which started operations in the late 19th century. This narrow-gaude railway service had four stations across the district, ''Universidad'' (by the University of Deusto), ''Deusto'', ''Ibarrekolanda'' and ''San Ignacio''; after the opening of the metro system this overground track was shut down, although service was maintained between ''Deusto'' and the [[Zazpikaleak/Casco Viejo station|Casco Viejo station]] operated by [[Euskotren Trena|Euskotren]]. The service was finally suspended in 2010 and the remaining ''Deusto'' and ''Universidad'' stations closed down.
The district is served by numerous local [[Bilbobus]] lines connecting to elsewhere in the city and particularly to Abando and the city centre. The regional buses [[BizkaiBus|Bizkaibus]] serve several stops across the district, connecting to the main [[University of the Basque Country]] campus in [[Leioa]] and other cities on the right bank of the estuary. According to the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan, an extension of  the [[Bilbao tram]] is expected to traverse the new [[Zorrotzaurre]] island, with four stations planned.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=6 October 2007 |title=El tranvía llegará al nuevo Zorrotzaurre a través del Puente Euskalduna |trans-title=The tramway will reach the new Zorrotzaurre through the Euskalduna Bridge |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20071005/local/ECD-zorrozaurre-200710051106.html |language=es |work=El Correo |location=Bilbao |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
Lehendakari Aguirre Avenue, named after the first [[Lehendakari|Basque president]] [[José Antonio Aguirre (politician)|José Antonio Aguirre]], is the main avenue traversing the district, connecting the [[Deusto Bridge]] area all the way to Elorrieta across Ibarrekolanda and San Ignazio. The regional road BI-604 starts at Deusto, connecting with the Asua valley across mount Artxanda, whereas from Saint Pius X square there are connections to the BI-625 regional road towards east Bilbao and the Artxanda-Ugasco tunnels towards the [[Bilbao Airport]].
=== Deusto Canal ===
The Deusto Canal is the district's main waterway after the estuary itself, separating the Erribera quarter into two sections; the riverside proper and the Zorrotzaurre island. It is an artificial [[canal]] whose construction began in 1950, although the original project dates the early 20th century. The canal was intended to relieve maritime traffic in the estuary by serving as docks for the industrial activities that then were common in the Deusto riverside. The canal served its original purpose until 2006, when the construction of the new outer [[Port of Bilbao]] was completed. The last ship to depart from the Deusto docks was the vessel ''Fri River'', carrying laminated steel.<ref>{{cite news |last=Alonso |first=Alberto G. |date=24 January 2004 |title=El Puerto abandonó ayer el Canal de Deusto tras 38 años de actividad comercial |trans-title=The Port left the Deusto Canal yesterday after 38 years of commercial activity |url=http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2006/02/08/bizkaia/herrialdeak/216736.php |language=es |work=Deia |location=Bilbao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124075722/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2006/02/08/bizkaia/herrialdeak/216736.php |access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=2009-01-24 }}</ref>
The original project intended the canal to connect directly Elorrieta with the Euskalduna shipyards, transforming Zorrotzaurre into an artificial island, however the construction was stopped before completion, leaving Zorrotzaurre as a peninsula instead. Following the Zorrotzaurre Master Plan designed by architect [[Zaha Hadid]], a key element in the configuration of Zorrotzaurre and the Deusto riverside as new residential areas, works to finally complete the canal resumed in 2014<ref>{{cite news |last=Molano |first=Eva |date=19 March 2018 |title=Una flota de gánguiles trasladará desde esta semana tierra del canal de Duesto |trans-title=A fleet of hoppers will move land from the Deusto Canal |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/flota-ganguiles-trasladara-20180319140537-nt.html |language=es |work=El Correo |location=Bilbao |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> and was completed in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Molano |first=Eva |date=8 October 2018|title=Zorrotzaurre ya es una isla |trans-title=Zorrotzaurre is now an island |url=https://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/bilbao-estrena-isla-20181008122330-nt.html |language=es |work=El Correo |location=Bilbao |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
=== Bridges ===
[[File:Abandoibarra6.jpg|thumb|right|[[Deusto Bridge]] spanning the Bilbao estuary.]]
There are four bridges in the district, three crossing the estuary and one crossing the canal. The Deusto Bridge is the oldest, built in 1936 as a result of the necessity of directly connecting [[Abando]] with the districts annexed to Bilbao a decade earlier. It is a [[bascule bridge]] designed by architect [[Ricardo Bastida]] and inspired in the moveable bridges of [[Chicago]], in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news |last=García |first=A. |date=22 November 2008 |title=El puente de Deusto afronta su primera reforma integral tras 70 años de servicio |trans-title=The Deusto Bridge faces its first complete renovation after 70 years of service |url=http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/04/23/bizkaia/herrialdeak/461574.php |language=es |work=Deia |location=Bilbao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122091600/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/04/23/bizkaia/herrialdeak/461574.php |access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=2008-11-22 }}</ref> It was blown up less than a year after being finished, during the [[Spanish Civil War]] and reconstructed again in 1937.
The Euskalduna Bridge was the second bridge to cross the estuary in Deusto, opened in 1997 and designed by civil engineer [[Javier Manterola]]. It is a viaduct connecting the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús square with the Deusto riverside, using the land formerly occupied by [[Euskalduna]] shipyards, hence the name. The third bridge constructed is the pedestrian Pedro Arrupe walkway, named after [[Company of Jesus|Jesuit]] priest [[Pedro Arrupe]] and connects the modern [[Abandoibarra]] area of [[Abando]] directly to the University of Deusto campus.
The fourth bridge to be constructed in Deusto is the [[Frank Gehry Bridge]], crossing the Deusto Canal and connecting the Deusto riverside to [[Zorrotzaurre]]. It was opened in 2015 and named after architect [[Frank Gehry]], who designed the [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao]]. Currently under construction is the San Ignazio-Zorrotzaurre bridge, the second bridge spanning the Deusto Canal and connecting the San Ignazio quarter with the island. It is expected to be finished and open to traffic in 2020 and will be named after a relevant female figure.<ref>{{cite news |last=Alonso |first=Alberto G. |date=29 January 2020 |title=Un nombre femenino bautizará el nuevo puente de la isla |trans-title=The new bridge of the island to have a female name |url=https://www.deia.eus/bizkaia/bilbao/2020/01/29/nombre-femenino-bautizara-nuevo-puente/1014727.html |language=es |work=Deia |location=Bilbao |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
== Notable people ==
* [[Yolanda González (activist)|Yolanda González]] (1961-1980), murdered communist student
== Sights ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Universidad de Deusto.jpg|University of Deusto
File:Bilbao - Puente de Deusto 02.jpg|Deusto Bridge
File:Bilbao - San Pedro de Deusto 01.JPG|San Pedro de Deusto Church
File:Bilbao - Plaza de Ibarrekolanda, Conservatorio de Música Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga 9.jpg|Music Conservatory Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga
File:Euskalduna zubia airetik.jpg|Euskalduna Bridge
File:Bidarte.jpg|Bidarte Park
File:Bilbao - Zorrotzaurre (Deusto), Iglesia de San Pablo 4.JPG|San Pablo Church
File:Puente Pedro Arrupe.jpg|Pedro Arrupe walkway
</gallery>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Bilbao districts}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|43|16|20|N|2|56|45|W|source:euwiki_region:ES-BI_type:landmark|display=title}}
[[Category:Districts of Bilbao]]
[[Category:Estuary of Bilbao]]