View source for Dexamyl

{{Short description|Discontinued medication}}{{Drugbox
| drug_name = Amobarbital/dextroamphetamine
| type = combo
| image = Amobarbital.svg
| image2 = D-amphetamine.svg
| tradename = Dexamyl, Drinamyl
| component1 = Amobarbital
| class1 = [[Barbiturate]]
| component2 = Dextroamphetamine
| class2 = [[Stimulant]]
| routes_of_administration = [[Oral administration|By mouth]]
| synonyms = Amylbarbitone/dextroamphetamine
}}
'''Dexamyl''' (or '''Drinamyl''' in the UK) was the brand name of a [[combination drug]] composed of [[amobarbital]] (previously called amylbarbitone) and [[dextroamphetamine]] (Dexedrine) within the same pill. It was widely [[Substance abuse|abused]] and is no longer manufactured.<ref>''The Primrose To Drug'', ''[[Charleston, West Virginia|Charleston]] Sunday Gazette-Mail'', March 28, 1965, p. 54.</ref>
First introduced in 1950 by [[Smith, Kline & French|Smith, Kline & French (SKF)]], Dexamyl was marketed as an [[anorectic]] obesity medication as well as an [[anxiolytic]] and [[antidepressant]] medication that did not cause agitation. [[Racemic]] [[amphetamine]] had already been marketed [[over-the-counter]] (OTC) since 1933 as a [[nasal congestion |nasal]] [[decongestant]] [[inhaler]] device sold under the brand name [[History of Benzedrine|Benzedrine]], and also as an oral tablet since 1938. Dexamyl utilized its [[Enantiopure drug|enantiopure]] isomer of greater [[central nervous system]] (CNS) selectivity, dextroamphetamine, to elevate mood and suppress appetite, whereas the concomitant [[barbiturate]] was included to broadly counteract potential adverse effects from dextroamphetamine. Its name is a [[portmanteau]] of [[Chirality (chemistry) | ''dextro'']]- amphetamine and ''amyl''- barbitone.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
Dexamyl was discontinued in 1982 by SKF in favor of [[monoamine oxidase inhibitors]] (MAOIs) and [[tricyclic antidepressants]] (TCAs) which were recently developed and shared treatment indications with Dexamyl yet lacked the high [[Substance dependence#Dependence potential|dependence potential]] and [[Substance abuse|abuse liability]] which characterized long-term Dexamyl usage.{{cn|date=October 2024}}
==History==
British prime minister [[Anthony Eden]] was prescribed Dexamyl; he was using it to treat abdominal pain. It has been suggested that the drug impaired his judgment during the [[Suez Crisis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Owen |first=David |date=2005-05-06 |title=The effect of Prime Minister Anthony Eden's illness on his decision-making during the Suez crisis |journal=QJM: An International Journal of Medicine |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=387–402 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hci071 |pmid=15879438 |issn=1460-2393|doi-access=free }}</ref> The failure of his Suez policies led to his ousting while he was recovering in [[Jamaica]].
In Britain during the early 1960s the drug was taken by "tired housewives", and was also abused by youths who took excessively large doses and nicknamed the triangular blue tablets "purple hearts" or "blues."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marking |first1=Havana |title=Danger all ways |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/nov/16/drugs-rural-cheaper-amphetamines-downturn |website=The Guardian |date=16 November 2008 |publisher=Guardian News and Media, Ltd. |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref> This became a celebrated part of the [[Mod (subculture)|Mod]] subculture. Dexamyl is the recreational drug of choice for the main character of the film ''[[Quadrophenia (film)|Quadrophenia]]'', who eventually suffers from [[amphetamine psychosis]]. They were widely abused.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mf5eEG0nRUC&pg=PA173 |title=On speed: the many lives of amphetamine |last=Rasmussen |first=Nicolas |date=2008 |publisher=[[New York University Press]] |isbn=9780814777350 |location=New York |pages=172–173 |oclc=232956890}}</ref>
Henry Grahn, a general practitioner from Philadelphia who also conducted a study on the usage and effects of Dexamyl among his patients would pronounce the effectiveness of the drug with the quote  “This is a Dexamyl age, an age of unrest; probably no other period in history has been dominated by a mood of uncertainty and disquiet.”
The famous patient of Freuds, [[Sergei Pankejeff]] (also known as the Wolf-man) was supplied with these by [[Muriel Gardiner]] from the United States which he, himself, felt was the only method for treating his depressive episodes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Borch-Jacobsen |first=Mikkel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cn89EAAAQBAJ&dq=franzi+pankejeff&pg=PA171 |title=Freud's Patients: A Book of Lives |date=2021-10-13 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-454-3 |language=en}}</ref>
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Dexamyl spansules—a clear and green capsule containing green and white "beads"—became popular as a street-drug upper nicknamed "Christmas trees", a reference to its appearance.
<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/02/archives/us-sets-diet-drug-recall-in-drive-on-amphetamines-us-to-begin-diet.html |title=U. S. Sets Diet Drug Recall In Drive on Amphetamines |last=Schmeck |first=Harold M. |date=1973-04-02 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2018-04-25 |page=73 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
In his autobiography ''My Life of Absurdity'', author [[Chester Himes]] writes of his use of Dexamyl in the mid-1950s. He also writes that he stopped taking the drug after his friend Vandi Haygood died from "steady doses of Dexamyl".<ref>{{cite book |title=My life of absurdity: the autobiography of Chester Himes |last=Himes |first=Chester B. |date=1998 |publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press |isbn=978-1560250944 |location=New York |pages=19 |oclc=39384647}}</ref>
Dr. [[George C. Nichopoulos]] was indicted in May 1980 for having improperly prescribed Dexamyl and [[phenmetrazine]] (Preludin) to the singer [[Jerry Lee Lewis]], despite knowing he was addicted to them.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWFiVaDZnkQC&pg=PA468 |title=Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse: Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants |last=Barceloux |first=Donald G. |date=2012 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118105955 |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=468 |doi=10.1002/9781118105955 |s2cid=70545709 |oclc=779616852}}</ref>
Dr. Patrick A. Mazza, [[team physician]] for the [[Reading Phillies]], said he prescribed Dexamyl, [[Eskatrol]], [[Dexedrine]], and Preludin for [[Steve Carlton]], [[Larry Christenson]], [[Tim McCarver]], [[Pete Rose]], [[Larry Bowa]], and [[Greg Luzinski]]. The charges against Mazza were dropped after he contended that he had provided the prescriptions in good faith to the baseball players at their request.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/05/sports/charges-dismissed-in-phils-drug-case.html |title=Charges dismissed in Phils' drug case |date=5 February 1981 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-04-25 |agency=Associated Press |page=B7 |language=en}}</ref> The pill was writer [[Terry Southern]]'s drug of choice for many years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oxfordamerican.org/item/784-nights-of-terror-days-of-weird|title=Nights of Terror, Days of Weird |last=Stephenson |first=Will |date=March 22, 2016 |work=Oxford American |access-date=2018-04-25 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Amfecloral]], a single molecule with a similar effect (due to metabolites).
*[[Desbutal]], another pharmaceutical containing an amphetamine and a barbiturate.
*[[D-IX]], an experimental drug containing methamphetamine, cocaine & oxycodone.
* The song "[[Big Black Smoke]]" by [[the Kinks]] makes reference to the drug with the lyric "And every penny she had was spent on purple hearts and cigarettes."
*[[Dexy's Midnight Runners]]
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Substituted amphetamines]]
[[Category:Barbiturates]]
[[Category:Combination psychiatric drugs]]