View source for Diauehi

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{{Short description|Iron Age tribal confederation in the Caucasus}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name            = დიაოხი<br>''Diaokhi''<ref>David Marshall Lang (1966). The Georgians, Ancient Peoples and Places. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966. 244 pp. {{blockquote|"At all events, the Classical Iberian kingdom, unified by a common, '''Georgian tongue''', came to include a number of important and ancient ethnic groups, including the remains of the Diauehi (Taokhoi), the Moskhoi (Meskhians) "...}}</ref>
| conventional_long_name = Diauehi
| common_name            = Diauehi
| government_type        =
| title_leader           = King
| leader1                = Sien
| year_leader1           = Approx.  BC  1120 – BC  1100
| leader2                = Asia
| year_leader2           = Approx.  BC 850 – BC  825
| leader3                = [[Utuphursi of Diauehi|Utupursi]] (last)
| year_leader3           = Approx.  BC  810 – BC  770
| title_representative   =
| year_representative1   =
| representative1        =
| year_representative2   =
| representative2        =
| era                    =
| event_start            =
| year_start             = 12th century BC{{cref2|a}}<ref>Nodar Assatiani, Საქართველოს ისტორია, Tbilissi, Sakartvelos Matsne, 2001 p.30</ref><ref>Suny, R.G. Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies (1996)Transcaucasia, Nationalism and Social Change: Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. (9780472096176) University of Michigan Press p.3 {{blockquote|"Proto - Georgians formed the tribal confederation of the Diauehi about the twelfth century B.C."}}</ref><ref>Burford, T. (2018) Georgia (9781784770723) p.14{{blockquote|"The tribal union of Diauehi was recorded in the 12th century bc"}}</ref>
| year_end               = 8th century BCE
| date_start             =
| event_end              =
| p1                     =
| flag_p1                =
| p2                     =
| flag_p2                =
| s1                     =
| flag_s1                =
| flag_border            =
| flag_type              =
| image_coat             =
| coa_size               =
| symbol                 =
| symbol_type            =
| image_flag             =
| image_map              = Diauehi.svg
| image_map_caption      =
| capital                = Zua
| common_languages       = [[Armenian language]]<br>[[Kartvelian languages]]<ref>Davitashvili, Zurab V.., Singh, Vijay P.., Bondyrev, Igor V.. The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives. Germany: Springer International Publishing, 2015. {{blockquote|"About this time, in southwestern Georgia formed the first political unities of Georgian tribes: Diauhi (Daièna)"}}</ref><br>[[Hurrian language]]
| religion               =
| stat_pop3              =
| today                  = [[Turkey]]
| event1                 = Divided between [[Colchis]]<ref>Morritt, R.D. (2010) Stones that Speak. EBSCO ebook academic collection. Cambridge Scholars Pub.(9781443821766) {{blockquote|"they [Colchis] absorbed part of Diaokh (c.750 BCE)"}}</ref> (north part, province of "Hushani"<ref>Rayfield, D. (2013) Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia (9781780230702) Reaktion Books. p.17</ref>) and [[Urartu]] (south part)<ref>Nodar Assatiani et Alexandre Bendianachvili, Histoire de la Géorgie, l'Harmattan, Paris, 1997 (ISBN 2-7384-6186-7) p.31</ref><ref>Nodar Assatiani et Otar Djanelidze, History of Georgia, Publishing House Petite, Tbilissi, 2009 p.16</ref><ref>Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern History and Archaeology Presented to Mirjo Salvini on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday. Royaume-Uni: Archaeopress Publishing Limited, 2019. p.141 {{blockquote|"mainly divided between Urartu and Colchis"}}</ref>
| date_event1            = 8th century BCE
}}
{{History of Armenia}}{{History of Georgia (country)}}'''Diauehi''' (Modern {{lang-ka|დიაოხი}} {{translit|ka|Diaokhi}}, [[Urartian]] ''Diauehi'', [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|Τάοχοι}} ''Taochoi'', [[Armenian language|Armenian]] {{lang|hy|Տայք}} ''[[Tayk]]'', possibly [[Akkadian language|Assyrian]] ''Daiaeni'') was a [[Tribe|tribal]] union located in northeastern [[Anatolia]], that was recorded in [[Assyria]]n and [[Urartian]] sources during the [[Iron Age]].<ref name="auto" /> It is usually (though not always) identified with the earlier '''Daiaeni''' '''(Dayaeni)''',<ref>{{cite book|author1=Henri J. M. Claessen |author2=Peter Skalnik |author3=Walter de Gruyter |title=The Early State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NWpuaPqKxYC|date=Jan 1, 1978|publisher=Mouton Publishers|isbn=9783110813326|pages=259}}</ref> attested in the Yonjalu inscription of the [[King of Assyria|Assyrian king]] [[Tiglath-Pileser I|Tiglath-Pileser I's]] third year (1118 BC) and in later records by [[Shalmaneser III]] (845 BC). While it is unknown what language(s) they spoke,<ref name="archive.org">{{Cite book |last=Hewsen |first=Robert H. |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheGeographyOfAnaniasOfSirak/The%20Geography%20of%20Ananias%20of%20Sirak_djvu.txt |title=The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|205}} they may have been speakers of a [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]],<ref>{{multiref
|* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Georgia/Cultural-life Georgia]. (2006). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=44320 Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service]
|* Phoenix: The Peoples of the Hills: ''Ancient Ararat and Caucasus'' by Charles Burney, David Marshall Lang, Phoenix Press; New Ed edition (December 31, 2001)
|* [[Prince Mikasa]] no Miya Takahito: Essays on Ancient Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C. p141
|* C. Burney, Die Bergvölker Vorderasiens, Essen 1975, 274
|* {{Citation|title=THE PHONEMIC SYSTEM OF PROTO-INDO-HITTITE|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1x76d2x.6|work=The Indo-Hittite Laryngeals|pages=31–34|publisher=Linguistic Society of America|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1x76d2x.6 |isbn=978-0-9994613-2-7|access-date=2021-03-28}}
|* Ahuja, M.R. and Jain, S.M. (2015) Genetic Diversity and Erosion in Plants: Indicators and Prevention. Springer International Publishing. p.161
|* Burford, T. (2018) Georgia p.14
|* R. G. Suny. ''The Making of the Georgian Nation'', p. 6.}}</ref><ref name="auto">A. G. Sagona. ''Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier'', p. 30.</ref> [[Armenians|Armenian]],<ref>Hrach Martirosyan (2014). "Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language". Leiden University: 9. Retrieved 9 October 2019. p. 8.</ref><ref>A.V. Dumikyan (2016). "Taik in The Assyrian and Biainian Cuneiform Inscriptions, Ancient Greek and Early Medieval Armenian Sources (the Interpretations of the 19th Century French Armenologists)" ''Fundamental Armenology'' No. 2 4.</ref><ref>Armen Petrosyan (September 1, 2010). ''The Armenian Elements In The Language And Onomastics Of Urartu''. Association For Near Eastern And Caucasian Studies. p. 137.</ref> [[Iranian languages|Iranian]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Palumbi |first=Giulio |date=2018-01-01 |title=At the northeastern Anatolian frontier: A project gallery |url=https://www.academia.edu/42833756 |journal=Studies on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of Antonio Sagona}}</ref> or [[Hurrians|Hurrian]] language.<ref name="Чорох2">{{cite web|author=Б. А. Арутюнян|author-link=Арутюнян, Бабкен Арутюнович|year=1998|title=К вопросу об этнической принадлежности населения бассейна реки Чорох в VII—IV вв. до н. э.|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/4905/1/1998-1-2%28233%29.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314014202/http://hpj.asj-oa.am/4905/1/1998-1-2%28233%29.pdf|archive-date=2014-03-14|access-date=2012-09-04|publisher=Историко-филологический журнал № 1–2 . С. 233–246. ISSN 0135-0536}}{{blockquote|233. «...К примеру, Г. Тиранян считал, что племена саспейров или эсперитов, фасианов и халдайев (халдеев) или халибов имели, вероятно, картвельское или грузинское происхождение, а таохи — хурритское происхождение.»<br/>246. «Подытоживая вышесказанное, мы приходим к выводу, что бассейн реки Чорох в VII—VII веках до н.э. был населён [[скифы|скифскими племенами]], подчинившими местное [[армяне|армянское]] население, а в районе устья реки Чорох — [[грузины|грузинские]] племена. Во второй половине I тысячелетия до н.э. они, в основном, оказались в водовороте формирования армянского народа и были арменезированы.»}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=М. А. Агларов|title=Дагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования|publisher=Институт истории, археологии и этнографии Дагестанского научного центра РАН|pages=191}}{{blockquote|31. «Среди специалистов существует мнение, что диаухи-таохи являлись хурритским племенем.»}}</ref><ref name="История востока2">{{cite book|author=М. С. Капица|title=История Востока: Восток в древности|author2=Л. Б. Алаев|author3=К. З. Ашрафян|date=1997|series=Восточная литература|volume=1|location=М|pages=530|chapter=Глава XXIX. Закавказье и сопредельные страны в период эллинизма|chapter-url=http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HE1/he129.htm |publisher=Издательская фирма "Восточная лит-ра" РАН}}{{blockquote|«Западное протогрузинское объединение Колхида существовало самостоятельно давно; уже в VIII в. до х.э. оно предположительно унаследовало северные земли уничтоженного урартами хурритского государства таохов, расположенные в долине р. Чорох.»}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=А. В. Седов|title=История древнего Востока|date=2004|publisher=Восточная литература|isbn=5020183881|location=М|pages=872}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=И. М. Дьяконов|title=Предыстория армянского народа: История Арм. нагорья с 1500 по 500 г. до н. э. Хурриты, лувийцы, протоармяне|date=1968|publisher=АН Арм. ССР|location=Ер.|pages=120|chapter=Глава II. История Армянского нагорья в эпоху бронзы и раннего железа|chapter-url=http://annales.info/other/djakonov/02.htm}}{{blockquote|«Этническая принадлежность Дайаэни не вполне ясна; Г. А. Меликишвили считает их хурритским племенем, и это весьма вероятно. Но Дайаэни просуществовало до VIII в. до н.э., а следовательно, грузиноязычные халды-халибы, засвидетельствованные западнее, возможно, уже с IX в., должны были бы пройти здесь, скорее всего, раньше его образования, — по всей вероятности, в начале XII в. до н.э...»}}</ref>
==Location==
Although the exact geographic extent of Diauehi is still unclear, many scholars place it in the [[Pasinler District|Pasinler Plain]] in today's northeastern [[Turkey]], while others locate it in the [[Armenia]]n–[[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] marchlands as it follows the [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura River]]. Most probably, the core of the Diauehi lands may have extended from the headwaters of the [[Euphrates]] into the river valleys of [[Çoruh]]<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329758679_TRACES_OF_A_TREATY_IN_AN_URARTIAN_TEXT Levan Gordeziani. "Traces of a Treaty in an Urartian Text?" Dec. 2018]</ref> to [[Oltu]]. The Urartian sources speak of Diauehi's three key cities—Zua, Utu and Sasilu; Zua is frequently identified with [[Zivin Kale]] and Utu is probably modern Oltu, while Sasilu is sometimes linked to the early medieval Georgian [[toponym]] Sasire, near Tortomi (present-day [[Tortum]], Turkey).<ref>G. L. Kavtaradze. ''An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources'', p. 80f.</ref>
The Diaeuhian city Šešetina may have corresponded to [[Şavşat|Şavşat, Turkey]] (Shavsheti in Georgian).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rayfield|first=Donald|title=Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia|pages=17}}</ref>
The region of Diauehi seems to have roughly corresponded to,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrosyan |first=Armen |title=Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review (in English) |url=https://www.academia.edu/3657764 |journal=Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu">Levan Gordzeiani. "Some Remarks on Qulḫa." ''Over the Mountains and Far Away: Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday.'' eds. Pavel S. Avetisyan, Roberto Dan and Yervand H. Grekyan. Archaeopress Archaeology. 2019. pp. 242-243. [https://www.academia.edu/50125245/Some_Remarks_on_Qulh_a]</ref> or bordered,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Forlanini |first=Massimo |date=2017-01-01 |title=The Ancient Land of &quot;Northern&quot; Kummaha and Aripsa &quot;inside the Sea&quot; |url=https://www.academia.edu/44937753 |journal=Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East}}</ref> the previous [[Hayasa-Azzi]] territory.
==History==
In the early 8th century, Diauehi became the target of the newly emerged regional power of [[Urartu]]. [[Menua]] (810–785 BC) conquered part of Diaeuhi, annexing its most important cities: Zua, Utu, and Shashilu, and forcing the king of Diauehi, Utupursi(ni), to pay a tribute of gold and silver.
Menua's son [[Argishti I of Urartu|Argishti I]] (785–763 BC), campaigned against the Diauehi kingdom in 783.<ref name="Trevor Bryce 2009. p. 193">Trevor Bryce. ''The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire''. Routledge. 2009. p. 193.</ref> Argishti I defeated King [[Utuphursi of Diauehi|Utupursi]], annexing his possessions․ In exchange for his life, Utupursi was forced to pay a tribute including a variety of metals and livestock.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Socio-Economic Organisation of the Urartian Kingdom|last=Çiftçi|first=Ali|publisher=Brill|year=2017|isbn=9789004347588|pages=123–125}}</ref> Toward the end of his reign, Argishti I led yet another campaign against Utuspursi, who led a rebellion against the Urartians.<ref name="Trevor Bryce 2009. p. 193"/>
==Possible ethno-linguistic identification==
Diauehi is considered by some as a locus of [[Proto-Kartvelian language|Proto-Kartvelian]]; it has been described as an "important tribal formation of possible proto-Georgians" by [[Ronald Grigor Suny]] (1994).<ref name="Suny19942">{{cite book|author=Ronald Grigor Suny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA6|title=The Making of the Georgian Nation|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-20915-3|page=6}}</ref>
According to [[Robert H. Hewsen]], they may have been speakers of a language unrelated to any other in the Caucasus region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hewsen |first=Robert H. |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheGeographyOfAnaniasOfSirak/The%20Geography%20of%20Ananias%20of%20Sirak_djvu.txt |title=The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhacʻoycʻ, the Long and the Short Recensions |language=English}}</ref>
However, they are mentioned by [[Diodorus Siculus]] as Xaoi, which Hewsen etymologizes as a Greek form of the [[Armenian People|Armenian]] endonym, Hayk'.<ref>Robert H. Hewsen. ''Armenia: A Historical Atlas''. University of Chicago Press. 2001. p. 30.</ref>
Massimo Forlanini proposed a connection between the name of the Diaeuhi tribe, Baltu, and the [[Hayasa-Azzi|Hayasan]] deity, Baltaik. He also compared these to the name of the Hayasan mercenary, Waltahi.<ref>Massimo Forlanini. The Ancient Land of “Northern” Kummaḫa and Aripša: “Inside the Sea”. ''Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013''. Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü. p. 5. https://www.academia.edu/44937753/The_Ancient_Land_of_Northern_Kummaha_and_Aripsa_inside_the_Sea_</ref>
==Connection to Daiaeni (Dayaeni)==
Some scholars have linked the Diaeuhi to the [[Bronze Age]] Daiaeni (Dayaeni) tribe,<ref name="academia.edu"/> mentioned in 12th century BC Assyrian sources as being part of the [[Nairi |Nairi confederation]].<ref>The Armenians — Page 27 by Elizabeth Redgate, A. E. (Anne Elizabeth) Redgate Grayson, IL, 1976 (pp. 12-13)</ref><ref name="oi.uchicago.edu">James Henry Breasted, ed. ''Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia''. University of Chicago Press. p. 81. 1926. https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/ancient_records_assyria1.pdf</ref> This connection is mainly due to the phonetic similarities of the names Daiaeni and Diaeuhi.
The Daiaeni were powerful enough to counter the Assyrian forays, although in 1112 BC their king, Sien, was defeated by Tiglath-Pileser I. Sien was captured and later released on terms of vassalage.
Daiaeni appeared again in Assyrian texts nearly three centuries later when King Asia of Daiaeni (850–825 BC) was forced to submit to the Assyrian king [[Shalmaneser III]] in 845 BC, after the latter had overrun Urartu and made a foray into Daiaeni.
As the Daiaeni of Assyrian records seem to have been located further south than the Diaeuhi of Urartian records, Robert H. Hewsen and [[Nicholas Adontz]] proposed that the Diaieni originally inhabited a region between [[Palu, Turkey|Palu]] and either [[Mush Province]] or [[Lake Van]].<ref name="archive.org" />{{rp|207}} They then moved north to [[Kars Province]], where they battled the Urartians and later encountered Greek mercenaries, including [[Xenophon]]. They subsequently moved further northwest.<ref name="archive.org"/>{{rp|207}}
[[Archibald Sayce]] suggested that Daiaeni was named after an eponymous founder, Diaus, and thus meant "people of the land/tribe of Diau(s)".<ref>A.H. Sayce. ''Cambridge Ancient History, vol. XX''. (1925). pp. 169–186. [http://www.attalus.org/armenian/kvan1.htm]</ref>
==Onomastics==
===Daiaeni rulers===
* Diau(s) (possible founder/patriarch suggested by Archibald Sayce)
* Sien
* Asia
===Diauehi rulers===
* [[Utuphursi of Diauehi|Utupursi(ni)]]
===Diauehi tribes===
* Ardaraki
* Baltu
* Kabili
* Šaški
===Diauehi districts===
* Kada
* Ašqalaši
===Diauehi cities===
* Šašilu
* Utuha
* Zua
* Ḫaldiriluḫi
==See also==
*[[List of ancient kingdoms of Anatolia]]
*[[Urartu]]
*[[Nairi]]
*[[Hayasa-Azzi]]
*[[Colchis]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Explanatory notes==
{{Cnote2 Begin}}
{{Cnote2|a|first mention of the Daiaeni tribe, who some scholars link to later Diaeuhi}}
{{Cnote2 End}}
== Further reading ==
*[[Antonio Sagona]], Claudia Sagona, ''Archaeology At The North-east Anatolian Frontier, I: An Historical Geography And A Field Survey of the Bayburt Province (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)'' (Hardcover), Peeters (January 30, 2005), {{ISBN|90-429-1390-8}}
*Georgia. (2006). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved February 14, 2006, from [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=44320 Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service]
*Kavtaradze, G. L., "An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources", ''Sprache und Kultur'', # 3 (Staatliche Ilia Tschawtschawadse Universitaet Tbilisi für Sprache und Kultur Institut zur Erforschung des westlichen Denkens). Tbilisi, 2002. [https://www.scribd.com/doc/2449326 G. L. Kavtaradze. An Attempt to Interpret Some Anatolian and Caucasian Ethnonyms of the Classical Sources | Anatolia | Hittites]
*Melikishvili, G. A., "Diauehi". ''The Bulletin of Ancient History'', vol. 4, 1950. (Publication in Russian)
*{{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202158/http://www.nwalliance.ru/PDF/Daiane-Diauekhi.pdf С. Д. Гоготидзе, Локализация «стран» Даиаэн-Диаоха.]
{{Historical states of Georgia|state=collapsed}}
{{Ancient kingdoms in Anatolia}}
{{Ancient Georgians}}
{{Georgia (country) topics}}
[[Category:Diauehi| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Iron Age Anatolia]]
[[Category:Urartu]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]